Questions
Instructions to Candidates
- This paper consists of three sections A, B and C.
- Answer all questions in section A, three from Section B and two from Section C.
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
- Give TWO examples of early inhabitants of Kenya. (2 marks)
- Identify TWO cultural practices introduced by the Cushites in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Identify the TITLE given to the war leader among the Luo community. (1 mark)
- What was the MAIN negative effect of plantation agriculture on the people of Kenyan coast? (1 mark)
- Give TWO diplomatic methods used by the British to establish colonial rule in Kenya (2marks)
- Give the MAIN importance of the Devonshire white paper of 1923. (1 mark)
- State TWO economic benefits of the Kenya Uganda railway during the colonial period. (2 marks)
- Give TWO advantages of Representative democracy (2 marks)
- Give ONE reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period.(1 mark)
- Identify TWO features of African socialism as spelt out in the sessional paper no. 10 of 1965. (2 marks)
- Identify TWO ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen. (2 marks)
- Given ONE reason why the government of Kenya may limit a person’s freedom of speech. (1 mark)
- Give TWO ways through which parliamentary supremacy in Kenya can be limited. (1 mark)
- Give ONE house committee of parliament which deals with government financial matters. (1 mark)
- What was the MAIN contribution of professor Wangari Maathai. (1 mark)
- Give the MAIN constitutional change in Kenya in 2008 (1 mark)
- State ONE type of public expenditure (1 mark)
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS
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- State three ways through which the Bantus interacted with the Cushites during the pre-colonial period.( 3 Marks)
- Describe the social organization of the Abagusii during the pre-colonial period.(12 Marks)
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- Give three reasons why the early visitors came to Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D. (3 marks)
- Explain six factors that contributed to the development of trade between Kenyan coast and outside world by 1900 (12 marks)
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- Give three grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association which were Presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929.(3 marks)
- Explain six roles played by trade unions to improve the lives of the people of Kenya during the colonial period (12 marks)
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- Identify three education commissions established in the post-colonial Kenya. (3 marks)
- Explain six challenges facing the health sector in Kenya today. (12marks)
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS
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- State three reasons why national integration is important in Kenya.(3 Marks)
- Explain six methods of conflict resolution.(12 marks)
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- State three functions of cabinet secretaries (3 Marks)
- Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. (12 marks)
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- State three functions of a governor in Kenya (3 Marks)
- Explain six possible solutions to challenges facing County Government in Kenya (12marks)
Marking Scheme
- Give two examples of early inhabitants of Kenya. (2 marks)
- Gumba / Athi
- Dorobo / Okiek
- Okuro
- Ongunye (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
- Identify two cultural practices introduced by the Cushites in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Cirumcision.
- Age set
- Taboo against eating fish. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
- Identify the title given to the war leader among the Luo community. (1 mark)
- Osumba Mrwayi (1 x 1 = 1 mk)
- What was the main negative effect of plantation agriculture on the people of Kenyan coast? (1 mark)
- It promoted slave trade 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
- Give two diplomatic methods used by the British to establish colonial rule in Kenya (2marks)
- Signing of treaties.
- Use of missionaries to pacify Africans.
- Treachery.Luring of local leaders.
- Give the main importance of the Devonshire white paper of 1923. (1 mark)
- It declared that African’s interests are to be given a priority. 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
- State two economic benefits of the Kenya Uganda railway during the colonial period. (2 marks)
- It facilitated the transportation of goods and services.
- It led to the development of urban centres.
- It facilitated the movement of traders/promoted trade
- It opened up the interior for economic development e.g. plantation, agriculture and industry.
- It led to the creation of employment opportunities.
- It led to the development of other forms of transport and communication e.g. roads and telecommunications.
- It was a major source of revenue for colonial authority. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
- Give two advantages of Representative democracy (2 marks)
- People elect leaders of their own choice.
- Easy to make decisions.
- Elected leaders are accountable to the people.
- Supreme power is vested in the people. (any 2x1 = 2mks)
- Give one reason why Africans were denied equal educational opportunities with other races during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- Europeans aimed to produce and maintain a semi-skilled labour force for the colony.
- Fear of competition from educated Africans/racial discrimination/claims for their rights. Any 1x1=1mrk
- Identify two features of African socialism as spelt out in the sessional paper no. 10 of 1965. (2 marks)
- Political democracy.
- Natural social responsibility.
- Various forms of property ownership.
- Equal opportunities.
- Progressive taxation.
