- Angora ( ½ x 1 = ½ mk)
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- Age- Genetic status
- Species – Animal population
- Sex – Physiological status
- Body conformation
- Colour – Physical injuries (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- Ambient temperature rej temperature alone
- Type of feed eaten by the animal
- Species of the animal
- Level of production
- Amount of work done by the animal
- Weight/body size of the animal (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- Testes – site for sperm production (1mk)
- Epididymis – Stores sperms (1mk)
- Penis – Is an ejaculatory structure or penetrates the vagina depositing sperms during mating (1mk)
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- Crutching - is the cutting/trimming of wool around the reproductive system of an ewe to facilitate mating
- Ringing – Is the cutting of wool around the reproductive system of a ram to facilitate mating (2x½ =1mk) ( mark as a whole (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
- Is the practice of infusing antibiotics into the udder of a dried off cow through the teats canal during the late gestation to reduce the incidence of mastitis (2mks)
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- Should be clean
- Should be free from internal abnormalities
- Should be fertilized
- Should be smooth shelled without cracks
- Should be oval shaped
- Should be of medium size (55-60g)
- Should not be more than 10 days old (Any 4 x ½ = 2mks
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- Inadequate laying boxes
- Presence of broken eggs and egg shell in the poultry house
- Bright light in the laying nests
- Idleness amongst birds
- Delayed collection of eggs
- Deficiency of minerals eg calcium
- Inadequate feeding
- Inadequate laying nests/boxes (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- Availability of the materials
- Cost of the material
- Skill of the farmer
- Workability of the material
- Durability of the material
- Strength of the material
- Suitability of the material (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- Bacterial diseases
- Viral diseases
- Protozoan diseases
- Nutritional disorders (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- Fever (high fever over 40°c
- Blood stains in faeces and milk
- Extensive bloat of the stomach after death
- Carcasses lack rigor mortis
- In dead animals a tar –like watery blood comes off the body oriticesl (openings )eg nose , Anus , mouth .
- Swelling of underside of the body
- Difficulties in breathin
- Sudden death of the animal (Any 3 x ½ =1½mks)
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- Duroc jersey pig – black
- Saanen – white
- Darper sheep breed -white with black head (½mk)
- Light Sussex poultry breed –white plumage (½mk)
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- Working mechanism
- Type of fuel used (2 x ½ =1mk)
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- It is possible to implant embryo from high quality female to a less valuable female and hence improve the performance of the offspring
- Stimulates milk production in a female that was not ready to produce milk
- A highly productive female can be spread over a large area to benefit many farmers
- It is easier to transport embryos in test tubes that the whole animal
- Embryos can be stored for long periods awaiting availability of recipient female (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- It causes irritation
- They obstruct internal organs
- Transmission of diseases
- Cause aneamia
- They deprive the host animal of its food
- They cause injury and damage to tissues and organs (Any 4 x ½ =2mks)
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- Claw hammer (½mk )
- Tin snips (½mk )
- Try square (½mk )
- Spoke shave (½mk )
SECTION B
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- R – Pruning saw (½mk )
S – Burdizzo (½mk )
T- Hand drill (½mk )
U – Cold chisel (½mk ) - R – Pruning or cutting hard branches(1mk)
U- Cutting thick metal sheets (1mk) -
- Clean after use
- Sterilize after use
- Proper storage
- Lubricate moving parts to reduce friction
- Tightening looses (Any 2 ×1 = 2mks)
- R – Pruning saw (½mk )
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- Ear notching (1mk)
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- Spray race (1mk)
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- It is fast
- Few attendants are needed/less labour required
- Animals cannot swallow the dip wash
- The farmer can spray even small, sick and pregnant animals
- The right concentration of acaricide is maintained
- It avoids wastage of acaricide (Any 2 x 1 =2 mks)
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- Plunge dip
- Machakos dip
- Crush (Any 2 x 1 =2 mks)
SECTION C
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- Control inbreeding
- Control breeding diseases such as brucellosis
- Semen from one superior bull can be used to serve many cows
- Semen can be stored for a long time
- Sires that are unable to serve cows due to heavy weight or injury can produce semen to serve cows
- Prevents large bulls from injuring small cows
- Reduces the cost of keeping a bull
- Small scale farmers who cannot afford to buy a superior bull can have the cows served at a low cost
- Eliminates dangerous bulls from the farm
- It is a useful research tool in livestock breeding (7 x 1= 7mks)
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- Healthy animals grow well and fast enough to reach maturity quickly
- Healthy animals have a longer economic and productive life
- Healthy animals give maximum production
- Healthy animals produce high quality products
- Healthy animals do not spread diseases to other animals or human beings
- Less money is spend on disease treatment
- Healthy animals produce strong and healthy offsprings (5 x 1 =5 mks
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- Check the level of the engine oil daily using a deep stick and top up if low
- Check the fuel level and add if necessary
- Check the level of water in the radiator and top up if necessary
- Check the level of electrolyte if below the recommended level top up with distilled water .
