SECTION A
- One advantage of archeology as a source of history.
- It provides information on long buried artifacts and remains.
- It is used in the absence of written record.
- It verifies through science pre-historic data. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- The title of the tools made by the New Stone Age man.
- Microliths (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- One urban centre that emerged as a result of early agriculture in Egypt.
- Thebes.
- Memphis. (1x1 = 1mk)
- One environmental cause of food shortage in Africa.
- Frequent drought.
- Seasonal floods. (1 x 1 = 1mk
- Two challenges faced by space explorers.
- Extreme and unfavourable space temperatures.
- Deadly rays in space which endangers the astronauts lives.
- Unfavourable environment in space for human life. (2x1 = 2mks)
- One use of steel during the industrial revolution.
- For making of utensils like pans.
- For making house roofs.
- Making farm machinery.
- Construction of railway lines, bridges and cars.
- Concrete walls were reinforced using steel. (any 1x1 = 1mk)
- One contribution of Robert Koch in the field of medicine.
- Discovered isolated bacteria that caused anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Two factors that enabled West Germany to recover after the Second World War.
- West Germany still had a high population which provided sufficient labour.
- Through the Marshall plan, the USA pumped a lot of money into West Germany which assisted her industries.
- Good leadership in Germany accelerated the industrialization.
- German industries were not totally destroyed by the two world wars.
- Industrial unrest and strikes were not very common in German and therefore industrialization was not interrupted after the two wars.
- Germany’s re-unification in 1990 has continued to promote industrial development. (any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Two factors that led to the growth of Meroe as an urban centre.
- Iron working knowledge.
- Had good fertile soils hence agriculture.
- Was an intersection of many trade routes. (any 2x1 = 2mks)
- Two importance of Odwira festival in the Asante Kingdom.
- Enables the Omanhene to pay allegiance to the Asantehene.
- To honour the dead.
- To settle disputes among themselves. (any 2x1 = 2mks)
- One way in which public opinion in Europe contributed to the colonization of Africa.
- The public urged their states to go for as many colonies as possible and to appease the public, European states scrambled for as many colonies as possible in Africa. (1mk)
- Two forms of African reaction to European colonization.
- Resistance
- Collaboration. (any 1x 1 =1mk)
- Two differences between British and French administration.
- While the British mainly used indirect rule the French adopted the policy of assimilation and later association.
- While the British allowed traditional rulers to get much powers, the French reduced by undermining African chieftaincy.
- Under the British colonies were administered separately by the Governor accountable to Britain but the French colonies were regarded as the overseas provinces of France and administered as federation.
- Under the French, assimilies attained full and equal civil and political rights unlike the British colonies where elites remained subjects.
- Under the British, indirect rule attempted to preserve African cultures while under the French, assimilation undermined them.
- The British were keen to appoint the existing traditional rulers as chiefs but the French undermined them by hand picking chiefs from those assimilated.
(any 2x1 = 2mks)
- Two ways in which Mobutu Sese Seko displayed dictatorship in Zaire.
- African Nationalism.
- Afrikanner Nationalism (any 1 x 1 = 1mk
- One reason for USA’s entry into the Second World War.
- Japan’s sudden aerial attack of Pearl Harbour on Hawaii Island, the American great naval base.
- Japan’s capture of the French Indo-China in order to acquire materials which threatened the British and the Americans. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Two reasons why the Manchester Congress of 1945 was unique.
- Was dominated by Africans.
- More radical in its demand.
- Narrowed itself to African’s problems.
- Attended by trade union representatives. (any 2x1 = 2mks)
- Two ways in which the congress checks the powers of the president in the United States of America / USA.
- The senate must approve his appointments.
- Presidents are limited to two four-year terms.
- The president may be impeached by the congress if his conduct is not satisfactory.
- Pressure groups also act to check on the president’s power and actions.
- Public opinions normally measured in terms of opinion polls reflect the wishes and feelings of the American people.
- The congress may refuse to approve expenditure of money on an issue it disagrees on e.g. war. (any 2x1 = 2mks)
SECTION B
-
- Three dating methods used by archaeologists.
- Carbon 14 dating
- Potassium argon/Chemical dating
- Stratigraphy
- Fission track
- Lexico statistic
- Paleomagnetic
- Geological (any 3x1 = 3mks)
- Explain the way of life of the early man in the upper Paleolithic period.
- Made and used tools – microlithic
- Grew food crops and domesticated animals.
- Hunting and gathering became part-time professions.
- Developed crafts
- Developed religious rites.
- Started barter trade.
- Emergence of established forms of government.
- Settled in permanent shelters.
- Began effective division of labour. (any 6x2 = 12mks)
- Three dating methods used by archaeologists.
-
- Five roles played by the Tuaregs in the Trans-Saharan Trade.
- Acted as guides in the desert.
- Provided food and water to the caravans.
- Acted as interpreters between the caravans and West Africans.
- Acted as middlemen in the trade.
- Provided security and protection to traders / Guards the traders.
- Protected the oasis. (any 5 x 1 = 5mks)
- Five challenges faced by Trans-Saharan traders.
- The caravans were attacked by hostile desert communities who stole their goods thus discouraging them.
- The caravans were attacked by desert animals / scorpions and snakes.
- Inter-community wars disrupted their journeys and some lost properties.
- Some got lost in the deserts because the Tuaregs stopped guiding them.
- Communication barrier / lack of a communication language hence difficulties in transactions.
- Extreme desert temperatures i.e. too hot during the day and too cold at night.
- Loss of lives / death due to dehydration in the desert.
- Lack of enough food and water across the desert.
