HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
PAPER 2
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper consists of THREE sections A, B and C.
- Answer ALL questions in section A, THREE in section B and TWO in section C
SECTION A (25 marks)
Answer all the questions in this section
- Give two contributions of Archaeology to the study of History. (2 marks)
- Identify two tools used by early man in the second phase of the Old Stone Age period. (2mark)
- Identify the contribution of Jethro Tull in the field of agriculture. (1 mark)
- Give the main commodity of trade from West Africa during the Trans-Atlantic trade. (1 mark)
- Mention two negative impact of internet today. (2 marks)
- Name one engineer credited with the construction on Roman roads. (1mark)
- State two uses of water as an early source of energy in industries. (2marks)
- Identify two challenges faced by Athens as an ancient urban centre. (2marks)
- State two ways in which centralized authority contributed to the success of Buganda Kingdom. (2marks)
- Give one type of democracy. (1 mark)
- Identify two chartered companies which were used to administer European colonial possessions in Africa. (2mark)
- Who was the first Senegalese to be elected to the French chamber of Deputies? (1mark)
- Give the main reason for the failure of the League of Nations. (1 mark)
- Identify one way in which the common wealth has helped to promote democracy and good governance among its members. (1mark)
- Mention two personalities who led in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement. (2marks)
- Name the president of Front For Liberation Of Mozambique(FRELIMO) in 1962 (1mark)
- Who is the head of government in India? (1 mark)
SECTION B: 45 MARKS
Answer Any three questions in this section
-
- State five ways in which man used fire after its invention in the Middle Stone age.(5mks)
- Discuss the impacts of early agriculture on man. (10 mks)
-
- State three ways of acquiring slaves during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. (3mks)
- Explain six problems faced by London as a city. (12 mks)
-
- Identify three terms of the Berlin conference. (3mks)
- Explain six reasons why Lawanika collaborated with the British. (12mks)
-
- Identify five reasons why the Pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945.(5mks)
- Explain five reasons for the early achievement of independence in Ghana. (10 mks)
SECTION C: 30 MARKS
Answer Any two questions in this section
-
- Give three reasons why British used direct rule in Zimbabwe. (3mks)
- Explain why the use of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria was unsuccessful. (12 mks)
-
- State five objectives of the economic organization of West African States (5mks)
- Discuss five factors that led to the collapse of East Africa community in 1977. (10 mks)
-
- State three ways through which one can become a member of parliament in Britain. (3mks)
- Explain six roles of the British Prime Minister. (12 mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- Give two contributions of Archaeology to the study of History. (2 marks)
- It provides information on the origin of man.
- It provides information on the people’s way of life / culture of early man.
- It helps people to locate historical sites.
- It provides information on chronological order of historical events / dating historical events.
(Any 2x1 = 2mks)
- Identify two tools used by early man in the second phase of the Old Stone Age period.
- Acheulian.
(Any 1x1=1 mrk)
- Acheulian.
- Identify the contribution of Jethro Tull in the field of agriculture. (1 mark)
- Invented the seed drill
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- Invented the seed drill
- Name the main commodity of trade from West Africa during the Trans-Atlantic trade.(1 mark)
- Slaves
(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk)
- Slaves
- Mention two negative impact of internet today. (2 marks)
- Addiction
- Cyber crime
(Any 2x1 =1mrks)
- Name one engineer credited with the construction on Roman roads. (1mark)
- John Metcalfe
- George Wade
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- State two uses of water as an early source of energy in industries. (2marks)
- Cooling machines.
- Mixing chemicals.
- to turn spinning machines in texture industries.
- Grinding grains into flour.
(Any 2x1=2 mrk)
- Identify one challenge faced by Athens as an ancient urban centre. (1mark)
- Water / food shortage.
- Congestion – people / overcrowding.
- Attacked by Sparta.
- Outbreak of plague / diseases.
- Conquered by Macedonians.
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- State two ways in which centralized authority contributed to the success of Buganda Kingdom(2marks)
- enhanced effective control of the kingdom
- promoted control of other traditional leaders
- it enhanced loyalty to one single leader
- it led to the emergence of able Kabakas who propelled the kingdom from strength to strength
(Any 2x1=2mks)
- Give one type of democracy. (1 mark)
- Direct rue
- Indirect rule.
