INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
- This paper has two sections: A and B
- Answer ALL the questions in section A.
- In section B answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.
- Candidates must answer the questions in English.
SECTION A
Answer all questions in this section.
- The diagram below represents the structure of the atmosphere. Use it to answer question (a)
- Name:
- The parts marked P and Q. (2mks)
- The layers of discontinuity marked R. (1mk)
- State two characteristics of the weather conditions in the troposphere. (2mks)
- Name:
-
- What is a metamorphic rock? (2mks)
- Give three examples of metamorphic rocks. (3mks)
-
- What is an earthquake? (2mks)
- Identify the scale used to measure:
- The intensity of earthquakes; (1mk)
- The magnitude of earthquakes. (1mk)
-
- Identify the main characteristics of the ocean water. (2mks)
- Give three factors that influence wave deposition. (3mks)
-
- Name three features that make up the hydrosphere. (3mks)
- Explain how the movement of magma causes earth movement. (2mks)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section
- Study the map of Kijabe 1:50,000 provided and answer the following questions:
-
- What is the appropriate height of the top of Kijabe hill? (1mk)
- Measure the length of Nairobi-Naivasha railway line from landhies (grid reference 257978) to the level crossing near Kijabe station (grid reference 308984).Give your answer in kilometers. (1mk)
- What relief features on the map may have created problems in the construction of the railway line? (1mk)
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (4mks)
- Explain how relief has influenced the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map. (4mks)
- Citing evidence from the map ,state four economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map. (8mks)
- Suppose you were a student n the school at Kinari (Kinale )and you plan to carry out a field study of Wakagwe forest,
- Design a working programme (schedule ) you would use during the day of the study. (2mks)
- Give three reasons why it would be necessary to sample part of the forest for the study. (2mks)
- State two ways in which your findings would be useful to the local community. (2mks)
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-
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- What is a lake? (2mks)
- Name two crater lakes in Kenya. (2mks)
- Describe how each of the following lakes are formed:
- corrie lake; (4mks)
- oasis; (4mks)
- lagoon (4mks)
-
- Give three reasons why some lakes in Kenya have saline water. (3mks)
- Explain how each of the following has affected lakes in Kenya:
- Deforestation (2mks)
- Industrialization (2mks)
- Water needs (2mks)
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-
-
- Name three types of faults. (3mks)
- Apart from compressional forces, explain two other processes that may cause faulting (4mks)
- With the aid of diagrams, describe how compressional forces may have led to the formation of the Great Rift Valley. (8mks)
- Explain three ways in which faults is of significance to human activities. (6mks)
- suppose you are to carry out a field-study on a faulted are
- State two methods you would use to collect data. (2 mks)
- Name two features resulting from faulting you are likely to observe (2 mks)
-
- The diagram below represents an artesian basin. Use it to answer question (a)
- Identify:
- the layers marked X and Y. (2mks)
- the process marked Z. (1mks)
- Explain how the following factors influence the amount of underground water in limestone areas:
- rainfall; (4mks)
- vegetation cover. (4mks)
-
- Apart from stalagmites, name three other underground features formed in limestone areas. (3mks)
- With the aid of a diagram, describe how a stalagmite is formed. (8mks)
- Give three reasons why there are few settlements in Karst landscapes. (3mks)
- Identify:
-
-
- Name two major deserts found in Africa. (2mks)
The diagram below represents features resulting from wind erosion in desert. Use it to answer question a(ii) - Name the features marked U and V. (2mks)
- Name two major deserts found in Africa. (2mks)
- Describe the three processes through which wind transports its load. (6mks)
- Using a well labeled diagram , describe how a barchans is formed. (7mks)
- Explain two ways in which desert features are of significance to human activities. (4mks)
- You intend to carry out a field studying an arid area.
- Name one drainage feature you are likely to see. (1 mk)
- State three problems you are likely to encounter during the study (3 mks)
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MARKING SCHEME
- The diagram below represents the structure of the atmosphere. Use it to answer question (a)
- Name:
- The parts marked P and Q. (2mks)
- P - Mesosphere
- Q - Thermosphere/lonosphere
- The layers of discontinuity marked R. (1mk)
- R - Tropopause
- The parts marked P and Q. (2mks)
- State two characteristics of the weather conditions in the troposphere. (2mks)
- Temperatures decrease with an increase in height/normal lapse rate / the rate decrease is 1°C for 160 metres of height l0.65°C per 100 m/6.5 per 1000m
- Pressure falls with an increase in height.
- The speed of wind increases with an increase in height.
