GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 Marking Scheme - 2019 KCSE Prediction Answers Set 2

1.  
   1. Underground mining methods (2marks)
      • Shaft
      • Adit
      • Drilling
      • Solution 
   2. A – Gas
      B – Oil
      C – Solution                     (3 marks)
2.  
   1. Ways through which tourist attractions in Kenya differ from Switzerland     (3marks)
      • Kenyan culture is more varied than those of Switzerland
      • Kenya’s beaches are used throughout the year while in Switzerland has hot summers and cold winters.
      • Kenya has a magnificent Rift Valley whereas Switzerland has glaciated valleys.
   2. Tourist attractions in the coast (2 marks)
      • warm climate
      • Sandy beaches.
      • Varied culture
      • Historical sites e.g. Fort Jesus.
      • Hospitality of the coast people.
      • Sporting activities in the ocean.
      • Coast and coastal features.
3.  Factors which influenced location of Parkerra irrigation scheme (5marks)
   • Low and unreliable rainfall less than 650MM
   • High temperature throughout the year (over 30⁰C) conducive for vegetation and fruit growth.
   • Availability of permanent water from river Perkerra
   • Fertile volcanic soils
   • Gently sloping landscape
   • The area was sparsely populated –idle land for irrigation
4. Factors that led to location of Mombasa city and port. (5 marks)
   • Sheltered harbour making it an international sea port  
   • Central position making it a focal point of routes / strategic site.
   • Larger hinterland rich agriculture and minerals
   • Development of many industries e.g. tourism oil refinery etc.
   • Development of commercial activities
   • Administrative centre attracting many people
   • Construction of railway and other means of transport
5.  
   1. Areas in Kenya which are being exploited for Geothermal power.
      • Olkaria
      • Menengai crater region
      • Magadi
      • Eburu
      • Longonot and Suswa
      • Turkana
      • Lake Bogoria (Any 2x1 = 2marks)
   2. Factors that hinder expansion of geothermal power in Kenya.
      • Inadequate capital for exploitation
      • Remoteness of some of the sites in mountainous areas such as Longonot and Suswa.
      • Inadequate technology to harness geothermal power.
      • Geothermal power areas are not evenly distributed in the country but restricted to the Rift-valley.                   (Any 3x1 = 3marks)

SECTION B

6.  
   1.  
      1. Other methods used to represent data includes
         • Divided rectangles
         • Proportional circles
         • Pie charts (Any 3x1 = 3marks)
      2. Length of the bars
         Nyandarua       = 4.8 cm
         Nyeri               = 6.6. cm
         Kirinyaga         = 4.6 cm
         Murang’a         = 3.5 cm
         Thika               = 6.5 cm
         Maragua           = 3.9 cm
         Kiambu            = 7.4cm
         Scale: 1cm represents 100,000 persons
         Title – Simple bar graph for population in central province 1999
         
      3. Advantages of using bar graphs to represent statistical data.
         • They are easy to construct
         • Bars being solid in appearance give the impression of tangible quantities and so suitable to represent population quantities.
         • Easy to compare quantities represented as bars stick out prominently against one another.
         • Suitable for wide range of data (Any 4x1 = 4marks)
   2. Population density of Kiambu district whose area is 1324Km²
      Population   = 744010
      Area            = 1324Km²
      Population density   = ^Population/_Area
      = ⁷⁴⁴⁰¹⁰/₁₃₂₄
      = 562 persons per square kilometer
   3.  
      1. Reasons for the high population in Central province of Kenya
         • The province receives high rainfall in most areas which supports agriculture and livestock farming.
         • The soils are fertile volcanic type, which favour high agricultural production
         • The area has a cool climate which favours the growth of commercial crops like tea and coffee and the rearing of dairy cattle. It also favours settlement.
         • There is adequate water supply for domestic use and for irrigation of crops.
         • The province has plantations, urban centres, industries and is near Nairobi. All these attract people from other provinces, who settle in the area while searching for jobs or are in employment.
         • Availability of health facilities has led to reduced death rates and improved nutrition. This has led to population increase.    (Any 5x2 = 10marks)
7.  
   1. Distinction between environment and habitat. (2mks)
      • The external conditions that surround a living organism (a plant or an animal)
      • Type of environment (home) in which a living organism is found
   2. Reasons why we need to conserve and manage our environment.     (4mks)
      • For proper utilization of resources
      • Substance of human life
      • For economic value
      • For aesthetic value
      • For protection of endangered species
      • For posterity
      • To curb global warming 1×4=(4mks)
   3. Causes of environmental degradation in Kenya.        
      • Industrial discharge /pollution of the environment by industrial discharge is poisonous to plants and animals in marine environment.
