INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
- This paper consists of two sections A and B.
- Answer ALL questions in Section A.
- In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and any other two questions.
- All answers must be written in the answer booklet provided.
SECTION A: COMPULSORY
Answer ALL Questions.
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- Give two characteristics of planets. (2 marks)
- State three effects of the revolution of the earth round the sun. (3 marks)
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- What is dew point? (1mark)
- Describe how convectional rainfall is formed (4marks)
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- The diagram below shows a barchan.
- Name the air current marked L (1mark)
- Name the part labeled K (1mark)
- How is an Oasis formed? (3marks
- The diagram below shows a barchan.
- The diagram below shows a glaciated upland area. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Name the features marked R, S and T (3marks)
- Describe two distinct features of a fiord (2marks)
- Use the diagram below to answer question 5 (a) and (b)
- Label the parts marked A, B and C (3marks)
- Identify two characteristics of the feature drawn above (2marks)
SECTION B:
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
- Study the map of Busia 1: 50,000 (sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.
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- Name two types of vegetation found in the area covered by the map (2marks)
- What is the six – figure grid reference Nambobote School? (1mark)
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- Identify two types of scales used to draw the map. (2marks)
- Calculate the area of the land to the west of the international boundary in the N.Western corner of the map (Give your answer in square kilometers) (2marks
- Measure the distance of the weathered surface road C 523 from grid reference 200299 and grid reference 276317 ( give your answer in kilometers) (2marks)
- Explain three factors which influenced the distribution of settlements in the area covered by themap. (6marks)
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (4marks)
- Citing evidence from the map explain three factors that favour business in Busia area. (6marks)
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- Name two types of desert landscape (2marks)
- State three physical factors contributing to the development of deserts (3marks)
- With the aid of a well labelled diagram describe the formation of the following features
- Rock pedestal (3marks)
- Barchan (3marks)
- Suppose you are to conduct a field study on the features formed by water action in the desert.
- List any three land forms you are likely to study (3marks)
- Outline two methods you would use to collect information (2marks)
- State three reasons why it is important for them to divide themselves into groups (3marks)
- Explain three significance of desert land forms to man (6marks)
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- Define the term soil (2marks)
- Name three components of soil apart from water. (3marks)
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- Explain how the following factors influence soil formation.
- Plant and animals
- Topography
- Climate (6marks)
- State four characteristic of desert soils (4marks)
- Explain how the following factors influence soil formation.
- Use the diagram of a soil catena below to answer question (c) (i).
- Give a reason why the area marked x is rich for agriculture. (1mark)
- Explain three significance of soils to human activities (6marks)
- Form four students intended to carry out afield study of soil in the school vicinity. State the follow –up activities they would conduct after the study (3marks)
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- Distinguish between a river divide and interfluves. (2marks)
- The diagram below shows the processes of hydrological cycle. Name the processes marked P,Q,R and S (4marks)
- Explain two significance of the hydrological cycle. (4marks)
- Describe two processes by which a river transports its load. (4marks)
- Describe the following drainage patterns:
- Superimposed (3marks)
- Dendritic (2marks)
- Your class is planning to carry out a field study on a river in its old stage.
- Apart from flood plain, name two other features you are likely to identify (2marks)
- State three activities students would engage in during the field study. (3marks)
- Describe three characteristics of the flood plain they would identify. (3marks)
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- Give two examples of human-made lakes in Kenya. (2 Marks)
- A part from human activities, name other three external land forming processes that can lead to the formation of lakes. (3 Marks)
- Describe how the following lakes are formed.
- Crate lake. (4 Marks)
- Moraine dammed lake. (3 Marks)
- An oasis. (3 Marks)
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- State two ways in which a lake modifies the climate of the surrounding area. (2 Marks)
- Apart from modifying the climate, explain four other benefits of lakes. (8 Marks)
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MARKING SCHEME
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- Two characteristics of planets
- They are spherical
- Some have satellites/ moon
- Earth is the only one with life.
- They all revolve around the sun on their own orbits.
- They all rotate on their own axes.
- They are spherical
- Three effects of the revolution of the earth round the sun.
- Causes changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year.
- Varying length of day and night at different times of the year.
- Causes four seasons i.e winter, summer, autumn and spring.
- Causes lunar eclipse (1 x 3 = 3mks)
- Causes changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year.
- Two characteristics of planets
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- What is dew point?
- Is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapour.