- Tighten loose nuts and bolts
- Apply grease through the nipples and using a grease gun to reduce friction
- Remove large sediments from the sediment bowl
- Check the tyre pressure by use of pressure by use of pressure gauge and inflate or deflate where necessary
- Check the fan belt tension and adjust to lie between 1.9 cm to 2.5 cm
- The brake shaft bearing should be greased to reduce friction
- Ensure the brake fluid level is maintained at the recommended level (Any 8 x 1 = 8 mks)
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- Age of the animal – The older the animal the lower the butterfat content and the younger the animal the higher the butter fat content
- Breed of the animal – jersey breed has the highest butter fat content while fresian breeds has the lowest butter fat content
- Type of food eaten by the animal /nutrition quantities of roughages produce milk with high butter fat content, protein and lactose
- Time of milking - Milk has a high butter fat content in the morning than in the evening
- Condition of the animal - Sick , pregnant and emaciated animals produce milk with low butterfat content
- Season of the year - Butterfat content decreases during the cold season ; due to fat being used in the formation of adipose tissue to insolate against heat loss from the body
- Stage of gestation and lactation - At the initial stage of lactation milk nutrient is low , the nutrient content rises at the middle phase of lactation and declines from the sixth month of gestation when demand for nutrients by developing foetus gets higher
- Completeness of milking - The last drawn milk from the udder has 10% of the total fats percentage in the milk (Any 5 x 2 =10 mks)
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- Use of pit latrines for disposal of human excreta
- Eating well cooked beef or pork
- Inspect beef or port properly
- Use of prophylactic drugs in pigs and appropriate drenching in cattle
- Rotational grazing to interrupt the tapeworms life cycle
- Observe high level of hygiene in animal houses
- Burning infested pasture during the dry season
- Ploughing infested pasture to destroy developmental stages of tapeworms (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)
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- They have a hump to store fat which is broken down into energy in times of starvation
- Have high tolerance to high temperature due to presence of dewlap and thick hides
- Have high tolerance to tropical diseases such as trypanosomiasis, East cost fever
- They have a slow growth rate which lead to late maturity.
- They have a long calving interval
- They can walk for long distances in search of water and pasture without serious loss of body weight
- Low production of both meat and milk due to inheritance of poor characteristics
- Mature animals are small in size (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)
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- Tools should always be left in a safe place after use
- Use of the tool for the correct job
- Tools should be maintained and serviced to remain in good working condition and last long .
- Tools should be handled correctly when in use to avoid damage to the tool and injury to the user.
- Use of safety devices to reduce accidents and to maintain a safe working environment
- All tools should be stored properly in tool cabinets or racks (Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)
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- They prevent crops from being damaged by livestock and wild animals
- They provide privacy to the farms
- They improve aesthetic value of the farm
- They are used to mark farm boundaries
- They enable to carrying out of mixed farming
- Facilitate undertaking of rotational grazing
- Allow isolation of sick animals from healthy ones
- Help to control spread of parasites and diseases
- Provide security in the farm by keeping away intruders
- Movement of animals and people within the farm is controlled , avoiding creation of un necessary paths
- Live fences act as wind breaks
- They enhance controlled mating
- Live fences act as sources of livestock forage (Any 8 x 1 = 8mks)
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- Oxytocin (1mk)
- Adrenaline (1mk
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- Appropriate milking technique
- Cull affected animals regularly and those that do not respond to treatment
- Apply udder infusions
- Treat any wounds on the udder
- Practice milking hygiene / separate udder cloth should be used for each animal
- Test for mastitis using a strip cup and treat accordingly
- Remove sharp object from the grazing fields and milking areas
- Carry out dry cow therapy
- House lactating animal in a clean and dry houses / sheds (Any 6 x 1 = 6mks)
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