Instructions to candidates
- This paper consists of two sections: A and B.
- Answer ALL questions in section A. In section B answer question 6 and any other TWO questions.
- All answers to be written on the answer booklet provided.
- Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing.
SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section
-
- Identify Two forces responsible for the spherical shape of the earth. (2mrks)
- Give Three reasons why the interior of the earth is still hot. (3mks)
-
- What is climate? (2 mks)
- What are the negative effects of climate change on physical environment? (4 mks)
- The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain in Africa. Use it to answer question (a) (i)
-
- Name the vegetation zones marked W, X and Y. (3 marks)
- Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries:
- Canada (1 mark)
- Russia (1 mark)
-
-
- What is land breeze? (2 marks)
- Give two ways in which sea breezes influence the adjacent land. (2 marks
-
- State three conditions necessary for the development of a Karst scenery (3 mks)
- Give two reasons why there are few settlements in Karst landscapes (2 marks)
SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any two other questions from this section.
- Mapwork (compulsory) Kijabe scale 1:50,000
-
- What is the title of the map area (2mks)
- What is the Longitudinal extent of the map (2mks
-
- Apart from forest give three types of natural vegetation in the map area (3mks
- What is the appropriate height of the top of Kijabe hill? (2mks
-
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map (5mks
- Give the six figure grid reference of the primary trigonometrical station 2610 on the Eastern side of the map extract (2mks
- Citing evidence from the map, identify four economic activities in the area covered by the map (4mks
- Draw a rectangle measuring 10cm by 8cm to represent the area enclosed by
Easting 30 and 35 and Northing 90 and 94.
On it sketch and label the following- All weather road bound surface A104
- River upper Eneaso kedong
- Regional/provincial boundary
- Dry weather road (5mks)
-
-
-
- What is vulcanicity (2marks)
- With the help of a diagram describe how a lava plateau is formed. (6marks)
- Distinguish between a crater and a caldera (3marks)
- Explain four negative influences of vulcanicity and associated features to human activities in Kenya (8marks)
- Suppose you have been asked by your Geography department to carry out a
Field study of volcanic activities around your school,- Design a working programme (schedule) you would use during the day of the study. (3marks)
- State three follow-up activities you may have been involved in after the field study (3mks
-
-
-
- Name three conditions necessary for wind deposition to take place in hot
Desert (3mks - State three mechanisms of wind transportation in hot deserts. (3marks)
- Name three conditions necessary for wind deposition to take place in hot
- With the aid of labelled diagrams describe how the following features are formed.
- Rock pedestal. (6marks)
- Zeugen. (6marks)
- You are supposed to carry out a field study of a semi- arid area in Kenya:
- Name two Counties which you would visit for your study. (2mks
- What information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is turning into a desert? (2marks)
- State three measures you would recommend to combat desertification in the area. (3marks)
-
-
-
- Differentiate between soil profile and soil catena (2mks)
- Draw a well labeled diagram of soil catena (5mks)
-
- State three factors that influence soil formation (3mks)
- Identify any two components of soil (2mks)
- Explain any four farming methods that help conserve soils (8mks)
- You intend to carry out a field study on soils around your schools.
- State three reasons why you would need a route map (3mks)
- Name two tools you will need to carry for use during their field study (2mks)
-
-
-
- What is an ice-sheet? (2mks)
- Give two reasons why there are no ice-sheet in Kenya (2mks)
- Explain three factors that influence movement of ice from where it has accumulated. (6mks)
- Describe how an arete is formed (4mks)
- The diagram below shows types of moraines in a glacial valley.
- Name the types of moraines marked S,T and V (3mks)
- Explain four positive effects of glaciations in lowland areas. (8mks)
-
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
-
- Identify two forces responsible for the spherical shape of the earth. (2mks)
- Force of gravity
- Centrifugal force
- Centripetal force 1 x 2 = 2mks
- Give three reasons why the interior of the earth is still hot (3mks)
- Pressure exerted by overlying rock masses
- Radioactivity
- Heat retained during formation of the earth 1x 3 = 3mks 2
- Identify two forces responsible for the spherical shape of the earth. (2mks)
-
- Climate is the average weather condition of a particular place for a long period of time between 30 -35 years.
- What are the negative effects of climate change on physical environment?
- Flooding of land /coast lands caused by increased temperature leads to melting of glaciers resulting to a rise in seal level / change in rainfall patterns / change in seasonal pattern / change in winds or air masses pattern
- Drought caused by increased temperatures resulting to high evaporation / change in rainfall pattern /change in seasonal pattern
- Disruption of natural ecosystems/ loss of biodiversity / abnormal growth of plants caused by change in seasonal pattern / rainfall pattern / global warming / increased ultraviolet radiation
- Drying up of water reservoirs (there by reducing their lifespan) may be caused by increased temperature.