- Some traders suffered sandstorms caused by Harmattan winds buried many traders and camels alive hence killing them.
- Strong rivalry among traders over the control of the trade. (any 5x2 = 10mks)
- Five roles played by the Tuaregs in the Trans-Saharan Trade.
-
- Three European nations that scrambled for West Africa in the 19th Century.
- Britain
- France
- Portugal
- Germany (any 3x1 = 3mks)
- Six reasons why Samori Toure was able to resist the French for a long time.
- He used his wealth to pay and enlist many workers and soldiers in his service.
- He had built a large strong standing army of 12,000 soldiers supported by a reserve of 90,000 swift moving men which he effectively used.
- He had his own weaponry manufacturing centre which supplemented imported arms.
- He was a devout Muslim leader who managed to get support to declare a Jihad against the French infidels.
- He applied diplomatic tactics to wade off French annexation by approaching the British for arbitration and intervention.
- He convincingly acquired large arms supply from the British as long as he played them off against the French.
- He organized successful guerilla attacks on French troops.
- He employed the scorched earth policy military tactics to devastate French soldiers.
- His soldiers enjoyed a clear understanding of their area of operation to avoid the French attacks.
- He enlisted local support for a long time for replenishment of food. (any 6x2 = 12mks)
- Three European nations that scrambled for West Africa in the 19th Century.
-
- Five disadvantages of using fire and smoke signals in communication.
- Hard to start during rainy season.
- Could only give one meaning.
- Could not give a private information.
- Could only cover short distance.
- Could become useless if no one on the look out.
- Could not be visible in cloudy or misty weather. (any 5x1 = 5mks)
- Five impacts of modern means of communication.
- Serves as a medium of public education.
- Highly enhanced the level of entertainment,
- Has facilitated space exploration.
- Has encouraged speedy spread of ideas and information across the world.
- Has led to destructive warfare like use of military satellites to direct missiles to their targets.
- May cause noise, pollution e.g. Radio and television.
- Devices such as computers, radio and TV have an addictive effect on users.
- Led to erosion and undermining of cultural values.
- Led to terrorism which threatens peace.
- Led to transmission of pornographic literature hence moral decay.
- Enhanced cultural exchange among people / nations.
- Diseases such as cancer due to prolonged exposure to cell phones which contain radio-active substances. (any 5x2 = 10mks)
- Five disadvantages of using fire and smoke signals in communication.
SECTION C
-
- Three causes of Second World War
- Growth of Nationalism.
- Economic depression.
- The Appeasement policy.
- Weakness of the League of Nations.
- Emergence of dictators.
- Alliance system.
- Rise of Hitler and his ambitions.
- Results of the Versailles Treaty. (any 3x1 = 3mks)
- Six reasons why the Allies defeated the Axis powers.
- Allies had many supporters therefore, a large army unlike the Axis.
- Russian attack on Germany following her rearmament and recovery from her losses.
- Allies had more superior weapons unlike the Axis powers.
- Entry of USA on the side of the Allies.
- Failure of Germany to control her conquered territories effectively giving room for them to support the Allies due to liberation.
- Axis powers did not have enough raw materials for military purposes.
- Axis powers made serious military mistakes e.g. Japan only concentrated in producing battleships rather than aircraft carries while Germany failed to prepare adequately for the Russian winter.
- Hitler’s concentration in manufacturing V-Rockets rather than jet aircrafts. (any 6x2 = 12mks)
- Three causes of Second World War
-
- Five characteristics of commonwealth member states.
- Members maintain cultural ties.
- Have a common language – English.
- Have similar education system.
- Members recognize the Queen of England as the head of the Commonwealth.
- Have a similar military tradition based on the British system.
- Share common democratic institutions e.g. parliamentary systems. (any 5x1 = 5mks)
- Five challenges facing the commonwealth.
- Dominance by some nations especially Britain undermines decisions and policy matters.
- Political instability i.e. in Africa and Asia.
- Ideological difference – some members are pro-capitalism while others communism.
- Personality differences e.g. South Africa withdrew her membership when some members rejected her apartheid policy.
- Nations are more concerned in internal challenges / affairs.
- Inadequate funds to run its activities.
- Divided loyalty, some members are also members of other organizations.
- Withdrawal of some members like South Africa in 1961 and Pakistan 1972.
- Lack of executive authority to enforce, its decision.
- Colonial rivalry where the colonizers were fighting for colonies / Neocolonism.
- Race / colour discrimination e.g. where free movement of members is restricted by new visa rules. (any 5x2 = 10mks)
- Five characteristics of commonwealth member states.
-
- Three ways in which one can become a member of the House of Lords in Britain.
- Through appointment by the monarchy.
- Through hereditary.
- Appointment by virtue of one’s position in the society. (any 3x1 = 3mks)
- Six functions of the Federal government in USA.
- Levying and collecting taxes.
- Payment of government debts.
- Handles foreign policy.
- Admitting new states into the union.
- In charge of the federal postal system.
- Give grants and monitors the members states.
- Resolve disputes involving different states.
- Regulates trade with foreign countries and the states.
- Making federal laws – establishes federal courts.
- Common defence of the United States and their general welfare.
- Raising and supporting armed forces and declares war. (any 6x2 = 12mks)
- Three ways in which one can become a member of the House of Lords in Britain.
Download HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 Marking Scheme - 2019 KCSE Prediction Answers Set 2.
Tap Here to Download for 50/-
Get on WhatsApp for 50/-
Why download?
- ✔ To read offline at any time.
- ✔ To Print at your convenience
- ✔ Share Easily with Friends / Students