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- Identify two chartered companies which were used to administer European colonial possessions in Africa. (1mark)
- Imperial British East Africa Company
- Germans East Africa Company
- Royal Niger Company
- British Southern Africa Company
(Any 2x1 =2mrkS)
- Who was the first Senegalese to be elected to the French chamber of Deputies? (1mark)
- Blaise Diagne
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- Blaise Diagne
- Give the main reason for the failure of the League of Nations. (1 mark)
- Re-armament of Germany
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- Re-armament of Germany
- Identify one way in which the common wealth has helped to promote democracy and good governance among its members. (1mark)
- Through parliamentary meetings
- Sending observers during elections
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- Mention two personalities who led in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement. (2marks)
- Garmel Nasser.
- Marshal Tito
- Surkano
- Jawaharlal Nerhu
- Chou En-lai
(Any 2x1 mrk)
- Name the president of Front For Liberation Of Mozambique(FRELIMO) in 1962 (1mark)
- Eduardo Mondlane
(Any 1x1 =1mrk)
- Eduardo Mondlane
- Who is the head of government in India? (1 mark)
- Prime minister
(Any 1x1=1 mrk)
- Prime minister
-
- State five ways in which man used fire after its invention in the Middle Stone age.(5mks)
- Fire provided warmth in the night and during cold seasons.
- It provided lightening at night.
- It was used for hunting. Bush fire pushed animals into confined areas.
- Fire was used for frightening or keeping away wild animals.
- Fire was also used as a means of communication.
- Fire was used as a food preservative e.g was used for drying fish and meat.
(Any 5 x 1= 5 mks)
- Discuss the impacts of early agriculture on man. (10 mks)
- Trade developed as a result of agricultural surplus and human inter-dependence. Specialization in making certain items of trade eventually led to their refinement to suit market tastes.
- Methods of cultivation were improved.
- Man was freed from dependence on the environment as adequate food was produced usually with a surplus for storage.
- The production of enough food supplies freed man from farming to other activities.
- Members of different working groups formed distinct social classes.
- Increased food production created more leisure time and man devoted more time to religion.
- Food production lead to a sedentary life such that man became settled became cultivation required patience before planted crops can be harvested.
- Rulers such as chiefs, Kings and Emperors began to reign over well-defined territories.
(Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks)
- State five ways in which man used fire after its invention in the Middle Stone age.(5mks)
-
- State three ways of acquiring slaves during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. (3mks)
- Lovely travellers were also kidnapped.
- Exchange for European manufactured goods.
- Prisoners of war were also sold to the slaves dealers.
- The weak in society such as the feeble-minded, widows’ and orphans were sold into slaves.
- Some slave dealers enticed the locals particularly children and sold them into slaves.
- Slaves were acquired through raids in African villages upon which the captives were sold.
(Any 3x 1= 3 mks)
- Explain six problems faced by London as a city. (12 mks)
- Air pollution continues to be a major challenge.
- The crime levels are high.
- Unemployment has continued to increase with the growing population.
- Poor housing, the large number of people came to London to look for jobs which led to overgrowing in the city.
- Rural –urban migration, Large number of people came to London to look for jobs which led to overcrowding in the city
- Poverty. This was a great problem in London especially in the initial stages of its growth.
(Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)
- State three ways of acquiring slaves during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. (3mks)
-
- Identify three terms of the Berlin conference. (3mks)
- There was to be freedom of navigation for trade on rivers Niger, Longo and Zambezi.
- The European powers agreed on the stoppage of slave trade and encouragement of legitimate trade.
- King Leopold of Belgium was recognized as the head of the new Congo independent stage by all the powers.
- Any claim of any African territory had to be followed by effective occupation.
(Any 3x1 = 3 mks)
- Explain six reasons why Lawanika collaborated with the British. (12mks)
- He was encouraged by missionaries to seek British protection.
- Lewanika realized the futility of resisting against the British.
- He desired Western education and civilization for his people.
- Lewanika wished to protect his kingdom against external invasion e.g he was threatened by the Portuguese and Germans.
- Another problem was caused by the Ndebele who raided the Lozi from time to time. Lewanika wanted to protect his people from them.