- Soil erosion by water due to increase in rainfall / soil erosion by wind caused by change in wind /air masses pattern
- High ocean / sea waves / sea storms due to change in wind / air masses pattern when they blow more frequently and are more destructive (such as cyclones) any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
-
- W - Rain forest (1 mark)
X - Bamboo forest (1 mark)
Y - Heath and moorland (1 mark) - Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries
- Canada - Prairies (1 mark)
- Russia - Steppes (1 mark)
- W - Rain forest (1 mark)
-
- It is a mass of cool air blowing from the land to the sea during the night. (2marks)
-
- It lowers temperature of adjacent areas
- It may increase rainfall
- It may increase relative humidity
- It moderates diurnal range of temperature
- It may lead to convectional rainfall
-
-
- An area of limestone
- Thick layers of calcium carbonate rocks
- Moderate to abundant rainfall
- A low water table
-
- The areas are rocky
- They have thin soils
- They have poor vegetation
- There is inadequate water supply
-
- Mapwork ( Compulsory )- Kijabe Scale 1:50,000
-
- Map title – Kijabe (1mk
- Longitudinal extent (2mks
36º 301E to 36º 451E
-
- Three types of natural vegetation apart from forest (3mks
- Thicket
- woodland
- Scrub
- Bamboo
- Scattered trees
- Approximate height of the top of Kijabe hill (2mks
2661-2679M
- Three types of natural vegetation apart from forest (3mks
-
-
- Drainage of the area covered by the map (5mks
- The main drainage permanent rivers in the map i.e Tongitongi /Maumau
- The Eastern part of the map has radial drainage pattern.
- The Eastern part of the map has dendritic drainage pattern
- Some rivers form parallel drainage pattern
- There is a water trough in grid square 2701 (5 x 1 = 5mks )
- Drainage of the area covered by the map (5mks
- Grid reference of a trigonometrical station 2610 on the Eastern side of the map extract (2mks
378939
-
- Four economic activities in the area covered by the map (4mks)
Economic activity Evidence Transportation Road/Railway/Motorable track Forestry Forest/Forest station/Forest guard post Trade Shops/Petrol station Communication Post Office Quarrying Murram pit/Quarry Lumbering Saw Mill Catttle rearing/keeping Cattle dip/water trough Dairy farming Dairy Manufacturing/processing Kagwe cabacid plant Crop farming Plantation -
-
-
-
- What is vulcanicity (2mks)
This is process by which Solid, liquid and gaseous materials are forced out either on the surface of the earth or into the sub-crustal layers of the earth. - With the help of a diagram describe how a lava plateau is formed. (6mks)
A lava plateau is formed when basic /basaltic lava spreads out from several fissures
Because lava has low viscousity it may spread covering great distances /wide area before cooling and solidifying. Successive eruptions makes lava to form different layers on top of each other resulting to formation of a fairly level land called a lava plateau
Nb.last point must be mentioned to score all marks (5 max. 3mks). - Distinguish between a crater and a caldera (2mks)
- A crater is a funnel-shaped volcanic depression at the mouth of a volcanic vent while a caldera is a very large basin shaped depression surrounded by steep sides /cliffs on top of a volcano. (2mks)
- What is vulcanicity (2mks)
- Explain four negative influences of vulcanicity and associated features to human activities in Kenya (8mks)
- Recent weathered volcanic materials like ashes and granites form infertile soils. These soils fail to support farming as they are poorly developed e.g on slopes of Mt. Longonot.
- Some volcanic features create barriers that make building of transport and communication lines difficult and expensive.
- The rugged nature of some volcanic landscapes discourages economic activities like agriculture and settlement.
- Mofettes and Solfatara which are associated with volcanicity emits poisonous gases that are harmful to human beings and livestock as they cause pollution.
- Volcanic mountains like Mt. Kenya create rainshadow effects on their leeward sides which cause aridity in such areas. ( Any 4 x 2 = 8mks)
- Suppose you have been asked by your Geography department to carry out a field study of volcanic activities around your school.
- Design a working programme (schedule) you would use during the day of the study. (3mks)
Time activity 6:00-7:00 am Assemble equipmens 7:10 am Depart from school to the field 7:30 Arrive at the area of study 8:40-12:00 Embark on data collection 12:20p.m Report to the school
Nb. The time and activity must be indicated to score - State three follow-up activities you may have been involved in after the field study (3mks)
- Report writing
- Class discussions
- Asking /answering questions
- Reading more about the topic
- Displaying collected specimens
- Analysing photographs /tape recorded work.( Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
- Design a working programme (schedule) you would use during the day of the study. (3mks)
-
-
-
- Name the conditions necessary for wind deposition to take place in hot deserts.
- Presence of an intervening obstacle. e.g. scrub, grass or rock on the path of wind.
- Reduction in the velocity of the wind.
- Increase in the amount of load transported by the wind. (3 x 1 = 3 marks)
- State three mechanisms of wind transportation in hot deserts.
- Suspension- where light materials such as dust are picked up and transported in the turbulence of wind.
- Saltation. Where by medium sized particles are lifted and carried by rolling and bouncing on the ground.
- Surface creep – where the heavier materials like gravel and pebbles are rolled along the ground. (3 x1 = 3 marks)
- Name the conditions necessary for wind deposition to take place in hot deserts.
- With the aid of labelled diagrams describe how the following features are formed.