- It contains most of the atmospheric water vapour/clouds
- Temperatures decrease with an increase in height/normal lapse rate / the rate decrease is 1°C for 160 metres of height l0.65°C per 100 m/6.5 per 1000m
- Name:
-
- What is a metamorphic rock? (2mks)
- This is a rock formed when the original/igneous sedimentary rock is subjected to chemically active fluids/ pressure/ intense heat which changes its form/structufe /composition
- Give three examples of metamorphic rocks. (3mks)
- Schist/homblende/mica
- Slate
- Marble
- Quartzite
- Gneiss
- Graphite
- Serpentnite(from peridolite)
Any 3 x 1
- What is a metamorphic rock? (2mks)
-
- What is an earthquake? (2mks)
- It is sudden earth movement that causes vibrations within the earth’s crust.
- Identify the scale used to measure:
- The intensity of earthquakes; (1mk)
- Mercalli scale
- The magnitude of earthquakes. (1mk)
- The Ritcher scale
- The intensity of earthquakes; (1mk)
- What is an earthquake? (2mks)
-
- Identify the main characteristics of the ocean water
- Ocean water is saline/salty.
- The temperature of ocean water varies horizontally and vertically.
- Varies in density
- It is in constant movement
- Give three factors that influence wave deposition
- The depth of the water should be shallow along the coast
- Configuration of the coastline/change in the alignment of coastline
- The shore should have a gentle gradient
- The breaking waves should have strong swash and a weak backwash./ constructive waves
- Ample materials to be deposited
- Identify the main characteristics of the ocean water
-
- Name three features that make up the hydrosphere
- Oceans
- Seas
- Lakes
- Rivers
- Swamps
- Ice sheets
- Explain how the movement of magma causes earth movement.
- The molten rocks (magma) is forced to intrude into the earth’s crust through a line of weakness causing displacement
- The crustal rocks are forced to move/give way to intruding magma as their place is taken over by the intruding magma.
- Name three features that make up the hydrosphere
- Study the map of Kijabe 1:50,000 provided and answer the following questions:
-
- What is the appropriate height of the top of Kijabe hill?
- Between 2660 and 2680 above sea level
- Measure the length of Nairobi – Naivasha railway line from landhies (grid reference 257978) to the level crossing near Kijabe station ( grid reference 308984). Give your answer in kilometers.
- 5.6 km (0.1) (5.5 – 5.7 Km)
- What relief feature on the map may have created problems in the construction of the railway line?
- Escarpment steep slopes / Kijabe hill
- What is the appropriate height of the top of Kijabe hill?
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map
- The main drainage feature are rivers, and are many
- There are also hot springs
- Most of the rivers are permanent
- Rivers originating from Kijabe hill are short and disappear underground
- Rivers on Kijabe hill form parallel and radial drainage pattern
- Most rivers from dendrite patter
- Main rivers are upper Ewaso Kedong and Bathi which flow southwards while river Gatamaiyu and its tributaries flow South – Eastwards
- Most rivers are in Their youthful stage
- There are more rivers to the East of the escarpment
- Explain how relief has influenced the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map.
- Most of the settlement are found at the foot of the escarpment because the land is gently sloping
- The escarpment has no settlement because the land is steep
- Kijabe hill has a few settlement on the eastern side because the land is gently slopping/ the Western side of the hill has no settlement as the land is steep
- The land immediate to the east of the escarpment has many settlement because it is plateau/ gently sloping
- Citing evidence from the map, state four economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map.
Economic activities -Evidence- Forestry / raw industry/ lumbering - Forest station/ forest guard post/ saw mills
- Cattle keeping/ livestock rearing / dairy - Dairy/ cattle dip
- Quarrying - Qua murram pit
- Transportation - Road/ Railway/ Tracks/ foot path
- Trading/ commerce - Shops/ stores/ petrol station/ post office/ post house
- Processing/ manufacturing - Kagwe carbacid plant
- Farming/ Agriculture – Plantations
- Suppose you were a student in the school at Kinari ( Kinale) and you plan to carry out a field study of Wakagwe forest,
- Design a working programme (schedule) you would use during the day of the study
- Assemble equipment
- Depart for the area of study
- Arrive at the area of study
- Report to the forest authorities
- Embark on data collection
- Report back to the forest authorities
- Report back to school
- Give three reasons why it would be necessary to sample part of the forest for the study
- Save on time
- Save on energy
- Teach the learners the art of swimming
- They will be able to identify the tree species that are suitable for the area
- They will be able to work out solutions to the problems affecting the forest
- State two ways in which your findings would be useful to the local community.
- The community will use the report to identify the importance of conserving forests
- People will be able to adopt appropriate methods of utilizing the forest sustainable
- Design a working programme (schedule) you would use during the day of the study
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- What is a lake? (2mks)
- A lake is an extensive body of water in a hollow/depression in the earth's surface
- Name two crater lakes in Kenya. (2mks)
- Challa
- Paradise
- Simbi
- Sonanchi (SW of Lake Naivasha)
- Crater lake on the Central Island of Lake Turkana
- What is a lake? (2mks)
- Describe how each of the following lakes are formed:
- corrie lake; (4mks)
- Snow accumulates in an existing depression on the mountain side.