- Describe how conventional rainfall is formed (4marks)
- Intense heat from the sun heats the water body
- Evaporation takes place from the water body.
- On reaching condensation level, the water vapour cools and condenses forming clouds, which comes down as convectional rainfall. (4 x1 = 4mks)
- Intense heat from the sun heats the water body
- What is dew point?
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- Air current marked L
- Eddy current
- Part labeled K
- the horn 1mark
- Air current marked L
- How an oasis is formed
- A pre-existing depression / localized fault is deepened by eddy action / deflation.
- Gradually the depression is excavated through the removal of the unconsolidated materials / wind abrasion.
- The surface is lowered until if reaches the water bearing rock / aquifer.
- Water oozes out of the ground and collects in the depression to form an oasis.
- A pre-existing depression / localized fault is deepened by eddy action / deflation.
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- Features marked R, S and T. (3marks)
- R – Pyramidal peak
- S – Arete
- T – Tarn/ Corrie Lake.
- Two distinctive features of a fiord.
- It has steep walls.
- It has a narrow / constricted sea intet
- It is shallower seawards and deeper inland.
- It is u-shaped.
- It has a hanging valley (2x 1 = 2mks)
- It has steep walls.
- Features marked R, S and T. (3marks)
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- Parts marked A, B and C (3marks)
- A – conelet / parasitic cone
- B – Crater
- C- Lava layer
- Two characteristics of the feature drawn.
- Some have a crater at the top
- Has steep slopes
- Has alternating layers of lava and pyroclast
- Has side vent /vent (2x1= 2mks)
- Some have a crater at the top
- Parts marked A, B and C (3marks)
SECTION B
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- Scrub
- Thicket
- papyrus swamp vegetation
- Riverrine trees
- 213336
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- Linear scale
- R.F /ratio scale
- full squares = 21
½ squares = 18
½ x 18 = 9
Total full squares = 30
Areas of 1 square = 3/km2
Area off 30 squares = 30 x 1km2
= 30km2 - 8.3 km (1x 2= 2mks)
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- transport - most people settle a long line of communication for easy transfer of goods and people e.g
C 256 - Arrange – discourage settlement because the soils are poorly drained
- Relief - Hilly areas are steep and discourage settlement while gentle slope encourage settlement e.g Odiado Hill which has few settlement.
- There are no settlement along the river e.g R. Soi; because of floods and has swampy flood plans which discourage agriculture ( any 2x3 = 6mks)
- transport - most people settle a long line of communication for easy transfer of goods and people e.g
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- The drainage features are rivers and swamps particularly in the northern part of the map
- Some rivers are disappearing underground
- The main river is R. Soi which is flowing towards the W.S.W directions
- The river has formed few tributarities and several meanders
- The area has deltas
- The rivers have dendric drainage pattern e.g R. Wakungu ( any 1x4 = 4mks)
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- Transport – e.g C 253 transfer goods
- Dense population which provide ready market e.g Funyala market
- Security which makes investments safe e,g chief’s camp ( 2531)
- Proximity to other large market –centre e.g Luanda, Sio port, Malaba, Ukwala provide ready market
( any 3x2 = 6mks)
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- Types of desert surfaces (2marks)
- sandy /erg dessert
- Stony /Reg desert
- Rocky /Itamada desert.
- sandy /erg dessert
- physical factors contributing to formation of deserts (3marks)
- high temperature
- unrealiability of rainfall
- Rain shadow effect.
- Long period of drought.
- high temperature
- Types of desert surfaces (2marks)
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- Rock pedestal (3marks)
- This feature is formed by wind abrasion which attack the rock outcrop wearing the soft rock layers faster than the hard rock layers .
- It’s base is eroded much more due to the strength of the wind at the base than at the top .this finally lead to formation of a rock pillar which is relatively. With narrow and noges slenderat the base known rock pedestal or mushroom rock.
- This feature is formed by wind abrasion which attack the rock outcrop wearing the soft rock layers faster than the hard rock layers .
- Barchans (2marks)
- This is an isolated crescent sand dune with horn of the crescent projecting downwards.
- It is formed when wind accumulate sand on an obstacles such as rock or vegetation the windward slope is generally steep and slightly care due to eddy current.
- Rock pedestal (3marks)
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- landforms likely to be studied in desert(water action)
- Playas
- Pediplains
- Buttes
- wadi
- Bajada
- Pediment
- Mesas
- Methods used to collect information (2marks)
- Observation
- Photographing
- Sampling.
