INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
- This paper has two sections A and B
- Answer all questions in section A
- Answer questions 6 and any other two questions from section B
SECTION A
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- Name two forces responsible for the shape of the earth (2mks)
- Give three effects of rotation of the earth (3mks)
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- What is a line of latitude (2mks)
- State three characteristics of the inter-tropical convergence zone (3mks)
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- Define the term natural vegetation (2mks)
- State three characteristics of mountain climates (3mks)
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- State two characteristics of a river in its middle stage (2mks)
- Outline three factors that influence the development of drainage patterns
- State five factors that influence mass wasting (5mks)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions
- Study the map of Kijabe (1:50000) provided and answer the following questions
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- What is the approximate height of the top of Kijabe hill (1mk)
- Measure the length of Nairobi-Navaisha railway line from ladhies grid reference 257987 to the level crossing near Kijabe station grid reference 308984) Give your answer in Kilometers (2mks)
- What is the relief feature on the map which may have created problems in the construction of the railway line (1mk)
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map (5mks)
- Explain 2 ways in which relief has influenced the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map (4mks)
- Citing evidence from the map, state three social services offered in Kijabe area (3mks)
- Suppose you were a student in the school at Kinale and you plan to carry out a field of wakagwe forest
- State three reasons why it would be necessary to carry out a reconnaissance (3mks)
- Give three reasons why it would be necessary to sample part of the forest for the study (3mks)
- Identify three problems that may be facing the forest (3mks)
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- What is a rock (2mks)
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- Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks (2mks)
- Describe three ways in which sedimentary rocks are formed (6mks)
- state four factors that influence the change of original rocks to metamorphic rocks (4mks)
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- you are planning to carry out a field study on the rocks within your school environment
- Give three secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field study (3mks)
- State four activities you would carry out during the field study (4mks)
- Identify four problems you are likely to face during the study (4mks)
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- Name three types of faults (3mks)
- Apart from compressional forces, explain two other process that may cause faulting (4mks)
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- With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe how a rift valley is formed by compressional forces (6mks)
- Explain three ways in which faulting may influence drainage (6mks)
- Explain three ways in which faulting is of significance to human activities (6mks)
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-
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- What are tides (2mks)
- Give three causes of ocean currents (3mks)
- Name the three ocean currents along the western coast of Africa (3mks)
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- Differentiate between a perigean and apogean tide (2mks)
- State three characteristics of submerged lowland coasts (3mks)
- With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the formation of a spit (6mks)
- State four conditions necessary for the growth of polyps (4mks)
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- Define the term desert (2mks)
- Name three types of deserts according to their nature of their surface (3mks)
- Explain the following methods of wind erosion processes
- Deflation (2mks)
- Abrasion (2mks)
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- state three factors influencing wind transportation (3mks)
- By use of a well labelled diagrams describe the formation of a rock pedestal (7mks)
- You are supposed to carry out a field study of a semi- arid area in Kenya
- State two ways through which you would prepare yourself of the field study (2mks)
- What information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is turning into a desert (2mks)
- State two measures you would recommend to put in place to control desertification in the area (2mks)
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MARKING SCHEME
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- Name two forces responsible for the shape of the earth (2mks)
- Gravitational force
- Centrifugal force
- Centripetal force
- give three effects of rotation of the earth (3mks)
- Causes occurrence of day and night due to apparent movement of the sun
- Leads to falling and rising of ocean ides/high and low tides
- Causes a difference of one hour between longitude 150 apart/causes time difference over the earth surface/causes time difference at different longitudes
- Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents
- Causes differences in atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth
- Causes variations in the speed of air masses.
