HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 Marking Scheme - 2019 KCSE Prediction Answers Set 2

SECTION A

1. The first place the Oromo settled in Kenya when they arrived in the 16th century.
   • Eastern shores of Lake Turkana.                                                                   (1 x 1 = 1mk)
2. The main benefit of the social political and economic organization of the Abagusii.
   • They were able to enjoy peace and social stability.                                           (1 x 1 = 1mk) 
3. Two effects of the spread of Islamic culture along the coastal region of Kenya.
   •  Gave rise to construction of stone buildings.
   •  Introduction of new way of dressing.
   • Eating habits changed
   • education based on madrasa.
   • Islam spread.                            (any  2x1 = 2mks)
4. Two limitations to freedom of expression.
   •  It should not be used to injure the reputation of others.
   • It should not be used to divulge classified information.
   • One should not comment on matters that are already before the court. (any 2x1 = 2mks)
5. Two communities which were entitled to Kenyan citizenship by the independence constitution of Kenya
   • All the indigenous Kenyan communities.
   • Migrant Europeans.
   • Migrant Asians.      (any 2x1 = 2mks)
6. One reason why the British didn’t have interest in Kenya during the initial stages of her occupation of East Africa.
   • Kenya was regarded as economically unviable as she did no have popular minerals to be exploited.     (1 x 1 = 1mk)
7. Two operational bases established by the Imperial British East African Company in Kenya.
   • Fort Hall operational base (Murang’a).
   • Fort Smith operational base (Kabete).     (2 x 1 = 2mks)
8. The person who introduced growing of sisal into the British protectorate.
   • Richard Hindrof, a German doctor.  It was introduced from Tanganyika in 1893.                  (1x1= 1mk)
9. The main reason why the Kikuyu Association was not aggressive in demanding African rights.
   • The association was made up of loyal chiefs who though concerned about Agikuyu problems never wanted to offend the colonial government.   (1 x 1 = 1mk
10. The main reason why the Hilton Young Commission was established in 1927.
    • To look into the question of forming the East African Federation made up of Uganda, Tanganyika and Kenya.      (1 x 1 = 1mk)
11. Two education bodies that spearheaded the establishment of Independent Schools and churches among the Agikuyu.
    • Kikuyu Independent Schools Association.
    • Kikuyu Karing’a Educational Association.      (2x1 = 2mks)
12. Meaning of Natural justice.
    • It’s the requirement that those people or bodies that resolve disputes adhere to at least minimal standards of fairness.    (1 x 1 = 1mk)
13. The main function of the County Assembly.
    • It makes and amends and repeals country laws.   (1 x 1 = 1mk)
14. Two main categories of National Revenue resources.
    • Domestic revenue sources.
    • External revenue sources.           (2 x 1 = 2mks)
15. Define Civil Service
    • Civil service is the executive arm of the government that is responsible for the implementation of all government programmes at all levels.    (1 x 1 = 1mk)
16. Two characteristics of African socialism that promote national development in Kenya.
    • Democracy.
    • Equal opportunities.
    • Respect for human dignity.
    • Mutual social responsibility.   (any 2x1 = 2mks)
17. Two roles played by theatre in Kenya.
    • Entertainment.
    • Educating people on social issues, policies etc.
    • Creates employment.
    • Uniting Kenyans e.g. people of different ethnic groups, father to watch.
    • Emphasizes the need for good governance.        (any 2x1 = 2mks)