Rock pedestal
- It is formed where there is a rocky mass consisting of alternate layers of hard and soft rock, lying horizontally in the path of wind.
- The rocky mass is attacked by wind loaded with debris.
- Through wind abrasion the soft layers are eroded faster than the resistant layers.
- Abrasion is greater at the ground level due to heavier material transported by wind.
- This leads to the formation of an irregular rock pillar called a rock pedestal.
Diagram 2 marks
Text 4 marks
Total 6 marks - Formed where the desert surface has a layer of resistant rock underlain by a layer of weak rocks.
- Weathering opens up the joints on the top resistant layer.
- Wind abrasion slowly erodes the open joints
- With time a ridge and furrow landscapes are formed.
- The ridges are the zeugens (must mention the last statement to score maximum.)
Diagram 2 marks
Text 4 marks
Total 6 marks
- You are supposed to carry out a field study of a semi-arid area in Kenya.
- Name two Counties which you would visit for your study.
Wajir, Manders, Marsabit, Turkana, West Pokot, Moyale, Garissa. . (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks) - What information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is turning into a desert?
- Information on the density of vegetation/ number of plants. Scanty plants cover will indicate desertification.
- Information on height of plants stunted growth will indicate desertification.
- Occurrence of plants species.
- Foliage/ leaf coverage.
- Presence of drought evading plants
- Productivity of the soil e.g crops grown. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
- State three measures you would recommend to combat desertification in the area.
- A forestation programs.
- Land reclamation through irrigation
- Planting drought resistance crops
- Controlled grazing.
- Controlling soil erosion.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
- Name two Counties which you would visit for your study.
-
-
-
- Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of soil particles in layers while soil catena is the horizontal arrangement of soil on a mountain slope. (2mks for well diffentiated )
(Total 5mks)
-
- 3 factors that influence soil formation
- Topography
- Climate
- Time
- Living organisms / biotic factors
- Nature of parent rock (Any3x1=3mks)
- Two components of soil
- Soil air,
- organic matter
- Soil water,
- mineral particles
- 3 factors that influence soil formation
- 4 methods that helps in soil conservation
- Crop rotation – reduces the rate of soil exhaustion as difference crops require different minerals.
- Contour ploughing – reduces surface run-off and trap soil along contours to control soil erosion.
- Strip cropping – reduces both wind and water erosion.
- Intercropping – provide cover over soils balances minerals in the soil.(4x2=8mks)
- 3 reasons why they need a route map.
- Estimate the distance of the area of study
- Avoid getting loss in the field / on the way.
- Help them identify the shortest route so as not to waste time on the way.
- To know the general nature of the terrain to the area of the study. (3x1=3mks)
- Tools they would carry for use.
- Jembes / pangas / spade
- Bags / paper bags / baskets (2x1=2mks)
-
-
-
- What is an ice sheet?
It is a continuous mass of ice covering a large area surface (2mks) - Give two reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya.
- Kenya is located along tropical areas and experienced high temperatures therefore ice sheets cannot form.
- Most parts of Kenya have steep gradient / are highlands thus discouraging accumulation of ice.
- Kenya is found at low latitudes and experiences high temperatures. (2x1=2mks)
- Explain the factors which influence the movement of ice sheet from the place of accumulation
- Gradient of the land – ice moves faster when the slope is steeper than gentle gradient.
- Temperature / seasonal changes – Higher temperatures results in to Thawing leading to faster movement of ice.
- Nature of the surface When the surface on which ice is moving is rough It causes friction lowering the speed of the movement of ice. Smooth / even surfaces enlarge faster ice movement.
- Size / thickness of glacier .Large masses of ice exerts pressure which lead to melting of ice underneath. This increases the speed of ice movement.
(Any3x2=6mks)
- What is an ice sheet?
- Describe how an arete is formed
- Two adjacent cracks / hollows exist on mountain side.
- The two hollow / cracks are filled with ice.
- The ice erodes the \sides through plucking and deepens the hallow through abrasion.
- Through erosion, The back walls of the hollows slowly recede.
- Eventually the hollows (acquires) are separated by a knife –edged ridge of a rock.
- he feature is called an arête
N/B The last point must be mention for one to score a maximum of 4.(4x1=4mks)
- Name the types of moraines marked S,T and V. see the question on the question paper
S – medial
T –Lateral
V – Terminal
Explain four effects of glaciations in lowland area.- Glacial till provides fertile soils for arable farming
- Ice sheet, in their scouring effects lower land surface and depict to expose minerals which becomes easy to extract.
- Out wash plains comprise of land, and gravel which are used as materials for building and construction.
- Lakes formed through glaciations can be exploited for various economic uses such as fishing transportation or as tourist attraction.
- Glaciated features are tourists attractions which earn foreign exchange.
- Glaciated lowlands are generally flat due to erosional and deposition and are for ideal for construction of building and communication lines.
(Any 4x2=8mks)
-
Download Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Kangundo Subcounty Pre Mock Exams 2021/2022.
Tap Here to Download for 50/-
Get on WhatsApp for 50/-
Why download?
- ✔ To read offline at any time.
- ✔ To Print at your convenience
- ✔ Share Easily with Friends / Students