      • High population density e.g. central and Western province has more people than the environment can support thus leading erosion and desertification
      • Continuous change in weather in Kenya has led to prolonged drought after every 5 years which may cause desertification due to severe shortage of rain leading to hazards
      • Overpopulation/over cropping leads to soil erosion hence loss of soil fertility.
      • Pests and diseases destroy crops leading to low yields 1×6= 6mks
   4. Measures taken by the Kenyan government to manage and conserve the available natural resources. (6mks)
      • Creating public awareness and education
      • Legislation – the government has made laws
      • The work of non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
      • Setting up recycling factories
      • Rehabilitation of derelict land
      • Research; on various ways of conserving and managing environment e.g. better methods of utilizing soil, planting disease resistant crops, etc. 1×5 = 5mks
   5. Four ways through which floods are controlled on Kenyan rivers.     (8mks)
      • Dykes are constructed on raised banks/levees of rivers to increase their height in order to retain the water within the river’s course
      • Dredging of river channels to deepen and widen them to make it possible for them to accommodate excess water.
      • Dams are constructed across the rivers
      • Re-directing/straightening of the river to control its wild flow
      • Planting/straightening of the river to surface run-off and increase infiltration
      • Diverting tributaries to other rivers to reduce the volume of the main river 4×2
8.  
   1.  
      1. Indiscriminate fishing is catching of fish including the young and immature ones (2 mks)
      2. Inland fishing is the fishing that takes place in all fresh water bodies i.e. lakes and rivers, ponds, etc. (1 mk)
         Marine fishing is the fishing that is carried out in the seas and oceans along the coasts. (1 mk)
   2.  
      1. Physical factors influencing fishing.
         • Availability of plankton; this determines the number of fish in an area
         • Ocean currents/convergence of ocean currents. Areas under the influence of warm ocean currents have fewer fish species than those influenced by cold ocean currents. When cold and warm ocean currents meet, the temperature is regulated.
         • Nature of the coastline. Intended coastlines are best sites for fish breeding because of the calm waters and anchorage of large ships and development of ports.
         • Relief – Rugged landscape in various countries in temperate regions hinder Agricultural activities and thus people turn to fishing as an alternative economic activity.
         • Temperature of the water – cool waters of temperate latitudes have abundant fish due to high growth of planktons while tropical latitudes have limited amounts of fish due to inadequate plankton.
         • Broad continental shelf along the coastline favors the growth of plankton leading to more fish. 1 × 5 = 5mks
      2. Benefits of fishing to Kenya. (8mks)
         • Source of income. The fishing industry is an income generating activity through catching, processing, transporting and taxation.
         • Source of employment. Creates self-employment to those who are fishing, those employed by the fishermen and others in the fishing-related industries.
         • Tourist attraction. Sport fishing along the coast, lake Naivasha and lake Victoria provide recreation facility for tourists earning the country foreign exchange.
         • Source of raw material for chemical industry. Fish oil and fat are used in manufacture of soap, cosmetics, medicine and fertilizers.
         • Development of related industries. New industries like boat building and net manufacturing, etc. have been established thus boosting industrialization.
         • Source of food and medicine. Provides nutrients such as proteins, oil, mineral salts and vitamin A and D.
         • Biological control of pests. Fish feed on mosquito larvae. This helps in suppression and control of diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.
         • Development of transport systems. Has led to development of feeder roads connecting fishing ground to the markets.
         • Development of fishing towns. The fishing industry has led to the growth of fishing towns e.g. Kisumu, Ngomeni, Watamu, Shimoni, etc. 1 x 5 = 5 mks
   3.  
      1. Problems facing the fishing industry in Japan.    
         • Increasing demand for fish both locally and from other parts of Asia. This has led to over fishing problem and depletion of some fish species.
         • Water pollution. Due to spillage of oil from the fishing vessels leading to reduction of fish species in the high seas.
         • Due to use of advanced technology and modern equipment. 3 × 2 = 6mks
      2. Reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are underdeveloped.
         • The Kenya continental shelf is narrow.
         • The coastline is fairly straight and has few indentations.
         • The waters are relatively warm for growth of plankton on which fish feed.
         • Inadequate capital for fishermen to buy and maintain modern equipment.
