Instructions:
- This paper has three sections A,B and C.
- answer all questions in sections A and B.
- Answer any two questions in section C.
- Name two situations under which irrigation is practiced (1mk)
- Give a reason why ranching is an improvised pastoral nomadism (1mk)
- State two ways by which a soil of PH 3 can be raised to a PH of 6 (1mk)
- Outline two effects of adding organic matter to sandy soil (1mk)
- State four functions of young farmers club in schools (2mks)
- Distinguish between a perfect and imperfect market. (1mk)
- Name four financial documents used in the farm (2mks)
- State four factors that determine the depth of planting (2marks)
- State four minimum tillage practices (2marks)
- Give four ways of improving labour productivity on a farm (2mks).
- State four forms of agroforestry .(2mks)
- A farmer plants maize on his piece of land measuring 40m by 30m at a seed rate of I seed per hole. If he used a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, Calculate this plant population.(2marks).
- State four reasons for conserving forage (2marks)
- Give four benefits of a land title deed (2mks)
- State four steps of gully formation (2mks)
- State two characteristics of a good root stock for grafting (1mk)
- State two main causes of silage loses (1mk)
- State four aims of land settlement programmes in Kenya (2mks)
- Give two factors that influence the stage at which crop is harvested(1mks)
SECTION B(20MARKS) - The illustrations below represent an experiment to compare the porosity and water holding capacity of three types of soils. Carefully study the experiment and then answer the questions that follow
- Identify the soil in each of the funnels labeled (3marks)
H ………………………………………..
J…………………………………………
K………………………………………….. - Which of the three types of soil can be said to have the highest porosity rate?( ½ mk)
- Which type of soil would be suitable for planting paddy rice? (½mk)
- Identify the soil in each of the funnels labeled (3marks)
- The diagrams below represent some panicles of varieties of Sorghum crop growing in the field. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the types of panicles in each of the varieties represented by A,B and C
Variety A…………………………………………………….(1mark)
Variety B……………………………………………………..(1mark)
Variety C………………………………………………………(1mark) - Which of the varieties named in (a) above is less easily damaged by bird pests(1mrk)
- The diagram below represents a pest labeled D that infests Sorghum plants during early stages of establishment
- Identify the pest (1mark)
- State two methods of controlling the pest named in C(i) above (2marks)
- Identify the types of panicles in each of the varieties represented by A,B and C
- Study diagram below and answer questions that follow.
- Name the farming practice illustrated above.(1mark)
- Give the procedure followed to carry out the practice you have named in (i) above (3marks)
- state the importance of carrying out the farming practice named above. (1 mark)
- The diagram below shows common weeds, study them and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the weeds J and K. ( 2marks)
J………………………………………………………………………………..
K………………………………………………………………………………. - State the effects of weed labeled Jto livestock. (1 mark)
- Give one reason why it is difficult to control the weed labeled L? ( 1 mark)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer only two questions in this section in the spaces provided.
- Identify the weeds J and K. ( 2marks)
- Describe the production of onions under the following sub headings
- Ecological requirements (4 marks)
- Planting (5 marks)
- Field practices (4 marks)
- Harvesting and marketing (7 marks)
-
- Outline eight uses of farm records (8 marks)
- Explain the various ways by which a farmer can adjust to risks and uncertainties (6 marks)
- State precautions taken when harvesting pyrethrum (6mks)
-
- Explain five causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence (5 marks)
- Describe the advantages of land consolidation and registration. (8 marks)
- Explain the objectives of land reform under taken in Kenya. (7 marks)
MARKING SCHEME
Section A
- During dry weather conditions and arid areas
When growing paddy rice, which requires flooded seedbed
To supplement rainfall
To moderate temperature when it’s too hot - Animals are enclosed in an area where management practice such as disease control, improved pastures, supplementary feeding and water are provided.