- Name two forces responsible for the shape of the earth (2mks)
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- What is a line of latitude (2mks)
- It is an imaginary line drawn on a map/globe showing how far North or South a place is from the Equator
- It is an imaginary line drawn on a map/globe showing how far North or South a place is from the Equator
- state three characteristics of the inter-tropical convergence zone (3mks)
- Found within the tropics 231/2 0N and 231/20s
- It’s a zone of low atmospheric pressure
- It is a zone where North East and South East trade winds coverage
- It migrates t the North and south with apparent movement of the sun
- Associated with convectional rainfall
- Characterized by high temperature
- What is a line of latitude (2mks)
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- Define the term natural vegetation (2mks)
- It is the plant cover that grows wildly on the earth surface without interference from man
- It is the plant cover that grows wildly on the earth surface without interference from man
- State three characteristics of mountain climates (3mks)
- Temperature decreases with increase in altitude
- Temperature range from cool to very cold
- Diurnal range of temperature is small
- Pressure on the mountain top is low due to rare faction of air
- Rainfall is dominant
- Rainfall is mainly relief or orographic
- Local winds that is fohn and chinook winds are common
- Define the term natural vegetation (2mks)
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- State two characteristics of a river in its middle stage (2mks)
- Lateral erosion s move dominant
- River channel is wider
- Deposition begins to take place on the inside of the meanders
- River develop a U-shape appearance
- Outline three factors that influence the development of drainage patterns
- State two characteristics of a river in its middle stage (2mks)
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- State five factors that influence mass wasting (5mks)
- Earthquake shocks lead to the movement to materials downslope
- Increase in moisture lubricates the soil
- Lack of vegetation
- Under cutting of slope by excavation
- Rearrangement of soil by living organisms in the soil
- Angle of slope determines the movement of the material
- State five factors that influence mass wasting (5mks)
- Study the map of Kijabe (1:50000) provided and answer the following questions
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- What is the approximate height of the top of Kijabe hill (1mk)
- Between 2660 and 2680 above sea level
- Between 2660 and 2680 above sea level
- Measure the length of Nairobi-Navaisha railway line from hadlines (and reference 257987) to the level crossing near Kijabe station (arid reference 308984) Give your answer in Kilometeres (2mks)
- 5.6 km +- 0.1
- 5.6 km +- 0.1
- What is the relief feature on the map may have created problems in the construction of the railway line (1mk)
- Escarpment
- Steep slopes
- Kijabe hill
- What is the approximate height of the top of Kijabe hill (1mk)
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map (5mks)
- There are many rivers
- Most of the rivers are permanent
- Most rivers from dendritic drainage pattern
- There are water tanks near ersokedony valley
- Most of the rivers flows forwards the south eastern areas
- Rivers on Kijabe hill form radial drainage pattern
- Explain 2 ways in which relief has influenced the distribution of settlement I the area covered by the map (4mks)
- Most of the settlement are found at the foot of the escarpment because the land is gently sloping hence support crop farming
- Few settlements along the escarpment because the land is very steep
- Few settlements along kijabe Hill because of the very steep slopes
- Citing evidence from the map, state three social services offered in Kijabe area (3mks)
- Education evidenced by schools
- Religious services evidenced by a church
- Health services evidenced by a dispensary
- Suppose you were a student in the school at Kinale and you plan to carry out a field of wakagwe forest
- State three reasons why it would be necessary to carry out a reconnaissance (3mks)
- To familiarize with the area
- Able to formulate appropriate objects and hypothesis
- Identify relevant equipment
- To identify suitable areas for study
- To seek permission from the relevant authorities
- Give three reasons why it would be necessary to sample part of the forest for the study (3mks)
- Too jare time
- To reduce on expenses
- To avoid being tired/fatigue
- Identify three problems that may be facing the forest (3mks)
- Illegal logging
- Attack by pets and diseases
- Encroachment of the forest
- State three reasons why it would be necessary to carry out a reconnaissance (3mks)
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- What is a rock (2mks)
- Naturally occurring agglomeration of minerals particles forming part of the earth crust
- Naturally occurring agglomeration of minerals particles forming part of the earth crust
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- Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks (2mks)
- Basalt
- Rhyolite
- Trachyte
- Andesite
- Obsidian
- Describe three ways in which sedimentary rocks are formed (6mks)
- Mechanically formed – Rock fragments are transported by wind or water/ice and are deposited in layers. Over a long period of time, they are compacted into a hard rock
- Organically formed the remains of plants or animals arte deposited in layers. Over a long period of time the remains are compacted forming a hard rock
- Chemically formed – dissolved minerals are transported into water bodies. They are then precipitated or evaporated over a long period of time. Precipitates or evaporates are then compacted to form a hard rock
- Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks (2mks)
- state four factors that influence the change of original rocks to metamorphic rocks (4mks)
- Resistant of the rock to crushing
- The size of the grain of the rock being changed
- The porosity of the minerals
- Chemical action of the minerals
- Stability of the minerals that are produced
- Solubility of the constituents of the rocks
- you are planning to carry out a field study on the rocks within your school environment
- Give three secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field study (3mks)
- Journals/magazines/newspapers
- Maps/geological maps
- Geography textbooks
- Extracts downloaded from the internet
- State four activities you would carry out during the field study (4mks)
- Observing directly
- Asking and answering questions
- Making notes
- Collecting rock samples
- Taking photographs
- Identify four problems you are likely to face during the study (4mks)
- Inaccessibility of the area
- Harsh weather condition eg heavy rainfall
- Attack by wild animals
- Uncooperative respondents
- Give three secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field study (3mks)
- What is a rock (2mks)
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- Name three types of faults (3mks)
- Normal faults
- Reverse fault
- Thrust fault
- Tear/shearl/slip fault
- Anticlinal fault
- Apart from compressional forces, explain two other process that may cause faulting (4mks)
- Tensional forces – act horizontally away from each other which cause rocks to stretch and fracture
- Vertical movement – which may ecert a strain in the rocks making them to fracture
- Shear force where forces act parallel to each other in the opposite/ same direction resulting to shearing
- Name three types of faults (3mks)
- With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe how a rift valley is formed by compressional forces (6mks)
- Explain three ways in which faulting may influence drainage (6mks)
- Some rivers may bend up flowing along fault lines, thus forming a fault guided drainage pattern
- Uplifting of land which follows faulting may block a river. This my cause it to change its direction of flow
- When faulting occurs across a river valley, it may cause the river to disappear into the ground through a faultlie.
