Questions
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C
- Answer all the questions in section A and B and any two questions from section C
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
(Answer all the questions from this section)
- State two causes of hard pan in the farm. (1 mark)
- State four information contained in a delivery note. (2 marks)
- Give four advantages of using certified seeds in crop production. (2 marks)
- Give four disadvantages of minimum tillage. (2 marks
- State four conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced. (2 marks)
- Give four importance of sub-soiling. (2 marks)
- State three conditions under which opportunity cost is zero. (11/2 marks)
- State four methods of harvesting water on the farm. (2 marks)
- Name three basis on which the classification of fertilizers is done. (11/2 narks)
- Outline four advantages of land reforms in Kenya. (2 marks)
- State two causes of forking in carrots. (1 mark)
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- State three types of capital. (11/2 marks)
- Apart from capital, state other three factors of production. (11/2 marks)
- State four reasons for conserving forage. (2 marks)
- State four factors that affect the efficiency of herbicides. (2 marks)
- Give four scientific aspects of agriculture. (2 marks)
- Name four methods of harvesting trees in agroforestry. (2 marks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
(Answer all the questions from this section)
- Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
- Name the method of irrigation illustrated above. (1 mark)
- State two advantages of this method of irrigation. (2 marks)
- Give four factors which determine the choice of type of irrigation to use. (2 marks)
- . The diagram below shows a common weed in the farm. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the weed shown above. (1 mark)
- State one harmful effect of the weed to cereals. (1 marks)
- Give three ways that can be used to control the weed. (3 marks)
- The diagram below shows irish tubers after being subjected to some conditions before transplanting. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
- Name the process of potato treatment illustrated above. (1 mark)
- State two conditions necessary for the above process. (2 marks)
- Give two reasons for carrying out the above practice. (2 marks)
- Students were to apply a compound fertilizer 5:20:10 on their agriculture plot measuring 3 m by 4 m, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.
- Calculate the amount of fertilizer they would require for each plot. (Show your working). (2 marks)
- What do figures 20 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for? (2 marks)
- Give two methods of soil sampling. (1 mark)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
(Answer any two questions from this section)
-
- Describe ways in which cultural measures control crop diseases (8mks)
- Describe seven nursery practices carried out while seedlings are still growing. (7marks)
- State the qualities of a good farm manager. (5 marks)
-
- Describe the field production of bulb onions under the following sub headings.
- Ecological requirements. (4 marks)
- Planting. (3 marks)
- Harvesting. (3 marks)
- Discuss six reasons for pruning in coffee. (6 marks)
- Highlight four characteristics of plants used as green manure. (4 marks)
- Describe the field production of bulb onions under the following sub headings.
-
- Briefly explain six factors influencing mass wasting. (6 marks)
- Describe the procedure of harvesting sugar cane. (6 marks)
- Describe four ways in which soil depth influences crop production. (8 marks)
Marking Scheme
- State two causes of hard pan in the farm. (1 mark)
- Continuous ploughing at the same depth.
- Plough using heavy machinery on wet soil.
- State four information contained in a delivery note. (2 marks)
- The date of delivery
- The quantity and type of goods delivered.
- The method of delivery
- The person receiving the goods
- Condition in which the goods are received
- Delivery note serial number.
- Give four advantages of using certified seeds in crop production. (2 marks)
- Have high germination potential.
- Free from pests and diseases.
- Give high yields.
- Are able to adapt to certain ecological conditions.
- Give four disadvantages of minimum tillage. (2 marks)
- Leads to build-up of soil-borne pests and diseases.
- Leads to build-up of rhizomatous weeds.
- Causes poor soil aeration.
- Leads to poor water drainage.
- State four conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced. (2 marks)
- Where land is abundant.
- Where the population is sparse.
- Where land is communally owned.
- Where the number of livestock per unit area is low.
- Give four importance of sub-soiling. (2 marks)
- Better plant root penetration into the soil.
- Brings leached nutrients near crop roots.
- Improves water infiltration into the soil.
- Allows efficient gaseous exchange hence improves microbial activities.
- State three conditions under which opportunity cost is zero. (11/2 marks)
- When there is no alternative choice.
- When goods are unlimited in supply.
- When a factor of production is freely offered.
- State four methods of harvesting water on the farm. (2 marks)
- Use of weirs and dams.
- Use of ponds.
- Rock catchment.
- Roof catchment.
- Use of retention ditches or level terraces.
- Name three basis on which the classification of fertilizers is done. (11/2 narks)
- Effect on the soil.
- Mode of application.
- Time of application.
- Nutrient composition.
- Outline four advantages of land reforms in Kenya. (2 marks)
- To encourage land improvement and conservation measures.
