INSTRUCTIONS
- Answer all Questions in Section A
- Answer Question 6 and Any other TWO questions in section B
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- State three reasons why it is important to study Geography (3mks)
- Identify two ways in which Geography is related to Agriculture (2mks)
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- Name two forest reserves found in the coastal regions of Kenya (2mks)
- State three reasons why it is necessary to carry out afforestation programmes in Kenya (3mks)
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- Give two methods used to reclaim land in Kenya (2mks)
- State three ways in which salinity of the polders is reduced in the Netherlands (3mks)
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- Name two categories of fish (2mks)
- Identify three methods of fishing that are used for deep sea fishing (3mks)
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- State two reasons why some industries are located near the source of raw materials (2mks)
- Give three characteristics of cottage industry in india (3mks)
Answer question 6 and Any other Two questions from this section.
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- Study the photograph below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the type of photograph shown(1mk)
- Give two reasons for your answer (2mks)
- Name three main counties inKenya were this photograph could have been taken (3mks)
- What economic activity is shown (1mk)
- What is the direction of wind in the photograph. (2mks)
- Draw a rectangle measuring 14cm x10cm. on it draw a sketch diagram of the photograph showing the main features:
- On the foreground (2mks)
- On the middle ground (2mks)
- On the background (2mks)
- State four physical conditions favouring maize growing in Kenya (4mks)
- Explain how maize farming contributes to the growth of the Kenyan economy (6mks)
- Name two pests that attack maize crops (2mks)
- Study the photograph below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
- The map below shows the location of some minerals in East Africa.
- Name the minerals mined in the areas marked J,K and L (3mks)
- Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals
- Mode of occurrence of minerals (4mks)
- Transport (4mks)
- Level of Technology (4mks)
- Describe the opencast method of mining (4mks)
- Explain three benefits of petroleum mining to the economies of middle East countries(6mks)
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- Name two non-renewable sources of energy (2mks)
- Explain four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of the seven forks hydro-electric power scheme.(8mks)
- State three benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya (3mks)
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- What is energy Crisis (2mks)
- Explain three ways in which energy crisis affects the economy of Kenya (6mks)
- Give four advantages of using solar energy (4mks)
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- What is eco-tourism. (2mks)
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- Give four tourist attractions found at the coast of Kenya (4mks)
- State five problems associated with tourism in Kenya (5mks)
- Explain four measures that Kenya should take in order to attract more tourists (8mks)
- Explain three factors why Switzerland receives more tourists than Kenya (6mks)
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- Give two primary sources of population data (2mks)
- What information can be derived from a population pyramid (3mks)
- Explain how the following factors have led to population increase in Kenya
- Cultural beliefs (2mks)
- Migration (2mks)
- Improved medical facilities (2mks)
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- What is fertility rate (2mks)
- Explain three factors that have contributed to the reduction in fertility rate in Kenya (6mks)
- Describe three ways in which the population of Kenya differs from that of Sweden (6 mks)
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MARKING SCHEME
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- Reason why it is important to study Geography
- Helps learners to develop the skills of observing reading and analyzing statistical data.
- Enables the learners to understand and appreciate different environmental influences at work on different societies
- Encourages international awareness
- Through fieldwork, learners are able to manage time properly.
- It is a career subject – gives a firm foundation for advanced studies in specialized fields
- Enables one to acquire basic skills and knowledge Any 3x1
- relationship between Geography and Agriculture
- Agriculture involves the growing of crops and the rearing of livestock. Geography studies farming systems, their distribution and the factors affecting farming activities.
- Geography studies the relief/topography of an area which helps identify suitable areas for various agricultural activities.
- Geography deals with types of soils which influences the types of crops.
- Geography looks at both positive and negative impact agriculture has on the environment eg soil erosion and conservation practices Any 2x1
- Reason why it is important to study Geography
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- Forest reserves found in the coastal regions
- Shimba hills
- Mangrove
- Arabuko Sokoke forest
- Kaya forest
- Boni/Dodori Forest
- Shimba hills
- Reasons why it is necessary to carry out afforestation programmes.
- To protect water catchment areas
- To protect soil from erosion by wind/water
- To ensure sustainable supply of forest products
- To put more land under forest cover
- To check the extinction of indigenous trees
- To regulate climate Any 3x1
- To protect water catchment areas
- Forest reserves found in the coastal regions
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- Methods used to reclaim land in Kenya
- Irrigating dry land
- Draining of swamps
- Adding manure to infertile soils
- Planting of trees/afforestation
- Controlling of pests.