         • Fishermen have inadequate skills.
         • There is low local demand for fish.
         • Limited market due to competition from the developed countries. 1 × 2 = 2mks
9.  
   1.  
      1. Three Districts in Kenya where beef farming is carried out in large scale
         • Laikipia
         • Trans-Nzoia
         • Kilifi
         • Nakuru
         • kajiado         
         • Kwale                                               (Any 3x1=3marks)
      2. Name four types of beef cows kept in Kenya.
         • Zebu
         • Herford
         • Boran
         • Aberdeen Argus
         • Galloway (Any 4x1 = 4marks)
   2.  
      1. Problems facing beef farming in Kenya
         • High temperatures which have made it hard to raise cattle in some areas.
         • Inadequate rainfall that cannot sustain nutritive pasture lands.
         • Infertile soils which do not support quality grass.
         • The people belief in keeping large herds of cattle irrespective of quality.
         • Pests and diseases particularly tripanosomiasis and rinder pest.
         • The high cost of inputs e.g. drugs have made livestock keepers avoid modern technique of treatment of the animals.
         • A limited home market caused by the low purchasing power.
         • The poor state of transport and network has led to difficulties in accessing markets. Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks
      2. Measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef farming.
         • Pedigree cattle have been cross-bred with indigenous breeds
         • The farmers are being encouraged to adopt modern methods of rearing and breeding beef cattle.
         • Water has been made available by building dams and reservoirs
         • Pasture land has been ploughed and resown with special strains of drought resistant and more nourishing grass.
         • Research has been undertaken in animal disease control and management.
         • Extension officers are available and offer the necessary advice to the livestock farmers.
         • The price of meat products has been decontrolled to give incentives to the livestock farmers.                   (Any 4x1 = 4marks)
   3.  
      1. The name given to the temperate grasslands where beef farming is carried out in Argentina
         • Pampas                          (1x2 = 2mark)
      2. Factors favouring beef production in Argentina.
         • Fertile soils which give use to natural pasture land.
         • Good pasture land consisting of the Alfaalfa grass.
         • Moderate rainfall of upto 1000mm which is well distributed throughout the year.
         • Average temperatures of about 24⁰C in winter.
         • Introduction of good quality cattle like the Shrithorn and Hereford from the European countries.
         • The large home and foreign market.
         • The scientific management of the cattle ranches.
         • The elaborate transport network especially the railway which enhances the transportation of beef to the factories and markets.
         • Availability of drugs to fight pests and diseases. (Any 4x1 = 4marks)
10.  
    1.  
       1. Examples of extractive industries
          • Tanning - Mining
          • Lumbering - Fishing
          • Farming (Any 2x1 = 2marks)
       2. Problems associated with industries in Kenya
          • Concentration of industries in one area leads to noise / water / air / land pollution
          • Leads to displacement of people in densely populated areas, causing high cost of compensation
          • Causes imbalance in economic development. Roads / social services are concentrated in industries
          • Some important sectors are overlooked / neglected leading to problems like food shortage where agriculture is neglected
          • Rural-urban migration as most industries are located in the urban areas – leads to shortage of labour in rural areas.
    2.  
       1. Examples of industries found in the Ruhr region of Germany. (3 marks)
          • Iron and steel
          • Textile industries
          • Electronics
          • Engineering
          • Oil refinery
          • Service industries – banking
          • Chemical industries
       2. Major reasons for the decline of coal as a major sources of fuel. (6marks)
          • The increased use of other sources of energy as H.E.P, oil and natural gas.
          • Rising costs of extracting coal since the mines have become very deep
          • Mining of coal leads to environmental degradation
          • Coal has low carolific valves compared with other fuels such as oil.
          • Steel is increasingly being made from scrap metals.
    3. Factors that have influenced development of electronics and car manufacturer industries in Japan(8marks)
       • Advanced technology / automation has led to the efficient and automated car production.
       • Japan produce fuel saving vehicles (cheap)
       • Japan has many natural harbours favouring development of large parts making importation of raw materials and exportation of cars possible.
       • Technical oriented educational policy has made Japa to develop car and electric industries very fast.
       • Has high population with high purchasing power which provide a large market for the goods.
       • Her terrain / rugged landscape is not suitable for development of agriculture hence industries provide alternative source of income.
       • Japan change of policy from military aggression to economic revolution has led to rapid industrial growth.
       • Adequate capita to invest in manufacturing industries.
       • Highly developed sources of H.E.P.