HISTORY
PAPER 1
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
- Give two ways in which archaeologists identify a pre-historic site. (2mks)
- State two ways in which the migration of the cushites into Kenya affected the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- State the main factor that contributed to the growth of city states along the Kenyan coast before 1500A.D. (1mk)
- State two conditions one must fulfil in order to get Kenyan citizenship by registration.(2mks)
- Identify one activity that promotes national unity in Kenya. (1mk)
- Which constitutional amendment re-introduced multi-party democracy in Kenya. (1mk)
- State two ways in which the Bill of Rights protects the interests of the Kenyan youth. (2mks)
- State two ways in which construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway speeded up the colonization of Kenya. (2mks)
- Name two groups which were involved in the provision of educational services in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks)
- State two types of democracy. (2mks)
- Give one reason why the government encouraged settlers to come to Kenya during the colonial period. (1mk)
- What was the main contribution of Wangari Maathai to the development of Kenya. (1mk)
- Name the first African to be appointed a minister in Kenya by the colonial government. (1mk)
- Identify the political party formed in 1960 to champion the interests of minority groups in Kenya. (1mk)
- What was the main reason for the second Lancaster House conference held in 1962.(1mk)
- State the main voting system used in Kenya during general elections. (1mk)
- Name two branches of the National Police Service in Kenya. (2mks)
SECTION B ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS
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- State five reasons that led to the migration of the Luo from their original homeland to the present day Kenya. (5mks)
- Describe five aspects of the social organizations of the Agikuyu in the 19th Century. (10mks)
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- Give three reasons that led to the coming of Arabs to the Kenyan Coast. (3mks)
- Explain six effects of Christian Missionary activities in Kenya. (12mks)
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- State five social effects of the Uganda Railway. (5mks)
- Explain five ways in which colonial land policies in Kenya undermined the African Economy. (10mks)
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- Give five political contributions by Ronald Ngala. (5mks)
- Explain five factors which promoted the growth of African nationalism between (1945-1960). (10mks)
SECTION C ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS
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- Give three conditions that a person should meet to qualify to be a Kenyan citizen by birth. (3mks)
- Explain six social rights of the individual in Kenya. (12mks)
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- State five qualifications of a Presidential candidate in Kenya. (5mks)
- Explain five functions of the National Assembly in Kenya. (10mks)
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- State five rights of arrested persons in Kenya. (5mks
- Explain five rights that may undermine the administration of justice in Kenya. (10mks)
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
- Give two ways in which archaeologists identify a prehistoric site(2mks)
- Existence of a collection of artefacts /tectonic forces/erosion
- Evidence of burial sites/cultivation/fossils /construction
- Evidence of ruins /settlements/vision
- Evidence of art /paintings
- Historical research and documentation
- Use of experience and skill.
- State two ways in which the migrations of the cushites in Kenya affected the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- They adopted female circumcision
- They adopted the taboo against eating fish
- There was conflict between them
- They traded with each other.
- State the main factor that contributed to the growth of city states along the Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D(1mk)
- Trade between the coast and the outside world.
- Trade between the coast and the outside world.
- State two conditions one must fulfil in order to get Kenyan citizenship by registration(2mks)
- One must lawfully reside in Kenya continuously for seven years.
- A child who is not a citizen must be adopted by a Kenyan citizen.
- A person must be married by a Kenyan citizen for at least seven years.
- Identify one activity that promotes national unity in Kenya.(1mks)
- Agricultural shows /trade fairs.
- Games and sports / music and drama
- National holidays
- Which constitutional amendment re-introduced multi-party democracy in Kenya.(1mks)
- The repeal of section 2A
- The repeal of section 2A
- State two ways in which the Bill of Rights protects the interests of the Kenyan youth(2mks)
- It guarantees them access to relevant education/training
- It guarantees them freedom to associate
- It guarantees them access to employment opportunities
- It protects them against harmful cultural practices/exploitation
- It guarantees them the freedom to be represented
- State two ways in which the construction of Kenya-Uganda railway speeded up the colonization of Kenya.(2mks)
- It enhanced the transportation of troops /administration
- It opened up the country to European settlers
- It led to forceful displacement /loss of land by some communities
- Name two groups which were involved in the provision of educational services in Kenya during the colonial period.(2mks)
- Christian Missionaries
- The Colonial government
- Asians/Arabs
- Africans
- State two types of democracy.(2mks)
- Constitutional/liberal
- Direct/pure
- Indirect/representatives
- Give one reason why the government encouraged settlers to come to Kenya during the colonial period.(1mk)
- In order to exploit the agricultural potential of the country
- To assist in meeting administrative costs/expenses
- To produce raw materials required for British industries
- To check the immigration influence of Asians
- What was the main contribution of Wangari Maathai to the development of Kenya.(1mk)
- Environmental Conservation/tree planting
- Environmental Conservation/tree planting
- Name the first African to be appointed a minister in Kenya by the colonial government(1mk)
- Beniah A. Ohanga
- Beniah A. Ohanga
- Identify the political party formed in 1960 to champion the interests of minority groups in Kenya.(1mk)
- Kenya African Democratic Union
- Kenya African Democratic Union
- What was the main reason for the second Lancaster House conference held in 1962.(1mk)
- To come up with a constitution for independent Kenya.