- To increase labour and land productivity by putting idle land into use.
- To promote commercial farming.
- To encourage investment in agriculture.
- To enable agriculture meet changing market demands.
- To enhance efficient utilization of land and hence increase agricultural output.
- To settle landless people.
- State two causes of forking in carrots. (1 mark)
- Excessive use of organic manure.
- Presence of an obstacle.
-
- State three types of capital. (11/2 marks)
- Liquid capital.
- Working capital.
- Fixed/ durable capital.
- Apart from capital, state other three factors of production. (11/2 marks)
- Land.
- Labour.
- Management.
- State three types of capital. (11/2 marks)
- State four reasons for conserving forage. (2 marks)
- To avoid wastage in times of plenty.
- To ensure enough supply of forage throughout the year.
- To earn income from selling excess forage.
- To ensure good utilization of land.
- State four factors that affect the efficiency of herbicides. (2 marks)
- Stage of growth of crops.
- Plant morphology and anatomy.
- Mode of action ie contact or translocated.
- The concentration of the herbicide.
- Method of application.
- Environmental factors like rain and soil.
- Give four scientific aspects of agriculture. (2 marks)
- Entomology.
- Crop pathology.
- Agricultural engineering.
- Soil science.
- Genetics as applied in plant and animal breeding.
- Name four methods of harvesting trees in agroforestry. (2 marks)
- Pollarding.
- Lopping.
- Coppicing.
- Thinning.
- Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
- Name the method of irrigation illustrated above. (1 mark)
- Sprinkler irrigation.
- State two advantages of this method of irrigation. (2 marks)
- It is easy to control the amount of water used.
- Can be used on any topography.
- Water is evenly distributed over the required area.
- Less water wastage than in furrow irrigation.
- The system can easily be moved from one place to another.
- Foliar fertilizers can be applied together with irrigation water.
- Give four factors which determine the choice of type of irrigation to use. (2 marks)
- Capital availability.
- Topography of the land.
- Water availability.
- Type of soil.
- Type of crop to be irrigated.
- Name the method of irrigation illustrated above. (1 mark)
- The diagram below shows a common weed in the farm. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the weed shown above. (1 mark)
- Striga / Witch weed/ Striga hermontheca
- State one harmful effect of the weed to cereals. (2 marks)
- It is parasitic
- Give three ways that can be used to control the weed. (3 marks)
- Rotating with non-cereal crops.
- Using appropriate herbicides.
- Trap cropping.
- Identify the weed shown above. (1 mark)
- The diagram below shows irish tubers after being subjected to some conditions before transplanting. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
- Name the process of potato treatment illustrated above. (1 mark)
- Chitting/ sprouting.
- State two conditions necessary for the above process. (2 marks)
- Humidity/ moist environment.
- Diffuse light.
- Give two reasons for carrying out the above practice.
- To ensure uniform growth after selection.
- To ensure that growth commences immediately after planting.
- Name the process of potato treatment illustrated above. (1 mark)
- Students were to apply a compound fertilizer 5:20:10 on their agriculture plot measuring 3 m by 4 m, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.
- Calculate the amount of fertilizer they would require for each plot. (Show your working). (2 marks)
- 1 ha (10,000m2) requires 200kg of fertilizer
Therefore, (3 * 4) m2 would require = 12m2 * 200
10,000m2
= 0.24kg / 240g
- 1 ha (10,000m2) requires 200kg of fertilizer
- What do figures 20 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for? (2 marks)
- 20- ration of phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5)
- 10- Ratio of potassium oxide (K2O)
- Give two methods of soil sampling methods. (1 mark)
- Traverse method.
- Zigzag method.
- Calculate the amount of fertilizer they would require for each plot. (Show your working). (2 marks)
-
- Describe ways in which cultural measures control crop diseases. (8mks)
- Use of healthy planting materials/ certified seeds during planting to prevent introduction or spread of crop diseases.
- Practicing field hygiene / burning crop residue / rogueing/ clean weeding/ destroys (kills) disease causing micro-organisms/ destroys pests that transmit diseases.
- Proper seedbed preparation/ clean seedbed for the control of armillaria root rot in tea and coffee.
- Proper spacing to control damping off in cabbage seedlings in the nursery or rosette disease in groundnuts or blight
- Heat treatment for the control of ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane.
- Proper drying of cereals and pulses before storage to control Aflatoxin
- Planting disease resistant varieties eg Ruiru 11, for the crop to be able to resist attack by coffee Berry disease.
- Crop rotation – starves the disease-causing organisms to death
- Proper crop nutrition – makes the crop strong and able to resist attack by disease
- Close season – This is the period when a susceptible crop is not grown in order to control a certain disease.