- Introducing drought resistant crops Any 2x1
- Irrigating dry land
- Ways in which salinity of the polders is reduced in the Netherlands
- Soils are treated with chemicals to lower the salinity
- The drained land is flushed with fresh water to remove salt from the soil.
- Reeds are planted to reduce salinity 3 mks
- Methods used to reclaim land in Kenya
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- categories of fish
- Salt water/marine fish
- Fresh water fish
- Anadromous fish
- Pelagic
- Demersal Any 2x1
- Methods of deep sea fishing
- Trawling
- Purse seining
- Drifting
- Long line fishing
- Harpooning Any 3x1
- categories of fish
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- Why industries are located near the source of raw materials
- The raw materials may be too bulky and thus expensive to transport
- Some raw materials are perishable so they have to be processed before transportation
- Processing reduces transport costs. Any 2x1
- Characteristics of cottage industry
- The industry relies on simple equipment.
- It is labour intensive
- Uses locally available raw materials
- Industry produce goods mainly for local markets
- The industry is widespread in the country.
- Why industries are located near the source of raw materials
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- Ground general view photograph.
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- Features in the foreground are bigger in size with features becoming smaller towards the background.
- It focuses on many objects and not a particular one.
- Captures the general appearance of the area
- The camera is focused level and horizontal to the object on the ground Any 2x1
- Main areas where this photograph could have been taken
- Uasin Gichu county
- TransNzoia county
- Nakuru county
- Laikipia county
- Bungoma county Any 3x1
- Large scale Maize farming (1 mk)
- Right to Left
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- Physical conditions favouring maize growing inKenya
- moderate to high rainfall annually
- Hot dry period for ripening and harvesting and to prevent rotting of maize
- Deep well drained volcanic/Loam soils
- Frost free conditions.
- Gently sloping/undulating land for good drainage
- Warm or hot conditions Any 4x1
- Economic significance of maize in Kenya
- It provides sample food for over half of the population saving Kenya’s currency
- Provides income for the farmers and employment on the large farms raising the people’s living standards.
- Many industries use maize as a raw material for processing, thus leading to industrialization.
- The use of maize as animal feed has led to the development of livestock farming. Any 3x2
- Pests that attack maize crops
- Maize stock borer
- Birds
- Weevils
- Beetles
- Corn ear
- Worms
- Rodents Any 2x1
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- J- Limestone
- K – soda ash/Trona
- L- Diamond
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- mode of occurrence of minerals
- Minerals that occur in small quantities may limit exploitation since they are of low commercial value.
- Minerals of high value will be exploited as they are likely to be profitable
- Minerals at or near the surface are extracted using open cast while those that occur deep in the ground are extracted using underground method (4mks)
- Transport.
- Minerals that are bulky require railway or cheap transport system to reduce the total cost of production.
- Mineral deposits in remote areas are less likely to be exploited
- Efficient transport links allow mineral products to be moved from the mining site to the ports or markets without delay (4mks)
- Level of technology.
- Advanced technology has improved mining operations
- Advanced technology boost effectiveness in production hence reducing wastage
- Low level of technology limits exploitation
- High level technology in mining operations reduces the destruction of the environment (4mks)
- mode of occurrence of minerals
- Opencast method of mining.
- The unwanted materials laying on top of the mineral are removed.
- The soft mineral ore is removed by digging
- Any hard rock / mineral ore is broken up by blasting.
- Huge power shovels are used to dig up mineral deposits.
- The mineral ore is loaded on to trucks to the processing plant (4mks)
- Benefits of Petroleum mining to the economies of middle East countries.
- It leads to creating of employment opportunities raising the standard of living
- Income from petroleum mining has led to development and growth of town.
- It has led to development of infrastructure and social amenities
- It is used as raw materials leading to growth of petroleum related industries.
- The countries earn foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of the economy. Any 3x2
- It leads to creating of employment opportunities raising the standard of living
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- Non renewable sources of energy
- Petroleum/oil
- Natural gas
- Uranium
- Coal/peat Any 2x1
- Ways in which Kenya has benefited from the development of the seven forks H.E.P scheme.
- It has led to control of floods in the lower parts of river Tana.
- The Reservoirs are used for generating electricity which is used for industrial and domestic purposes.
- The dams and reservoirs are tourist attractions which generates foreign exchange for the country.
- The schemes have led to development of industries thus creating employment opportunities
- Some reservoirs provide water for domestic and agricultural production
- Has led to improvement of roads making the area more accessible.
- The dams reservoirs have provided useful sites for educational purposes.
Any 4x2
- Benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya.