- Identify two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen. (2 marks)
- By birth
- By registration
- Given one reason why the government of Kenya may limit a person’s freedom of speech. (1 mark)
- If one makes untrue/malicious utterances about another individual/ government
- If one publishes/reveals the governments secrets
- If one incites others against government/ other people
- Give two ways through which parliamentary supremacy in Kenya can be limited. (1 mark)
- Parliament cannot make laws that contradict traditional customs and practices of the people
- Parliament cannot pass a law that contradicts Kenya’s constitutionPresident can limit the supremacy by making independent decisions
- Parliament supremacy can be limited by the application of international laws
- Give one house committee of parliament which deals with government financial matters. (1 mark)
- The public investment committee
- The public accounts committee
- What was the Main contribution of professor Wangari Maathai. (1 mark)
- Environmental conservation / tree planting. 1 × 1 = 1 mark
- Give the main constitutional change in Kenya in 2008 (1 mark)
- The signing of a National Reconciliation Accord act which led to the creation of a coalition government and the creation of the Post of prime Minister
- State one type of public expenditure (1 mark)
- Capital / development
- Recurrent
- Supplimentary. (1 × 1 = 1 mark)
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- State three ways through which the Bantus interacted with the Cushites during the pre-colonial period.( 3 Marks)
- Through inter community wars.
- Through trade
- Through intermarriage
- Through social activities e.g. dancing
- Describe the social organization of the Abagusii during the pre-colonial period.
- The clan was the basic social unit made of people who claimed a common ancestry.
- Circumcision of both boys and girls formed part of their initiation rites.
- The initiated boys formed an age-set which provided warriors who defended the community.
- They believed in the existence of a powerful being (God) who was known as Engoro.
- They believed in the ancestral spirits who acted as mediators between mankind and God
- They also had special people such as Diviners, seers and priest.
- Diviners interpreted God‟s message to the people while priest offered prayers. (6*2=12)
- State three ways through which the Bantus interacted with the Cushites during the pre-colonial period.( 3 Marks)
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- Give three reasons why the early visitors came to Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D. (3 marks)
- They wanted to participate in the trade/ control of the commercial activities along the coast
- Some came as political/ religious refuges
- Same came as explorers/ wanted to find out about the resources along the coast
- They wanted to spread their religion
- They wanted to establish settlements along the coast
- Explain six factors that contributed to the development of trade between Kenyan coast and outside world by 1900 (12 marks)
- Availability of items of trade encourage traders to come to the coast
- The high demand goods/trade items from Kenyan coast by consumers in the outside world led to increased trade
- The existence of local trade among the Africans along the coast provided a base upon which Ocean trade developed
- The Monsoon winds facilitated the movement of vessels/ship to and from the coast thus enabling the merchants to take part in trade
- The Indian ocean provided access to traders from Asia and Europe
- The relative peace /political stability provided conducive environment for trade
- The availability of credit facilities from Indian Bayans/ money lenders enabled many people to take part in trade
- Existence enterprising merchants at the coast/ foreign lands promoted trading links enabled trade to flourish
- The natural harbors along the coast ensured safe docking for ships for loading and unloading of items of trade
- Advancement in ship/boat building led to better sailing vessels thus increased trading activities to and from the coast
- Give three reasons why the early visitors came to Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D. (3 marks)
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- Give three grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association which were Presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929.(3 marks)
- Land alienation
- Taxation of Africans
- Lack of African representation of legco
- Lack of quality/poor education for Africans.
- Release of Harry Thuku
- Abolition of forced labour
- Abolition of Kipande system.
- Explain six roles played by trade unions to improve the lives of the people of Kenya during the colonial period (12 marks)
- They educated people on their political rights through seminars and public meetings
- They opposed racial discrimination/ colour bars among the workers to enhance unity
- Trade unions provided training grounds for nationalistic leaders who took part in the struggle of independence
- They provided an alternative forum for independence struggle after the banning of political organizations by the colonial government
- They aired grievances of the workers to the employees/ colonial government
- They managed to achieve better conditions for workers through strikes and collective bargaining
- They achieved better wages for Africans and Asians under the colonial government
- Give three grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association which were Presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929.(3 marks)
-
- Identify three education commissions established in the post-colonial Kenya. (3 marks)
- The Kenya education commission / Ominde ( 1964)
- The national committee on education objectives and policies / Gachathi Report ( 1967)
- Presidential working party on the second university / Mackay report ( 1982)
- The Kamunge commission ( 1988 _ - Davy Koech commission (Any 3 x 1=3 marks)
- Explain six challenges facing the health sector in Kenya today. (12marks)
- Inadequate medical amenities due to the fast rising population
- Cost sharing policy introduced by the Government has prevented making poor people from going to hospital
- The spread of HIV and Aids and other diseases e.g. diabetes and heart diseases have worsened the situation
- Some cultural practices e.g. FGM have made provision of medical services more challenging
- Pollution of the environment has increased allergy – related ailments, many of which have no cure
- Poverty and malnutrition render many people vulnerable to diseases
- Illegal abortion and early pregnancies endanger the lives of mothers
- High rate of accidents and injuries especially on roads.