- Application of lime
Application of basic fertilizer - It increases water holding capacities of the soil
It improves soil structure
It buffers soil PH
It improves soil fertility by releasing wide range of nutrients into the soil
Humus which is mostly dark in color. - Creates awareness about farming among the youth
Organize rallies for the members
Develop leadership qualities among the youths
Exposing the youth to the existing and improved agricultural technology
Teaching by carrying practical projects to show that agriculture can be profitable profession. - Perfect markets –market situations where by firms are completely powerless in determining or influencing prices in the markets
Imperfect market-situation where firms have some degree of market power to control prices. - Invoice
Statement
Receipts
Delivery note
Purchase order - soil type
Seed size
Soil moisture content
Type of germination
Ecological condition of the area - Application of herbicides in controlling weed
Use mulch on the soil surface
Establishing cover crop on the field
Timing cultivation
Restricting cultivation to the area where seeds are to be planted - Training
Farm mechanization
Labor supervision
Giving incentives and improving terms and conditions of service. - Agrosilviculture
Silvopastoral
Agrosilvapastoral - Plant population = Area of land x seed rate
Spacing of crop
Formula – ½ mrk 400×300=120,000
75×25 1875
=64 plants
Calculation – 1 mrk)
Answer – ½ mrk (2mks) = 160 x 40 = 6400 plant - To provide feed on the dry season
To ensure better and fully utilization of available land
To distribute available forage for stock throughout the year
On large scale conserved forage can be sold i.e baled bay. - Can be used to secure credit facility
Security of tenure
Occupant can lease land and get extra income
Encourages investment in long term and permanent projects.
Disputes concerning land boundaries or land ownership. - movement of water from water shades
Channel erosion caused by flowing water
Wearing of the sides of the channels
Scouring of the floor of channel moving water - Health and free from pests and diseases
Compatible with different scions
Resistant to soil borne pests and diseases
Adaptability of different soil conditions - surface spoilage
seepage losses
gaseous losses - To settle the landless citizens
To relieve population pressure in densely populated areas
Land reclamation especially by creating tsetse fly barriers
To create self-employment thus improving living standards
To improve or increase agricultural productivity by farming on land that was previously unused - Stage of maturity of the crop (concentration of required chemicals)
Use of the crop
Taste and preferences of the consumers
Weather conditions, hence liability of spoilage moisture.
Market demand
Profit margin
SECTION B
-
- Soils in each of the funnels
H – Sand (1mk)
J – Loamy (1mk)
K – Clay (1mk) - Soil with the highest porosity
H / Sand soil (½ mk) - Suitable soil for planting paddy rice
K / Clay soil ( ½mk)
- Soils in each of the funnels
- The diagrams below represent some varieties of Sorghum crop. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
-
- = Compact panicle (1mk)
- = Open Panicle (1mk)
- = Goose necked Panicle (1mk)
- Varieties C- Goose necked panicle makes it difficult for birds to feed on the grains
-
- Sorghum shootfly (Antherigonavaria)
- early planting
Closed season
Spraying/dusting appropriate
Insecticides
-
-
- Name the farming practice illustrated above.(1marks)
Chitting/ sprouting/shooting/ breaking dormacyn in potato setts. - State the procedure followed to carry out the practice you have named in (i) above (3marks)
- Potato setts of about 3-6cm in diameter are selected.
- look for a partially darkened room.
- Arrange the potato setts in layers of 2or 3 tubers with the rose-end facing upwards and heel end downwards.
- Diffused light is then passed through.
- state the importance of the carrying out the farming practice. (1 mark)
Leads to sprouting of the potato setts hence grow/ mature faster when grown in the seed bed
Gives them a head start.
- Name the farming practice illustrated above.(1marks)
-
- Identify of weeds J, and K.
E- Thorn apple – Daturastramonium
F- Double thorn – Oxygeriumsinuatum
(2 ×1 = 2 marks) - Effects of weed labeled j to livestock
It is very poisonous to livestock (1 x 1 = 1 mark) - Reason why it is difficult to control weed L
Because it has well developed underground rhizomes (1 x 1 = 1 mark)
- Identify of weeds J, and K.