- If riftvalley occurs in an enclosed area a basin maybe formed. When rivers flows into the basin a lake may be formed
- When faulting occurs across a river valley, vertical displacement of land may occur. The river forms a waterfall where it descends the newly formed escarpment
- Faulting may lead to the formation of escarpment with springs forming at the base due to exposure of the water table.
- Explain three ways in which faulting may influence drainage (6mks)
- Explain three ways in which faulting is of significance to human activities (6mks)
- Faulting leads to formation of features that form beautiful scenery which attract tourists
- Faulting leads to formation of lakes that are important fishing ground/tourist sites/ provide water for irrigation
- Faulting may lead to formation of horst mountains which experience rainfall on the wind ward side that give rise to rivers which provide water for industrial/domestic/industrial use
- Block Mountains formed through faulting lead to formation of relief rainfall on the windward which favorsagriculture/ forestry.
- Faulting may cause subsidence of land which may lead to loss of life/property
- Faulting creates deep faults which are passage of stream jets which may be utilized for geothermal power production.
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- What are tides (2mks)
- They are periodic rise and fall in the level ocean or sea
- They are periodic rise and fall in the level ocean or sea
- Give three causes of ocean currents (3mks)
- Difference in ocean water density
- Difference in ocean water temperature
- Wind blowing over the ocean
- Rotation of the earth
- Shape of coastal land mass
- Name the three ocean currents along the western coast of Africa (3mks)
- Benguela
- Guine
- Canary
- What are tides (2mks)
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- Differentiate between a perigean and apogean tide (2mks)
- Perigian tide occur when the moon is at its nearest point to the earth while apogean occur when the moon is at its farthest point from the earth
- Perigian tide occur when the moon is at its nearest point to the earth while apogean occur when the moon is at its farthest point from the earth
- State three characteristics of submerged lowland coasts (3mks)
- They have gentle slopes
- They have a broad continental shelf
- They have extensive marshes
- Have broad shallow indentations or estuarine
- They may have several creeks
- Differentiate between a perigean and apogean tide (2mks)
- With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe the formation of a spit (6mks)
- A spit forms at a point whose the coastline changes its direction forwards the land
- Formed on shallow shores when the movement of materials by longshore drift are halted
- The materials are then deposited in the water. This continues until they buldge out with the accumulations growing towards the sea
- The end of the spit is usually curved into a hook
- A low lying narrow ridge of and, shingle and pebbles with one end attached to the coast and the other projecting into the sea is formed called spit
- State four conditions necessary for the growth of polyps
- Live under submerged conditions
- Optimum temperature should range between 250c and 290c for proper growth’
- Thrive at a depth of less than 10 meters
- Require clear salty waters
- Rarely formed at river mouths
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- Define the term desert (2mks)
- It’s an arid area with sparse vegetation
- It’s an arid area with sparse vegetation
- Name three types of deserts according to their nature of their surface (3mks)
- Sandy desert
- Stony desert
- Rocky desert
- Define the term desert (2mks)
- Explain the following methods of wind erosion processes
- Deflation (2mks)
- It is the blowing away of any unconsolidated materials like dust and fine sand particles
- The materials are rolled on the ground and lifted up in the air
- Abrasion (2mks)
- Occur where wind picks loose or weathered materials especially grains of sand on the bare surface
- As the weathered materials is being transported by wind, it smoothens, scratches or scraps rock surfaces it comes into contact with.
- Deflation (2mks)
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- state three factors influencing wind transportation (3mks)
- The strength and speed of the wind
- Presence or absence of obstacles
- The nature and weight of the load
- By use of a well labelled diagrams describe the formation of a rock pedestal (7mks)
- Formed on heterogeneous rocks lying is the path of the moving wind
- Materials carried by wind erode the soft layers move rapidly than the resistant ones
- The base is intensively worn out as abrasion is more effective with a height of 2m from the ground
- This results in irregular rock with protruding alternating layers of soft and hard rocks and a narrow base called a rock pedestal
- state three factors influencing wind transportation (3mks)
- You are supposed to carry out a field study of a semi- arid area in Kenya
- State two ways through which you would prepare yourself of the field study (2mks)
- Assembling relevant tools
- Identifying methods of data collection
- Formulating objectives/ hypothesis
- Reconnaissance
- Prepare a working schedule
- What information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is turning into a desert (2mks)
- Spare vegetation
- Dust storms/sand storms
- Evidence of soil erosion
- Sparse population
- State two measures you would recommend to put in place to control desertification in the area (2mks)
- Planting of trees
- Control overgrazing
- Practice appropriate methods of cultivation eg mulching, planting cover crop
- Control trees cutting
- State two ways through which you would prepare yourself of the field study (2mks)
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