- Snow gets compacted into ice forming a cirque glacier.
- Frost action/alternating freeze-thaw action enlarges the hollow.
- Abrasion by ice will deepen the hollow.
- Plucking process steepens the backwall.
- Eventually a deep arm-chair shaped depression known as corrie is formed.
- When the corrie fills up with melt water, it forms a corrie lake.
- Snow accumulates in an existing depression on the mountain side.
- oasis; (4mks)
- A pre-existing depression formed through faulting or otherwise is exposed to wind erosion.
- Wind eddies remove unconsolidated materials through deflation.
- Wind abrasion deepens and widens/enlarges the depression.
- Continued deflation deepens and enlarges the depression.
- Further abrasion deflation leads to the depression reaching the water table.
- Water oozes out of the ground and collects into the depression to form a lake known as an oasis.
- A pre-existing depression formed through faulting or otherwise is exposed to wind erosion.
- lagoon (4mks)
- Sand/single are moved by the long shore drift and deposited at the entrance of the bay. ‘
- The deposits accumulate forming a spit/sand bar/ridge.
- The continued deposition elongate the spit, eventually blocking the mouth of the bay forming a bay bar.
- The bay bar separates part of the sea water from the open sea.
- The enclosed sea water is the lagoon.
- corrie lake; (4mks)
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- Give three reasons why some lakes in Kenya have saline water. (3mks)
- They lack outlets to the sea.
- Some have salt bearing rocks on the lake bed.
- High temperatures in the surrounding area lead to high evaporation.
- Heavy deposition of mineral salts into the lakes by surface run off.
- Underground seepage of water that is rich in mineral salts.
- They lack outlets to the sea.
- Explain how each of the following has affected lakes in Kenya:
- Deforestation (2mks)
- It exposes soil which is eroded and carried into the lake causing siltation.
- It destroys catchment areas which reduces water fed into the lakes.
- Industrialization (2mks)
- Establishment of industries had led to disposal of waste/pollution/contamination of lakes.
- Establishment of industries has led to increased water use which has lowered water levels.
- Establishment of industries had led to disposal of waste/pollution/contamination of lakes.
- Water needs
- When water is diverted into farms during irrigation it leads to lowering water levels in the lake.
- Over use of water for industrial processes leads to lowering of water levels in the lakes
- When water is diverted into farms during irrigation it leads to lowering water levels in the lake.
- Deforestation (2mks)
- Give three reasons why some lakes in Kenya have saline water. (3mks)
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- Name three types of faults. (3 marks)
- Normal fault
- Reverse fault
- Tear or shear or slip or transform or wrench or slip fault
- Thrust fault
- Anticlinal fault
- Apart from compressional forces, explain two other process that cause faulting. (4 marks)
- Faulting may be caused by force acting horizontally away from each other which cause tension in the crystal rocks. Due to tensional forces the rocks stretch and fracture causing faults
- Faulting may occur where horizontal forces act parallel to each other in the opposite/ same direction resulting in shearing
- Faulting may also occur due to vertical movements which may exert a strain in the rocks making them to fracture.
- Faulting may be caused by force acting horizontally away from each other which cause tension in the crystal rocks. Due to tensional forces the rocks stretch and fracture causing faults
- Name three types of faults. (3 marks)
- With the aid of diagrams, describe how compressional forces may have led to the formation of the Great Rift Valley
- Layers of rocks are subjected to compression forces
- Layers of rocks are subjected to compression forces
- Compression forces may push the outer blocks towards each other the outer ride over the middle block) the middle block sinks/ subside/ may remain stable
- The sunken middle part forms a depression called a rift valley
- Layer
- Fault line
- Compression
- Upward force
- Rift Valley
- Layers of rocks are subjected to compression forces
- Explain three ways in which faulting is of significance to human activities.
- Faulting leads to formation of features that form beautiful scenery which attract tourists
- Faulting leads to formation of lakes that are important fishing grounds/ tourists sites / mining sites/ provide water for irrigation/ for domestic use/ industrial use.
- Faulting causes displacement of rocks which exposes minerals that are mined
- Faulting may lead to the formation of mountains/ horst which attract rainfall that give rise to rivers which provide water for industrial/ domestic/ agricultural use/ industrial use for production of H.E.P
- Block mountains formed through faulting lead to formation of relief rainfall on the windward side which favours agriculture/ and settlement / forestry
- Subsidence of land as a result of faulting may lead to loss of life and property
- Springs occurring of the foist of fault scarps attract settlements
- Faulting creates deep faults which are passages of stream jets which may be utilized for geothermal power production
- Rivers flowing over fault scarps may form waterfalls
- When faulting occurs across a ridge it may provide a dip which could form a mountain pass where transport and communication lines can be constructed/ may hinder development of transport.