- To come up with a constitution for independent Kenya.
- State the main voting system used in Kenya during general elections.(1mk)
- The secret ballot
- The secret ballot
- Name two branches of the National Police Service in Kenya.(2mks)
- The Kenya Police Service
- The Administration Police Service
SECTION B
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- State five reasons that led to the migration of the Luo from their original homeland to the present day Kenya.(5mks)
- Due to drought /famine /natural calamities
- Due to spirit of adventure
- Due to population pressure
- Due to internal conflicts/feuds
- Due to outbreak of diseases/epidemics
- They were searching for better fishing grounds
- Due to external attacks
- Need for pasture/water for their livestock
- Describe five aspects of the social organization of the Agikuyu in the 19th Century. (10mks)
- They had a family which was the smallest unit headed by a father/basic social unit
- They had clans made up of several families who shared a common ancestry
- They had initiation for boys circumcision and girls clitoridectomy which was a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood
- They had age set system /Riika which was composed of people initiated at the same time
- They believed in the existence of one God, Ngai whom they believed to dwell on Mt. Kirinyaga
- They had diviners who used to interpret Gods messages to the people/Priesthood offer prayers
- They had medicine men/MunduMugo/Andu Ago whose main role was to cure sick members of the community
- They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits whom they honored by pouring libations so as to appease them
- Marriage was very important as it assured continuity of clan/polygamous in nature.
- State five reasons that led to the migration of the Luo from their original homeland to the present day Kenya.(5mks)
-
- Give three reasons that led to the coming of Arabs to the Kenyan coast.(3mks)
- They came as refugees ,fleeing religious/political persecutions in Arabia
- They came to establish settlements
- They wanted to trade/control commercial activities
- They came to spread Islam
- They came to explore /spirit of adventure
- Explain six effects of Christian Missionary activities in Kenya. (12mks)
- African culture/practices like polygamy changed with Africans adopting monogamy
- Western education /civilization spread through opening of schools i.e. Alliance/Maseno which were centers of spread of formal education
- Christianity spread broadly resulting in some Africans abandoning their traditional religions
- Mission education created jobs among the educated thus creating gap/differences between those who were schooled and the illiterate
- They build hospitals/dispensaries which ensured provision of medical service
- They resulted in development of agricultural/technical skills by training Africans in industrial skills carpentry, masonry/ introduced new farming methods /crops
- They led to formation of independent churches and schools to accommodate Africans whose children could not be admitted/accepted in mission school
- They led to abolition of slave trade/establishment of freed slaves centers e.g. Freetown
- They promoted exploration of East Africa as they discovered mountains lakes, drew maps of the region which assisted explorers
- They contributed to the promotion of Imperialism as missionaries opened the way for colonialism to come and rule
- Kenya/the flag followed the cross African representation was boosted as missionaries were allowed to represent their interests in legislative council (LegCo)
- Translated the bible into local languages
- Wrote the first Kiswahili dictionary/grammar book
- Improved transport system by building roads connecting their mission stations.
- Give three reasons that led to the coming of Arabs to the Kenyan coast.(3mks)
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- State five social effects of the Uganda railway.(5mks)
- It speeded up movement of missionaries /administrators into the interior
- It influenced the development of roads, telecommunications
- It led to the creation of African reserves
- It led to development of urban centers
- It led to the migration of Indian coolies into the country
- It promoted the interactions of people/movement
- Explain five ways in which colonial land policies in Kenya undermined African economy during the colonial period.(10mks)
- Africans were pushed into the infertile land/overcrowded reserves which were less productive for agriculture
- They created a class of landless people /squatters who settled on settler farms for their labour.
- They alienated Africans from their lands thereby undermining farming activities.