- Reasons for grouping (3marks)
- To ensure many features are studied within a short time.
- To improve individual participation as all of the students will at least be involved in a direct way in the activities such observation of features.
- To simplify the work of supe ruising prudent progress.
- landforms likely to be studied in desert(water action)
- Significance of desert landforms to man (6marks)
- They provide good areas for military training.
- Desert features provide good sceneries which attract tourist thus earning foreign income.
- Loss deposits from fertile soils for high yield crop production e.g. rice production in having region in china.
- Solar energy has been tapped from high sun intensity in the dessert to provide power for both domestic and industrial uses.
- Sand which has accumulated in the desert can be used in construction of houses.(any 3 x 1 = 6)
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- Define the term soil
- Is the loose top layer of the earth’s surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with decayed organic matter, water and air and is capable of plant life. (2 x 1=2mks)
- Name three components of soil apart from water.
- Organic matter / humus
- Soil air
- Inorganic matter/ minerals (3 x 1 = 3mks)
- Define the term soil
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- Explain how the following factors influence soil formation.
- Plant and animals
- Living organisms assist in breaking down of rock through barrowing, ploughing and root penetration of plants.
- Living organisms influence the chemical composition of soil by adding or removing organic acids and minerals.
- Burrowing of animals or ploughing by people improves soil aeration.
- When plant or animal matter decays it adds fertility to soil.
- Topography
- Relief has influence on drainage surface runoff and erosion/ steep slopes have thin soils due to erosion/ gentle slopes have thick soils.
- Relief determines the exposure of slopes to the sun/ exposure or non-exposure of sun causes differences in soil temperature and therefore soil types.
- Windward slopes are usually wetter and have different soil characteristics.
- Drainage is poor on level grounds / fairly flat lands forming swampy soils. ( 2 x 1=2mks)
- Climate
- Rainfall provides the moisture required for rocks to weather chemically and eventually forms soil.
- High temperature increases the rate of weathering / accelerate rate of bacterial activities which generate some of the organic matter in the soil. (2 x 1= 2mks)
- Plant and animals
- Characteristics of desert soil.
- They are thin and shallow
- Are sandy or stony
- They lack humus
- Have low organic matter
- Are general saline
- Coarse texture
- Are porous
- Are alkaline
- Have low moisture content ( any 4x1 = 4mks)
- Explain how the following factors influence soil formation.
- Use the diagram of a soil catena below to answer question (c) (i).
- Give a reason why the area marked x is rich for agriculture.
- Has thick and fertile alluvial soils suitable for agriculture. (1 x 1=1mark)
- Explain three signifance of soils to human activities
- Some soil is used in building and construction e.g. clay for making bricks
- Some soil is used in ceramics e.g. making of pots.
- Some soils are used to decorative purposes e.g. ocre by Maasai
- Some soils are sources of minerals that can be sold to earn income that improve living standards e.g alluvial gold. (any 3 x 2 =6mks)
- Give a reason why the area marked x is rich for agriculture.
- State three follow –up activities they would conduct after the field study.
- Discussing the findings from the field.
- Writing a report about the types of soils and their uses.
- Laboratory testing and analyzing of samples carried from the field/ library readings.
- Displaying soil samples
- Displaying photographs taken from the field.
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- Distinguish between a river divide and interfluves. (2marks)
- River divide is a ridge high ground that separates two or more river while interfluves is a high area in between the tributaries.
- The diagram below shows the processes of hydrological cycle. Name the processes marked P, Q,R and S (4marks)
- P= Runoff
- R= Evapotranspiration
- Q= Peculation
- S= condensation level
- Explain two significance of the hydrological cycle. (4marks)
- The cycle creates an ecolognal balance in water supply between the atmosphere and the ground.
- It leads to formation of rainfall which assists in agricultural production and vegetation growth.
- It leads to formation of clouds in the atmosphere.
- It clues the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the earth.
- It assists in the oxygen and carbon cycles in the atmosphere.
- Distinguish between a river divide and interfluves. (2marks)
- Describe two processes by which a river transports its load. (4marks)
- Solution process: - the soluble minerals / materials are dissolved in river water and carried away.
- Suspension: - Light and insoluble materials such as sand and silt are carried and maintained within the water by river turbulence and transportation downstream.
- Traction:- the large and heavy loads of the rive are rolled/ dragged along the river bed by the force of the moving water and gravity.