- Faulting leads to formation of features that form beautiful scenery which attract tourists
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- Methods of collecting data:
- observation
- taking photograph
- collecting samples
- taking measurements
- Features likely to be observed in faulted area:
- fault scarps
- block mountains /horst/fault block
- tilt blocks
- fault steps
- rift valley
- Methods of collecting data:
-
- The diagram below represents an artesian basin. Use it to answer question (a)
- Identify:
- the layers marked X and Y. (2mks)
- x - Impermeable rocks
- y - Aquifer
- the process marked Z. (1mks)
- z - percolation
- the layers marked X and Y. (2mks)
- Explain how the following factors influence the amount of underground water in limestone areas:
- rainfall; (4mks)
- When rains last for long hours it enhances infiltration thereby replenishing the underground water sources.
- Heavy rains saturate the surface blocking air spaces thus reducing the rate of infiltration/leading to low amount of underground water.
- Little rainfall/no rainfall leads to low amount of under ground water.
- When rains last for long hours it enhances infiltration thereby replenishing the underground water sources.
- vegetation cover. (4mks)
- Presence of vegetation cover reduces the speed of surface runoff hence increasing the rate of infiltration/leading to high amount of underground water.
- Presence of vegetation cover breaks the force of raindrops giving water more time to infiltrate hence increasing the amount of underground water.
- In areas of scanty vegetation/on bare ground the surface runoff is high hence reduce rate of infiltration/leading to low amount of underground water.
- Presence of vegetation cover provide shade in the ground reducing direct loss of water through evaporation hence increasing the rate of infiltration leading to high amount of underground water.
- Presence of vegetation cover reduces the speed of surface runoff hence increasing the rate of infiltration/leading to high amount of underground water.
- rainfall; (4mks)
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- Apart from stalagmites, name three other underground features formed in limestone areas. (3mks)
- Stalactites
- Limestone/pillars/columns
- Caves/caverns
- Underground rivers
- With the aid of a diagram, describe how a stalagmite is formed. (8mks)
- A solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate drips down slowly through the roof of the cave/hang on the roof of the cave.
- As the solution continues to drip from the roof, it splashes on the floor of the cave.
- Water evaporates and the calcium carbonate precipitates.
- The precipitated calcium carbonate gradually builds upwards to form a Stalagmite.
- Apart from stalagmites, name three other underground features formed in limestone areas. (3mks)
- Give three reasons why there are few settlements in Karst landscapes. (3mks)
- The areas have thin/poor soils.
- The areas are rocky/have rugged surfaces
- There is inadequate surface water supply.
- The areas have poor/scanty vegetation.
- The areas have thin/poor soils.
- Identify:
-
-
- Name two major deserts found in Africa. (2mks)
- Sahara
- Kalahari
- Namib
The diagram below represents features resulting from wind erosion in desert. Use it to answer question a(ii
- Name the features marked U and V. (2mks)
- U - Furrow
- V - Ridge/yardang/zeugen
- Name two major deserts found in Africa. (2mks)
- Describe the three processes through which wind transports its load. (6mks)
- Saltation (2 marks)
- It is where coarse grained sand particles are trasported through a series of bouncing/ jumping along the surface
- Suspension (2 marks)
- It is where very fine material is picked by wind raised high and blown over long distance
- Surface creep/rolling (2 marks)
- It is where large/heavy material are rolled and pushed forward by wind along the surface
- Saltation (2 marks)
- Using a well labeled diagram , describe how a barchans is formed. (7mks)
- It develops in the arid areas where sand accumulates around an obstacle that lies in the path of wind.
- The gradual accumulation of sand forms a hill.
- Eddy currents on the leeward side of the dune causes the formation of a shallow depression/concave slope/steepslope.
- With timing the prevailing wind forces the sand at the edge of the dune to move forward forming the hrons
- The continuous extension of the horns lead to a crescent shaped feature called barchan
Explanation 4x1 = 4 marks
Diagram max 3 marks
- Explain two ways in which desert features are of significance to human activities. (4mks)
- Desert features form good sites for tourist attraction, thereby earning foreign exchange
- Wind deflation hollows /oasis are sources of water for domestic/agricultural use.
- Wind deposited sands /loess form fertile plains for farming.
- Salty flats are economically used for salt production
- Shifting sand dunes/hinder transport activities
- Desert sceneries are ideal for film making
- The vast sand seas are ideal for military training/nuclear testing.
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- Drainage feature in arid area:
- Oasis
- Playa
- Problems likely to be encountered:
- Accidents
- Attack by wild animals
- Lack of water
- Lack of food
- Fatigue
- Some areas may not be accessible.
- Drainage feature in arid area:
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