History Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Joint Pre-Mock Exams 2021/2022

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History Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Joint Pre-Mock Exams 2021/2022

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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

This paper consists of Three sections A, B and C
Answer ALL the questions in Section A and Three questions from Section B and Two questions from Section C
ALL answers should be in English

SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section

Identify two ways through which archaeologists obtain information on the history of Kenya. (2mks)
What was the original homeland of the Eastern Cushites. (1mk)
Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the Pre-colonial period. (2mks)
State the role of the age set among Kenyan communities. (1mk)
State the main reason why slaves were on high demand along the East African coast in the 19th century. (1mk)
State two reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa in the 19th century. (2mks)
State two ways in which the Constitution can be amended in Kenya. (2mks)
Give two functions of the Legislative Council (Legco) during the colonial period. (2mks)
State two functions of the African welfare organizations in urban centres during the colonial period (2mks)
Mention one contribution of Daniel Arap Moi towards Nations Building. (1mk)
One parliamentary election held in Kenya (1mk)
State two ways in which the government has promoted the culture of the people of Kenya since independence. (2mks)
What is the main purpose for the establishment of the equalization fund in Kenya (1mk)
State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the government’s excesses. (1mk)
State two feature of African socialism in Kenya (2mks)
Name the education commission that recommended the introduction of 8.4.4 education (1mk)
Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the national government (1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS):
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

1. Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo form their original homeland. (5mks)
2. Describe the political organization of the luo during the pre-colonial period. (10mks)
1. State three terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (3mks)
2. Explain six problems experienced by the imperial British East Africa company to establish colonial rule in Kenya (12mk)
1. Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African union in the struggle for independence (5mks)
2. Describe five political roles played by African elected members of parliament during the struggle for independence (10mks)
1. State three challenges that hinder government effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya (3mks)
2. Explain six factors which have undermined the provision of the health services by the government of Kenya (12mks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

1. give three circumstances in which ones right of life may be taken away (3mks)
2. Explain six civil responsibilities of Kenya citizen (12mks)
1. Give three reasons why elections are regularly held in Kenya. (3mks)
2. Describe the process of law-making in Kenya. (12mks)
1. State three roles of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (3mks)
2. Explain six ways in which the county government raise their revenue (12mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section\

Identify two ways through which archaeologists obtain information on the history of Kenya. (2mks)
1. Locating pre-historic sites
2. Excating/digging the site
3. Dating the fossils and arteacts
4. Recording the findings
What was the original homeland of the Eastern Cushites. (1mk)
- Ethiopian highlands
Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the Pre-colonial period. (2mks)
1. Competition for land
2. Competition for water and pasture
3. To proof military might
4. Raiding activities.
State the role of the age set among Kenyan communities. (1mk)
1. It provided warriors
2. It provided leadership
3. It united the initiates/created a bond
State the main reason why slaves were on high demand along the East African coast in the 19th century. (1mk)
- Development of plantations/to work on plantations
State two reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa in the 19th century. (2mks)
1. They came to spread Christianity
2. They came to spread western civilization/promote formal education
3. They came to stop/abolish slave trade/promote legitimate trade.
4. They came to explore/adventure
5. Came to counter the spread of Islam
State two ways in which the Constitution can be amended in Kenya. (2mks)
1. Through parliament
2. Through the Constitution Review Commission
3. Amendment by popular vote/referendum
Give two functions of the Legislative Council (Legco) during the colonial period. (2mks)
1. It made laws for the land
2. It presented peoples’ interests
3. It advised the British governor
State two functions of the African welfare organizations in urban centres during the colonial period (2mks)
1. Aroused political awareness among people.
2. Organized social activities e.g. Sports and games, burial, medical care.
3. They sponsored students to study abroad/provided education
Mention one contribution of Daniel Arap Moi towards Nations Building. (1mk)
1. He introduced the Nyayo Philosophy of peace love and unity that urged Kenyans to be mindful of other people‘s welfare.
2. During his tenure, there was tremendous increase of educational institutions. This he achieved through Harambee fund raisings.
3. He introduced a feeding programmee in primary schools which further boosted enrolment in schools.
4. He expanded medical facilities by organizing the building of the Nyayo Wards across the country.
5. He also improved the transport sector in Kenya in the early years through construction of new roads and launching of the Nyayo buses.
6. He presided over the improvement of the agricultural sector. For example, through the establishment of the Nyayo Tea Zones, there was an increase in tea production.
7. He ably represented Kenya in international meetings of United Nations and OAU.
One parliamentary election held in Kenya (1mk)
1. General
2. By election
State two ways in which the government has promoted the culture of the people of Kenya since independence. (2mks)
1. The government has incorporated some aspects of cultural studies in the school curriculum.
2. It has promoted competition between schools and other institutions.
3. Government also encourages intermarriages.
4. The government has created the Ministry of culture.
5. Has allowed freedom of worship.
6. Government has established various learning institutions where different communities interact
What is the main purpose for the establishment of the equalization fund in Kenya (1mk)
- Provide basic services e.g health waters, roads, electricity to marginalized areas
State one way through which the opposition political parties in Kenya check on the government’s excesses. (1mk)
1. They point out the mistakes made by the government.
2. They point out misuse of public resources.
State two feature of African socialism in Kenya (2mks)
1. Political democracy.
2. Mutual social responsibility.
3. Various forms of ownership.
4. Progressive taxation.
5. Equity as a range of controls are set.
6. Diffusion of ownership
Name the education commission that recommended the introduction of 8.4.4 education(1mk)
- Mackay commission
Identify one type of public revenue expenditure by the national government (1mk)
1. Capital expenditure
2. Recurrent expenditure