SECTION B

18.  
    1. Five reasons why the Bantu migrated from their coastal settlement at Shungwaya in the 18th Century
       • Invasion of the settlement by the incoming cushites.
       • Internal conflicts.
       • Population pressure.
       • Outbreak of diseases / natural calamities.
       • Search for more land for pasture and settlement.                                                  (any 5x1 = 5mks)
    2. Describe the Political organization of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period.
       • The Maasai were ruled by the council of elders.  The council of elders consisted of ritual leaders, clan heads, and family heads.
       • The council of elders were responsible for maintaining law and order making decisions about ceremonies, declaring wars and settling disputes.
       • The age-set system was an important institution among the Maasai.  The age-sets exercised leadership roles in turns.
       • There existed a class of warriors the Morans who were used to carry out raids and also defend the community.
       • There was a ritual head the Oloibon who by the 19th century played important political roles.  He advised the community during a crisis.  (any 5x2 = 10mks)
19.  
    1. Five factors that led to the growth of towns along the coast of Kenya before the 19th Century.
       • The coming and establishment of settlements along the coast by early visitors.
       • The development of the Indian Ocean
       • Some towns were established on Islands for security reasons.
       • Existence of deep well sheltered harbours.
       • Climatic conditions were favourable.
       • Increase in population due to intermarriages.
       • The settlement of Muslim refugees from Arabia.
       • Effective admiration by the rulers of the towns enabled them to expand.            (any 5x1 = 5mks)
    2. Five factors which led to the decline of the coastal towns after 1500.
       • Disruption of trade by the Portuguese resulted in loss of revenue.
       • Constant warfare and conflict between the Portuguese and the Coastal towns led to the total destruction of some coastal settlements.
       • Invasion of coastal settlements by the Zimba led to the disruption of economic activities of the coastal settlement.
       • Increased conflict between the city states discouraged traders from the interior to bring trade goods to the coast.
       • The drought spell hindered farming activities.
       • Conflicts between the Mazrui family and the Al Busaidi family over the control of the coastal settlement.  (any 5x2 = 10mks)
20.  
    1. Five roles of the political parties in the struggle for independence in Kenya between 1945 and 1963.
       • Political parties united freedom fighters / nationalists in their struggle against colonial rule.
       • They prepared nationalists who were to take over the leadership at Independence.
       • The parties mobilized mass supports for African nationalists in their struggle.
       • They gave moral support to the Mau Mau freedom fighters.
       • They presented the grievances of the Africans in international fora and created awareness on the needs of the Africans.
       • They pressurized for constitutional changes from the British colonial office to enhance attainment of independence.
       • They created awareness among the Africans on their rights and the need to fight for independence.
       • They participated in developing the independence constitution / Lancaster house conference.
       • They pressurized for the release of the detained nationalists.                               (any 5x1 = 5mks)
    2. Explain the impact of colonial land policies in Kenya.
       • Massive African land was alienated and the Africans were left at the mercy of the colonial government.
       • Africans were pushed into reserves which became overcrowded, overgrazed and thus prone to soil erosion.
       • Many Africans moved from the reserve and became squatters in European farms where they provided labour, others sought paid employment in towns leading to rural urban migration.
       • Land alienation disrupted traditional structures pastoralists could no longer migrate in search of better land and pasture.
       • Due to the unwillingness of the Africans to provide labour and the migration of Africans to the urban centres the Kipande System was introduced.
       • Taxes were introduced.
       • The reserving of the highlands for the Europeans denied the Indians access to arable land.  They therefore established residences and businesses in urban centres.
       • Land issue became the primary grievance that spurred nationalities activities and eventual struggle for independence.  (any 5x2 = 10mks)
21.  
    1. Five changes which have taken place in Kenya as a result of the introduction of Multi-party democracy since 1991.
       • Kenyans have been provided with the opportunity to join parties of their choice.
       • It has promoted accountability and transparency on the part of the government.
       • It has enhanced the implementation of economic reforms in the country.
       • It has given the mass media people greater freedom to comment on what it is happening in the country.
       • It has created more political awareness and patriotism among the people.
       • It has enhanced interaction among Kenyans of different ethnic backgrounds as various political parties compete for support.
       • It has enhanced the application of the role of law in the country.                              (any 5x1 = 5mks)
    2. Roles which the co-operative movement has played in promoting National Development in Kenya since 1963.
       • Have enabled worker to save and invest their earnings.
       • Assist members to market their produce as coffee, tea and sugarcane.
       • They create employment opportunities for people.
       • They educate members on investment strategies which enhance their participation in national development.
       • The government derives income from the co-operatives in form of taxes and shares.
       • Co-operatives assist members to acquire property to enhance their economic well being e.g. land.
       • They provide dividends to members which enhance their economic status.
       • Developing infrastructure e.g. road, storage facilities.
       • Banking services.  (any 5x2 = 10mks)

SECTION C

22.  
    1. Functions of the Director of Public prosecutions in Kenya.
       • He / she exercises state powers of prosecution.
       • May take over and continue with a case in court so long as he has permission from the parties involved.  This doesn’t apply to court martial.
       • Can discontinue any criminal case before judgement with permission from the court.
       • Can direct the Inspector-General of Police to investigate any criminal case.
       • Can institute criminal proceedings against any person before any court.   (any 5x1=5mks)
    2. Five functions the Supreme Court in Kenya.
       • Handles presidential election disputes.
       • Hearing appeals from the court of appeal, High court or other lower courts.
       • Listens to petitions on interpretation or application of the constitution.
       • Gives legal advice to National or County Governments.
       • It’s the highest court in the land and its decisions supersedes those of all other courts.(any 5x2 = 2mks)
23.  
    1. Three circumstances under which a Governor may be impeached.
       • Gross misconduct or abuse of office.
       • Gross violation of the constitution or any other laws.
       • Committing a crime under national or international law.
       • Misuse of public funds / misappropriation or embezzlement.                                    (any 3x1 = 3mks)
    2. Explain the relationship between the National and County government.
       • The national government should respect the constitution status of the county government.
       • The national government should respect the functioning and integrity of the county governments.
       • Both should assist, support, consult and implement the legislation of other levels of government.
       • Cooperation with the government at the other level in order to exchange information, coordination policies and administration.
       • The national government ensures the county government performs its function i.e. the national government intervenes in case the county government fails its functions.  (any 6x2 = 12mks)
24.  
    1. Functions of the Commission on revenue allocation.
       • Making recommendations on equitable sharing of revenue between national and county governments.
       • Making recommendations on other financial matters by county government.
       • Defining and enhancing revenue sources of the national / county government.
       • Encouraging accountability for public funds.
       • Determining, publishing and identifying marginalized areas.
       • Reviews the criteria for identifying these areas.                                                        (any 5x1 = 5mks)
    2. Explain the challenges faced by the government in raising funds.
       • Many people and companies avoid paying taxes.
       • People give wrong information about what they earn thus reducing the amount of tax paid.
       • Corruption / embezzlement of funds by the government officers.
       • Rich Kenyans invest their money abroad instead of locally.
       • The stringent / strict donor conditions.
       • High interest rates on foreign loans.
       • Lending is tied to purchase of goods from the donor / lending countries.                  (any 5x2 = 10mks)