- Africans were dispossessed of their lands and therefore could not get title deeds which they could use to access credit loans to develop their lands
- Taxes/poll/hut tax were introduced which forced Africans to offer their labour on settler farms at the expense of their own
- African land tenure system was disrupted thereby undermining the traditional economic setup
- African were pushed to infertile lands thereby lowering their agricultural production
- Development of classes within the African societies emerged thus the few Africans who could afford to buy land became wealthy
- State five social effects of the Uganda railway.(5mks)
-
- Give five political contributions by Ronald Ngala.(5mks)
- He participated in formation of coalition government in 1962
- He was a leader of opposition /President of Kenya African Democratic Union(KADU)
- He was the president of the Coast Regional Association
- He was a member of African Elected Members Organization (AEMO)
- He was Minister for labour ,social security and Adult Education
- He pushed /advocated for/fought for Majimbo system of government
- Explain five factors which promoted the growth of African nationalism between 1945-1963 in Kenya. (10mks)
- Acquisition of independence by India and Pakistan in 1947 and Ghana encouraged the Kenyan nationalists
- Ex-servicemen who participated in world wars used their experiences to organize\ lead the independence struggle
- Trade union movements advocated \ educated workers on their rights \provided for \agitated for independence
- The Mau mau movement \uprising and its activities hastened the independence as they fought for land rights among their grievances
- The United Nations 0rganisation after world war 2 in 1945 advocated for granting independence to nations still under colonialism
- The formation of political parties like KANU and KADU which mobilized Africans against colonial rule
- The Labour party in Britain was in favor of decolonization of her former colonies inspired the nationalists
- The Pan-African congress of 1945 encouraged Africans to liberate themselves from colonial rule
- Africans who had received missionary education became exposed to the ideas of the free world
- Give five political contributions by Ronald Ngala.(5mks)
SECTION C
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- Give three conditions that a person should meet to qualify to be a Kenya citizen by birth 3mks
- If the father or mother of the person is a Kenyan citizen
- A child found in Kenya who is /appears to be less than eight years of age and whose nationality and parents are not known
- A former Kenyan citizen by birth who reapplies to register to regain Kenyan citizenship
- Explain six social rights of the individual in Kenya 12mks
- The right to health care services which are of reasonable standards
- The right to housing facilities which are accessible and adequate
- The right to have adequate food which is of acceptable quality
- The right to regular supply of water which is clean and safe
- The right to appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependent
- The right to accessible formal education in order to promote literacy
- The right to embrace culture /languages of one’s choice regardless of his\her background
- The right to a clean environment /sanitation which is free from pollution
- Give three conditions that a person should meet to qualify to be a Kenya citizen by birth 3mks
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- State five qualifications of a presidential candidate in Kenya 5mks
- Be of sound mind
- A Kenyan citizen by birth
- Not have served for more than two consecutive terms as president
- Nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate
- Nominated by at least 2000 voters from each of majority of counties
- Not have been declared bankrupt by a court of law
- Abide by the requirements of chapter 6 of the constitution on integrity
- Must be a registered voter
- Be qualified to stand for election as an MP
- Explain five functions of the National Assembly in Kenya 10mks
- It makes laws that govern the country so as to ensure smooth running of the country
- It determines the allocation of public revenue to all government sectors in order to promote development
- It approves funds for expenditure by the national government to ensure provision of services
- It exercises oversight over public revenue and expenditure thereby promoting accountability /transparency
- To review the conduct in office of executive in order to check excesses in government
- To approve appointments made by the president to ensure merit /professionalism of the appointees
- To approve declaration of war and extension of states of emergency
- It represents peoples interests through their elected members of parliament
- Oversight of state organs i.e. supervises and checks state organs ensuring proper and accountable handling of duties
- State five qualifications of a presidential candidate in Kenya 5mks
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- State five rights of arrested persons in Kenya 5mks
- To be informed in a language that he understands the reason for arrest
- Should be informed of the right to remain silent and the consequences of not remaining silent
- To communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary
- Not to be compelled to make any confession / admission that could be used in evidence against the person
- To be held separately from persons who are serving a sentence
- To be brought before a court as soon as possible but not later than 24 hours
- To be informed of the reason for detention continuing or to be released
- To be released on bond or bail on reasonable conditions
- Not to be remanded in custody for an offence which is punishable by a fine only
- Explain five factors that may undermine the administration of justice in Kenya 10mks
- Lack of impartiality during trials may lead to unfair judgment
- Censoring judges publicly on decisions made in court may influence the final judgement/political interference
- Corrupt practices in courts of law may lead to unfair /oppressive decisions
- Confining suspects in remand for longer periods without presenting them to a court of law for prosecutions
- Failure to protect the legal rights of the ordinary people when they conflict with the rich and powerful
- Lack of commitment / inability by the police to carry thorough investigations on suspected criminal activities
- The inability of ordinary people to meet the costs of prolonged court cases
- Lack of knowledge regarding legal procedures hence find themselves implicated unfairly
- Failure of the legal officers to attend to cases promptly due to pressure of work /inadequate legal officers to handle cases
- Use of outdated colonial laws which do not address current contemporary issues
- State five rights of arrested persons in Kenya 5mks
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