- He was influenced into making a decision about British protection by Khama the paramount chief. of the Ngwato of Botswana who had accepted British protection in 1885.
- Lewanika decided to ally with the British because of the internal and external problems affecting his position and state.
(Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)
- Identify three terms of the Berlin conference. (3mks)
-
- Identify five reasons why the Pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945.(5mks)
- Poor African representation.
- Lack of good communication between different African countries.
- Africans in Europe were not in good contact.
- The movement was discouraged by the colonialists.
- Africans lacked suitable venues to hold Pan-African meetings.
- Countries that were not colonized like Liberia and Ethiopia paid little attention to the movement.
(Any 1 x 5= 5mks)
- Explain five reasons for the early achievement of independence in Ghana. (10 mks)
- Availability of stable money economy due to the introduction of Cocoa farming.
- Presence of large class of elites, Ghana was the first African country to receive Western education.
- The characteristics and strong leadership provided by Kwame Nkurumah created unity among the Ghananians.
- Ghana had relatively better developed transport and communication network. This facilitated efficient movement of nationalist information
- The participation of Kwame Nkurumah in the 1945 Pan-African conference that articulated for self-governance in Africa.
(Any 5 x 2= 10mks)
- Identify five reasons why the Pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945.(5mks)
-
-
- Give three reasons why British used direct rule in Zimbabwe. (3mks)
- There were many European settlers in the colony. They could be used to fill the various administrative posts.
- The British wanted to control mining and prospecting operations directly to avoid losses.
- The 1896 – 1897 Ndebele –Shona wars had shaken the European confidence in African leadership. They could not be trusted and thus the need to use European officials to administer the colony.
(Any 1 x 3= 3mks)
- Explain why the use of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria was unsuccessful. (12 mks)
- Southern Nigeria did not have centralized indigenous system of government that was necessary for the application of indirect rule.
- Lack of homogeneity in the South as there were many ethnic groups, languages and customs to be understood.
- The British introduced new ideas such as forced labour and direct taxes which infuriated the people.
- The educated people in Southern Nigeria resented the chiefs appointed by the British because they were illiterate.
- Communication barrier between the British supervisors the warrant chief and the people often led to misinterpretation and misunderstanding.
- Use of excessive force to suppress any form of resistance provoked resentment e.g the shooting down of women during demonstration against the British.
- The failure of the British administrators to fully understand the social, economic and political system of Southern Nigeria made them give up easily.
(Any 6 x 2= 12 mks)
-
-
- State five objectives of the economic organization of West African States . (5mks)
- To improve relations between the member states
- To liberalize trade between member states
- To improve the lining standards of people in the member states
- To create a customs union in the region
- To promote industrial development among member states
- To promote cultural interaction among member state
- To foster cooperation
(Any 5 x 1= 5mks)
- Discuss five factors that led to the collapse of East Africa community in 1977. (10 mks)
- Tanzania and Uganda perceived that Kenya used to gain more than them from the organisation.
- Personality differences between president Nyerere of Tanzania and Idi Amin of Uganda contributed to the collapse of EAC.
- Political instability in Uganda that paralyzed her economically made her not to honour her financial obligation to EAC.
- National interests were prioritized first by the members’ countries at the expense of regional interests.
- Tension between the member states led to boundary closure between Uganda and Tanzania and between Tanzania and Kenya
(Any 5 x 2= 10mks)
- State five objectives of the economic organization of West African States . (5mks)
-
- State three ways through which one can become a member of parliament in Britain.(3mks)
- Elections
- Appointment
- Inheritance to the House of Lords.
- By virtue of office for instance the members of royalty.
(Any 1 x 3= (3mks)
- Explain six roles of the British Prime Minister. (12 mks)
- He/she chairs cabinet meetings.
- He/she appoints and dismisses ministers.
- He/she is the executive head of the British government.
- He/she represents the government in international forums such as UN.
- He/she is the leader of the House of Commons.
- Settling disputes between various departments.
- He/she is the leader of the party nominates him/her.
- Recommending to the monarchy the names of candidates for appointment of senior judicial officers.
(Any 6 x 2= 5mks)
- State three ways through which one can become a member of parliament in Britain.(3mks)
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