SECTION C
- Production of onion
- Ecological requirements
Altitude above 300m above sea level ,optimum 2100m
Temperature 13 to 29OC
Rainfall over 1000mmwell distributed throughout the growing period .Other wise irrigate
Soils-Fertile and well drained soils (4 Marks) - Planting
Crops can be sown directly into the main field or started off in a nursery bed - Direct seeding method
Drilling seeds in rows 30cm apart and 10 to 15 cm within the row
Seeding rate for direct seedlings is 7 to 11 kg/ha - Transplanting method
Select a suitable site which is well drained
Dig deeply and remove all perennial weeds
Harrow to a fine filth
Mix soil well with rotten manure
Level the nursery using a rake
Sow the seeds in drills 13mm deep
Cover seeds lightly with soil and watch
Transplant at age of 8 weeks or thickness of a pencil
Spacing 30 to 38 cm x 10 to 15 cm
Apply DSP fertilizer in drills at the rate of 250 kg / ha
Trim roots and some leaves to regulate growth (5 Marks) - Field management practices
Thinning
Weeding
Top dressing using CAN
Pest control
Disease control - Harvesting and marketing
Harvested at green stage or dry bulbs
Harvesting done / start when leaves stale drying, the crops should be broken or bend at the neck to hasten withering of stem
Harvesting can be done manually or mechanized
Bulbs should be dried in the sun and outer skin peeled off ready for storage
Grading may be done to small medium and large according to market tastes
Separate the damaged onions or the thick -necked onions to avoid rotting
Store onions in well ventilated area / place
Market according to size and the size of the net bags (7 marks)
- Ecological requirements
-
- Uses of farm records
Guide farmer in planning and budgeting
Show whether farmer is marking profit or losses
Show history of the farm
Determine farmer’s credit worthiness
Help in sharing profit, bonuses or losses in partnership or co-operative basis
Comparing performance of different enterprises in the farm
Helps in settling disputes among heirs.
Help in supporting insurance claims in the event of death (8 x 1 = 8)
Remind farmer his/her debts or liabilities
Help in selection of breeding stock and culling
Detect theft or loss cases on the farm
Used in making management decisions
Pinpointing the weaknesses of the farm business or areas
Accurate assessment of income tax to avoid over taxation or under taxation. - Adjusting to risks and uncertainities
– Adopting modern methods of production
Flexibility in production methods
Input rationing
Taking insurance cover (6 Marks)
Selecting more reliable enterprises
Diversification of enterprises - use woven baskets to avoid premature fermentation of flowers
- handle flowers carefully to avoid damage
- don’t pick wet flowers
- avoid any contaminations
- dry flowers immediately after picking to a moisture content of 10-12 % to prevent fermentation
Flowers should not be compacted in the basket
- Uses of farm records
-
- Causes of land fragmentation
Shifting cultivation
Inheritance
Selling and buying the landless
Compensation by the government 5 x 1 = 5 Marks - Advantages of land consolidation and registration
Reduces land ownership disputes
Full prone of land ownership proper supervision of land
Economic use of time and save on transport cost
Easy provision of Agricultural advice
Sound farm planning and adoption of crop rotation programme. (8marks)
Facilitates soil conservation and land improvement
Facilitates soil conservation and land improvement
Facilitates construction of permanent structures
Weed, pest and disease control is enhanced
Incentive to the farmer
Used as security when securing loans - Objectives of land return in Kenya
Encourage land improvement and conservation measures
Promote commercial farming
Encourage investment in Agriculture (7marks)
Enable Agriculture meet changing market demands
Increase productivity of labour and land by putting idle land into use
Enhance utilization of land and hence increase Agricultural out put
Settle landless people
- Causes of land fragmentation
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