- It would improve social amenities in the rural areas.
- Most people would invest in rural areas resulting to higher standards of living
- Establishing a diversity of tourist attractions to avoid depending entirely on the traditional attractions.
- Modernizing tourist facilities in areas that have high potential such as western Kenya
- Intensify domestic marketing to reduce reliance on foreign tourists
- Improving security to ensure the safety of tourists is guaranteed. Any 4x2
- Non renewable sources of energy
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- Energy crisis refers to a situation where the prices of fossil fuels rises uncontrollably as a result of short supply relative to demand (2mks)
- Ways in which energy crisis affects the economy of Kenya
- Increase in oil prices triggers the increase in the prices of commodities leading to low standards/high cost of living
- Increase in oil prices leads to increase in the prices of farm inputs leading to food crisis.
- High cost of fuels increases the cost of production
- It leads to increase in transport costs. Any 3x2
- Advantages of using solar energy
- It is free
- It is a cheap source of energy
- It is clean
- It is safe to use
- It can be stored for future use
- It can be found everywhere. Any 4x1
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- Ecotourism is the development and management of tourism while conserving the environment/enjoying what nature provides while protecting it. (2mks)
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- Tourist attractions found at the coast of Kenya.
- Marine parks
- Historical sites
- Sandy beaches
- Warm climate
- Water sports
- Wildlife
- Traditional culture Any 1x1
- Problems associated with Tourism in Kenya
- Tourism has led to increase in drug abuse
- School drop outs to become tour guides and beach boys/curio sellers
- Has led to pollution of environment
- Has led to increase in crime
- Has encouraged poaching
- Has led to international terrorism
- Erosion of some social values/culture Any 5x1
- Tourist attractions found at the coast of Kenya.
- Measures Kenya should take in order to attract more tourists.
- Improving infrastructure to all tourist sites in order to make them easily accessible
- Marketing the country aggressively to improve its image abroad.
- It would encourage setting up of industries in the rural areas.
- It would reduce cutting down of trees and electricity would be available for domestic use. Any3x1
- Factors why Switzerland receive more tourists than Kenya
- Switzerland is located in Central Europe making it easily accessible to tourists of European origin while Kenya is far from Europe.
- Some of the tourist attractions in the two countries are Similar, hence tourist prefer to visit those that are near home.
- Political neutrality in Switzerland encourages tourists as opposed to Kenya where there are reports of insecurity which scare away tourists.
- Well developed transport network in Switzerland provides easy access to tourists sites while in Kenya roads are poorly maintained.
- In Switzerland tourists are charged fairly for services while in Kenya charges are relatively high Any 3x2
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- primary sources of population data.
- National census
- Vital statistics/registration of births/deaths
- Information derived from the population pyramid
- The size of the population
- The proportion of males to females
- Proportion of the youth
- The different ages (age groups)
- Proportion of the youth/working/ageing/dependency ratio.
Any 3x1
- primary sources of population data.
- How the following factors have led to population increase in Kenya
- Cultural beliefs
- some cultures encourage large families, in almost all culture, there is a tendency of people preferring male children. This may lead to those who are not getting male children to have a large family as they hope to get a boy.
- Some cultures/religions discourage use of contraceptives (2mks)
- Migration
- Due to political instability in the neighbouring countries eg Sudan, Somalia, there was an increase of refugees hence high population increase. (2mks)
- Improved medical facilities.
- This leads to higher chances of survival for both the mothers and infants as well as the general population thus increasing the survival rates. (2mks)
- Cultural beliefs
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- Fertility rate is the number of live births in a given population in a year (2mks)
- Factors that have contributed to the reduction in fertility rate in Kenya
- Education – More girls are attending school so they take longer to marry thus have fewer children.
- People are opting smaller families since the cost of living is quite high.
- Most of the educated ladies pursue careers hence leading to delayed marriages reducing the number of children one can have.
- Increase use of birth control measures has also lowered the number of children women are having in their lifetime.
- There increased in the number of women opting to remain single, thus reducing fertility rate. Any 3x2
- Ways in which the population of Kenya differs from that of Sweden
- The birth rate in Kenya is high while the birth rate in Sweden is low
- The death rate in Kenya is relatively high while the death rate in Sweden is low
- The fertility rate in Kenya is high while the fertility rate in Sweden is low.
- Kenya has a Large number of young people below 20 years of age while in Sweden the number of mature and ageing population is larger.
- Kenya’s population has a lower life expectancy while Sweden population has a high life expectancy.
- Population growth rate in Kenya is high while population growth rate in Sweden is low. Any 3x2
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