- Timely planting/ early planting – enables the crop to escape attack by the disease eg blight in tomatoes and irish potatoes.
- Pruning/ open pruning / staking/ altering of environmental conditions / irrigation;
- irrigation during dry season controls blossom end in tomatoes, staking and pruning reduce blight in tomatoes (Stating ½ mk explaining ½ mk x 8 = 8mks)
- Describe seven nursery practices carried out while seedlings are still growing. (7marks)
- watering- water the nursery bed regularly preferably in the morning and evening.
- Mulching- apply a light mulch after nursery establishment
- Weed control- weeds to be removed through uprooting.
- Pricking out- remove overcrowded seedlings and plant in a seedling bed.
- shading- a light shed to be erected over the nursery bed to minimize water loss.
- Pest and disease control- are controlled through sterilizing the soil using appropriate chemicals
- Hardening off- gradually reduce shade and frequency of watering to prepare seedlings to the ecological conditions in the seed bed.
- State the qualities of a good farm manager. (5mks)
- Has knowledge about specific agricultural principles, marketing and accounting
- Hardworking and time conscious
- Has practical farming skills
- Flexible in decision making
- Should be responsible/ dynamic /prudent/ competent / ambitious
- Describe ways in which cultural measures control crop diseases. (8mks)
-
- Describe the field production of bulb onions under the following sub headings.
- Ecological requirements. (4 marks)
- Temperature-Hot or warm climates though some varieties prefer cool conditions.
- Rainfall-1000mm and above/annum. Irrigation is necessary in dry areas. A long dry period is needed for ripening.
- Altitude-2100m
- Soils-Require sandy loam and alluvial soils which should be fertile and well drained.
- pH-6-7.
- Planting. (3mks)
- For direct sowing 250kg DSP /ha should be applied during planting .
- Plant at a spacing of 30x10cm or 30x7.5cm.
- In indirect planting seedlings are transplanted at 8cm apart within the rows
- Make shallow drills/holes, place seeds and then cover the seeds with little soil.
- Deep planting of seedlings inhibits bulb expansion.
- Harvesting. (3mks)
- When the leaves start drying the tops are bent or broken to hasten withering of the stem
- Bulbs are then dug up and left to dry in a shade for a few days.
- They are stored in slatted boxes.
- Ecological requirements. (4 marks)
- Discuss six reasons for pruning in coffee. (6 marks)
- To control cropping
- To train the plant to have the required shape.
- To remove the diseased and unwanted parts of a plant.
- To facilitate picking.
- To ease the penetration of sprays into the bush of a plant.
- To control pests and diseases such as Antestia bug and coffee berry disease.
- Highlight four characteristics of plants used as green manure. (4 marks)
- Are highly vegetative/ leafy.
- Have a fast growth rate.
- Have high nitrogen content (leguminous).
- Capable of rotting quickly.
- Capable of growing in poor conditions.
- Describe the field production of bulb onions under the following sub headings.
-
- Briefly explain six factors influencing mass wasting. (6 marks)
- The slope of the land-Steep slopes leads to faster movement of materials.
- The nature of material-Mass wasting occurs easily where massive rocks overlie sedimentary rocks which have clay material underneath and also if the material contains a lot of water.
- Climate-Heavy rainy periods encourage wasting
- Vegetation cover-It is easy and faster in bare ground than where it is covered with vegetation.
- Human activities-eg deforestation, building, quarrying etc interferes with the stability of surface layers.
- Forces within the earth’s crust eg earth tremors and some volcanic eruptions
- Describe the procedure of harvesting sugar cane. (6 marks)
- Take the sample to the factory first for quality testing.
- Cut the stem of the cane at ground level using a panga to avoid the loss of the yield and to ensure establishment of the ratoon crop.
- Remove the green tops to avoid some substances from flowing back.
- Strip off the dry leaves from the stem.
- Do not burn the cane as this lowers its quality.
- Transport the cane to the factory immediately for processing.
- Describe four ways in which soil depth influences crop production. (8 marks)
- Soil moisture content: a deep soil holds more moisture than a shallow soil.
- Root penetration and plant support: a deep soil provides better root anchorage and free root penetration to lower zones.
- Soil erosion: a deep soil encourages water infiltration other than surface run-offs, thus minimizing soil erosion.
- Soil aeration: a deep soil is well-aerated compared to a shallow soil.
- Mineral nutrient content: a deep soil allows more accumulation and exchange of minerals. This allows better growth of vegetation compared to a shallow soil that has less mineral nutrient.
- Microbial activity: a deep top soil and sub-soil favours activity of micro-organisms such as decomposers and nitrogen fixers.
- Briefly explain six factors influencing mass wasting. (6 marks)
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