SECTION B: (45 MARKS):
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION.

1. Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo form their original homeland. (5mks)
  1. Due to Population pressure in their cradle land
  2. Internal conflicts/ clan conflicts
  3. External attacks from hostile neighbours
  4. They migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure / exploration / curiosity.
  5. Natural calamities e.g. floods.
  6. Natural epidemics e.g. disease and famine.
  7. Desire for greener pasture and water for their livestock.
  8. New fishing areas.
2. Describe the political organization of the luo during the pre-colonial period. (10mks)
  1. The family was the lowest unit and its head was the father who was referred to as Jaduong’.
  2. Several related families formed a clan.
  3. There were lineage councils (Buch Dhoot) which settled domestic issues.
  4. A council of elders existed in the clan which was responsible for settling interfamily disputes called Doho.
  5. Clans were grouped together to form Oganda headed by a chief elder (Ruoth/Gweng’).
  6. There existed a council of elders (Buch Piny) which comprised of representatives from each clan and mainly settled inter-clan disputes.
  7. There was a class of warriors (Thuondi) headed by a war leader (OsumbaMrwayi) and its main responsibility was to defend the community.
  8. The Luo was a decentralized community as they did not have an overall leader.
  9. Religious leaders eg. diviners, medicine men, healers, rainmakers etc influenced their politics.
1. State three terms of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. (3mks)
  1. The Sultan of Zanzibar was granted a 16km coastal strip; the offshore islands of Pate, Mafia, Lamu, Pemba and Zanzibar and the towns of Kismayu, Brava, merca and Mogadishu.
  2. The coastiline of Witu and the territory between River umba and River Ruvuma were to become German spheres of influence.
  3. The British were to acquire the territory between River Umba and River Juba to the north.
  4. The western boundary wa not defined and Uganda was up for grabs by whichever power got there first.
2. Explain six problems experienced by the imperial British East Africa company to establish colonial rule in Kenya (12mks)
  1. There was scarcity of mineral wealth and profitable export commodities which made it difficult for the company to generate enough wealth to meet the cost of administration.
  2. There was poor transport network which made movement of goods slow/ difficult/ expensive thereby making the enterprise less profitable.
  3. There was lack of proper co-ordination between the company headquarters in Britain and the officials in Kenya hence delays/ waste and misunderstandings.
  4. The company officials lacked the experience which was necessary for the success of the administration in the protectorate.
  5. Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore concentrated on their personal enrichment at the expense of the enterprise.
  6. Resistance from the local communities posed a great challenge to the company as it had to administer and at the same time suppress the communities.
  7. There was inadequate capital to carry out its operations thus making the administration of the protectorate ineffective.
  8. Unfavourable climatic conditions/ tropical diseases claimed lives of some of the company personnel.
  9. Lack of enough personnel.
  10. Rivalry from German East Africa affected its operations.
1. Give five factors that undermined the activities of the Kenya African union in the struggle for independence (5mks)
  1. Betrayal by some Africans undermined its activities/wrangles between moderates and radicals.
  2. Insufficient/inadequate funds hampered its activities.
  3. Opposition from the colonial government/settlers.
  4. Repressive laws restricted its activities.
  5. Arrest/detention of its leaders after the declaration of a state of emergency frustrated its members.
  6. Lack of proper communication channels.
  7. Banning of the party in 1953
  8. Ethnic divisions/fear of dominance by larger communities
  9. Lack of political awareness due to illiteracy
2. Describe five political roles played by African elected members of parliament during the struggle for independence (10mks)
  1. They demanded for the release of detained/imprisoned African nationalists.
  2. They networked with other PanAfricanists to hasten the achievement of independence.
  3. They aired/presented African grievances in international fora.
  4. They formed political parties/movements to demand for independence/rights ofAfricans.
  5. They popularized Kenyatta thereby making him acceptable as a national leader.
  6. They took part in the writing of the independence constitution/Lancaster House.
  7. They enlightened/educated other Africans on the need to struggle for independence.
  8. They advocated for an increase in African representation in the LegCo
1. State three challenges that hinder government effort to eradicate illiteracy in Kenya (3mks)
  1. Traditional/cultural beliefs in some communities discourage people from schooling.
  2. Lack of enough schools/inadequate educational facilities has made education inaccessible in some regions/shortage of teachers.
  3. High poverty levels in the society has made education unaffordable.
  4. Misconceptions that one can succeed without education.
  5. Nomadic ways of life in some communities has hampered provision of education.
  6. Negative attitude towards adult education programmes has resulted in low enrolment
  7. Insecurity in some regions
2. Explain six factors which have undermined the provision of the health services by the government of Kenya (12mks)
  1. Inadequate funding by the government which has into provision of poor services
  2. Corruption in the health sector has made it difficult for the government to provide equipment /facilities/ medicine required
  3. Inadequate hospitals / dispensaries / health centres make it difficult for many people to access health services / high population
  4. Poor payment / remuneration of health workers has demoralized them hence making them less productive / brain
  5. Frequent / industrial unrest by health workers has resulted into death / suffering of many patients
  6. Inadequate facilities / equipments has made it difficult for the public to access quality service
  7. Poor supervision of health workers has led to infilitration of the sector by un qualified health providers
  8. The spread of HIV/AIDS / terminal diseases like cancer
  9. Poverty / cost sharing policy has hindered some people accessing health services