- Covid 19 outbreak and its high rate of spread in Kenya have had a devastating effects on stretching of health facilities available and personnel required (Any 6 x 2= 12 marks)
- Corruption and mismanagement of money meant for procuring health equipment in the ministry of health.
- Strikes among the health personnel e.g doctors, nurses over remuneration and good working conditions hinders provision of health services
- Identify three education commissions established in the post-colonial Kenya. (3 marks)
-
- State three reasons why national integration is important in Kenya.
- Promotes national unity.
- Promotes collective responsibility in times of need
- Promotes political stability.
- Promotes cooperation and excellence in nation building.
- Reduces incidences of fear and power struggle that can lead to civil war.
- Promotes peaceful coexistence of different ethnic groups and races.
- Enables the country to develop a sense of national direction - the national goals and policies are geared towards the desired direction.
- Enables efficient and accurate communication.
- Explain six methods of conflict resolution. (12 marks)
- Negotiation - discussion between two parties or people who are trying to reach and agreement.
- Arbitration - This is provided by the Kenyan laws / Arbitrators.
- Diplomacy/conciliation – negotiations between individuals to create understanding and room for reconciliation.
- Legislation - passing of laws that controls conflicts. It criminalizes activities that lead to conflicts.
- Traditional society - elders of communities using their experience to resolve a conflict.
- Religious action - Religious figures are called upon to resolve political, social & economic conflicts and give guidance on the emerging social trends and Issues.
- Court action/litigation - parties take other parties to court for arbitration.
- Policing - used to maintain law and order.Presence of police help to control crime that bring about conflicts.
- International agreements - International agreement on security or sharing of Natural resources e.gEgypt & Kenya on waters of Nile)
- Mediation - A situation where a person who is not involved in a dispute tries to reach two conflicting parties reach an agreement Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks)
- State three reasons why national integration is important in Kenya.
-
- State three functions of cabinet secretaries. (3 marks)
- Supervise government ministries as they are the heads of the various ministries.
- Assist and advise the president on the day to day running of government.
- They decide on government policy
- Defend government policy both inside and outside parliament.
- Supervise policy implementation by civil servants in various ministries.
- Co-coordinating government activities.
- They participate in the law making process by suggesting bills pertaining to their ministries. (Any 3x1=3 marks)
- Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. (12 marks)
- Conducting or supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office established by the constitution.
- Conducts any other elections as prescribed by an act of Parliament.
- It ensures the continuous registration of citizens as voters.
- The Commission regularly revises the voters’ roll.
- It is in charge of delimitation of constituencies and wards.
- It regulates the process by which parties nominate candidates for elections.
- It settles electoral disputes, including disputes relating to nominations but excluding election petition and disputes subsequent to the declaration of election results.
- Ensures registration of candidates for election.
- Conducts voter education.
- Facilitates the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections.
- Regulates the amount of money that may be spent on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any election.
- Ensures development of a code of conduct for candidates and parties contesting elections.
- Monitors compliance with the legislation relating to nomination of candidates by parties. (Any 6x2=12 marks)
- State three functions of cabinet secretaries. (3 marks)
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- State three functions of a governor in Kenya (3 Marks)
- Planning, financing and management of counties
- Oversees the sharing of power between the National and county governors
- Authorize market decentralization to service providers
- Plan for taxation at local level to provide county revenue
- Helps in preparation of legislation for consideration by the county assembly
- Exercise executive authority over the county
- He/She appoints the deputy governor
- He/she appoints the county executive committees. (3 x 1 = 3 marks)
- Explain six possible solutions to challenges facing County Government (12marks)
- Civil education to help people understand and support the government
- Faster implementation of the constitution
- Settling disputes between the county and National government amicably
- National legislation should prevail over county legislation
- County government should be allowed to supplement their budget by local taxation
- Commission to protect the right of county governments should be formed
- Fair distribution of resources among the counties
- The senate should decide on how much each county gets
- Counties be allowed to be semi independent
- Free flow of information to enhance capacity building
- Consider population distribution in the counties
- Less interference from the National government
- Minimize leadership wrangles in the counties
- Fight corruption and mismanagement of resources in the counties
- Faster remittance of funds from the central government
- Avoid duplication of roles with the central government (6 x 2= 12 marks)
- State three functions of a governor in Kenya (3 Marks)
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