- Saltation:-Some medium sized particles which cannot be suspended are momentarily lifted and dropped by water turbulences.
- Describe the following drainage patterns:
- Superimposed (3marks)
- The drainage system developing on a rock structure that overlies a totally different one.
- The river cuts through the surface rock layer onto the underlying rocks.
- Gradually the surface rocks are removed and the underlying rocks now become exposed.
- The river maintains the original direction of flow despite the new rock structure.
- The superimposed drainage bears no relationship to the existing rock structure.
- Dendritic (2marks)
- It develops in areas where rocks have uniform structure.
- The direction of flow is influenced by the slope of the land.
- The tributaries coverage on the main river forming a shape like that of tree and its branches.
- Superimposed (3marks)
- Your class is planning to carry out a field study on a river in its old stage.
- Apart from flood plain, name two other features you are likely to identify. (2marks)
- Alluvial fans
- Meanders
- Ox-bow lakes
- River braids
- Natural levees
- Deltas.
- State three activities students would engage in during the field study. (3marks)
- Taking photographs
- Observing features
- Drawing sketches
- Measuring the width of river.
- Describe three characteristics of the flood plain they would identify. (3marks)
- The slope is almost flat in some areas
- Surface covered by thick alluvial deposits
- Lavas are common along the river bank
- Marshers/swamps are common on it.
- There are meanders and ox-bow
- River braids may be seen along the river bank.
- Distributaries and deltas may be found on the seaward/lake ward end.
- Different tributaries may be found where trees have formed. (max 3marks)
- Apart from flood plain, name two other features you are likely to identify. (2marks)
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- Human – made lakes in Kenya
- Lake masinga√
- Lake Kindaruma√
- Lake Gitaru√
- Lake kaburu √ (max 2marks)
- External landforming processes
- Weathering by solution in limestone areas√
- Erosion by wind/ice√
- Deposition by water/ice√
- Meteorite falling on the earth’s surface√
- Mass movement√ (3marks)
- Human – made lakes in Kenya
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- Formation of Crater Lake.Two ways
- Formation of a crate lake during the formation of a volcano√
- Outpouring of lava forms a volcanic cone√
- As the lava cools, the magma in the vent cools and contracts√
- This causes it to withdraw into the vent leaving a funnel-shaped depression at the volcano√
- The depression later fills with rain water/ground water√
- Formation of a crater lake due to a volcanic explosion
- Gaseous explosions blow away the surface rocks√
- This results in the formation of a depression crater at the ground level√
- The rock materials later fall back to earth and accumulate round the rim of the hole√
- Water from the rivers/rain/underground may fill the crater to form a crater√ (1 x 4 = 4)
- Formation of a crate lake during the formation of a volcano√
- Moraine dammed lake
- The glacier deposits terminal moraine at some point across the widened valley√
- As the glacier melts and retreats , the melt water accumulates behind the terminal moraine to form a moraine dammed lake√
- Ice erosion erodes and widens valleys to form glacial troughs√ (3marks)
- Formation of an oasis
- A pre-existing depression/localized fault is deepened by eddy action√
- Overtime the depression is further deepened through the removal of the unconsolidated materials and wind abrasion until it reaches the aquifer√
- Water oozes out of the ground and grounds and collects at the bottom of the depression hollow, to form an oasis√
- Formation of Crater Lake.Two ways
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- Effects of lakes on climate of surrounding areas
- The resultant breezes may strengthen divert/revert the prevailing winds
- Lake breezes lower the temperatures of surrounding areas during the hot season
- In the cool season, the lake breezes bring a warming effect onto the land
- High rate of evaporation from lakes results to the formation of convectional rainfall (any 2 = 2mks)
- Benefits of lakes
- Fresh water lakes provide water for irrigation e.g. Naivasha√√
- Some lakes e.g. Magandi contain valuable minerals which are economically exploited by people√√
- Sand and smoothened pebbles found along the shores of many lakes are used in construction industry√√
- Water in lakes are harnessed for generation of hydro-electric power e.g. masinga√√
- Some lakes are habitats for wildlife hence act as tourist attraction sites√√ e.g. Lake Nakuru which is an habitat for flamingoes
- Some lakes provide waterways which are the cheapest means of transporting people and goods e.g. the Great lakes√√ (4 x 2 = 8marks)
- Effects of lakes on climate of surrounding areas
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