SECTION C (30 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

1. State three circumstances that can make a Kenyan citizen to be denied the right lo life. (3 marks)
  1. When defending one self/property
  2. When effecting a lawful arrest
  3. When preventing escape of a lawfully detailed person
  4. When preventing a person from committing a crime/folony
  5. In a situation of war
  6. When suppressing a riot/rebellion/mutiny Any 3x1 = 3 marks
2. Explain six Civic responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (12 marks)
  1. Every citizen has a responsibility to respect and obey the law to enhance peace and stability.
  2. Every citizen should protect the law by reporting law breakers and not harboring criminals.
  3. Every citizen should participate in the democratic processes in the country for example, registering as voters and offering themselves for elective positions.
  4. It is the responsibility of every citizen to obtain and maintain valid documents such as national identity cards and birth certificate.
  5. Every Kenyan citizen should attend and actively participate in public meetings, barazas and public debate.
  6. Every Kenyan citizen should protect the rights and freedoms of all people in the society for peaceful co-existence. Any 6x2 =12 marks
1. Give three reasons why elections are regularly held in Kenya. (3mks)
  1. It is a constitutional requirement
  2. To give Kenyans a chance to choose leaders they can trust.
  3. To keep leaders on their toes as they can be voted out
  4. To give Kenyans a chance to exercise their democratic rights.
  5. It brings in new blood and ideas in parliament.
2. Describe the process of law-making in Kenya. (12mks)
  1. Draft stage – the Attorney General has the duty to draft the details of the proposed legislation.
  2. First reading-bill presented to the parliament and no debate takes place.
  3. Second reading – bill debated upon, amendments can be made on it, can be rejected or its discussion postponed.
  4. Committee stage – bill is studied by a committee and is re-written to include any suggestions made during second reading.
  5. Report stage-reporting of the amended bill to the whole house.
  6. Third reading – further debate is allowed and new amendments to the bills could be made/voting takes place
  7. Presidential assent – the President signs the bill to become an act of parliament.
  8. It is then published in the Kenya gazette for public knowledge and awareness
1. State three roles of the Commission on Revenue Allocation (CRA) (3mks)
  1. Making recommendation concerning basis for equitable sharing of resources
    Making recommedations on matters concerning the financing of/ financial management by county government
  2. To define/enhance the revenue sources of the county and national government
  3. To encourage fiscal /financial responsibility
  4. To determine/ publish / regularly review policy which sets out criteria for identifying the marginalized areas
2. Explain six ways through which the County Government raise revenue (12 marks)
  1. County government receives equitably shared national revenue from the Consolidated Fund.
  2. The county government raises revenue from the charges for services offered such as parking fees.
  3. Conditional and unconditional grants from the national government.
  4. Loans from the capital market
  5. Property rates on the county property.
  6. Profits from county investments.
  7. Contingencies Fund for urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure from the National Government.
  8. The use of Equalization Fund from the National Government which only caters for provision of basic services like water, electricity, roads and health services in the marginalized areas.
  9. Tax imposed for example entertainment tax.