-
- Explain why there is effervescence when lemon juice is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate. (1mk)
- Write ionic equation for the observation made above. (1mk)
- In an experiment a certain volume of air was passed repeatedly from syringe over heated excess copper powder as shown in the diagram below.
The experiment was repeated using excess magnesium powder. In which of the experiments was the change in volume of air greatest? Give reasons. (3mks)
- The diagram below shows an iron bar, which supports a bridge. The iron is connected to a piece of magnesium metal.
Explain why it is necessary to connect the piece of magnesium metal to the iron bar. (2mks)
- The diagram below is a set up for the laboratory preparation of oxygen gas.
- Name solid R. (1mk)
- Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the flask. (1mk)
- Give one commercial use of oxygen. (1mk)
- The diagram below represents a paper chromatogram of pure w, X, and Y. A mixture K contains W and Y only. Indicate on the diagram the chromatogram of K (2mk)
- Solutions may be classified as strong basic, weakly acidic, strong acidic. The information below gives solutions and their PH values. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
solutions
B
C
D
PH-value
4
10
7
Classification
- Classify the solutions in the table above using terms above (1Mk)
- Which ions are pre-dominantly in solution C? (1/2Mk)
- In an experiment, equal amounts of magnesium powder were added into test tubes 1 and 2 as Shown below
Explain the observable difference in the two test tubes. (11/2Mks)
- Solutions may be classified as strong basic, weakly acidic, strong acidic. The information below gives solutions and their PH values. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Zinc (II) Oxide reacts with acid and alkalis.
- Write the equation for the reaction between Zinc (II) Oxide and
- Dilute Sulphuric acid (1 mk)
- Sodium hydroxide solution. (1 mk)
- What property of Zinc oxide is shown above by the reaction (a) above? (1mk)
- Write the equation for the reaction between Zinc (II) Oxide and
- An indicator established the following equilibrium when dissolved in water.
OX- (aq) + H2O (l)HOX (aq) + OH- (aq)
( Blue) (Yellow)
State and explain the observation made when Lime water is added? (2mks)
- Study the information in the table below and answer the question the table below the table.
Bond
Energy (kJ/mol)
C-H
414
Cl-Cl
244
C-Cl
326
H-Cl
431
The enthalpy change for the reaction below is -99kJ/mol.
CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) →CH3Cl(g ) + HCl(g)- What does the negative sign on 99kJ/mol mean? (1mk)
- Which bond is the strongest to break? Explain. (2mks)
- Give two reasons why spoons are electroplated. .(1mk)
-
- What is an isotope? (!mk)
- Determine the relative atomic mass of argon whose isotope mixture is
Ar (0.34%) 38Ar (0.06%) 40 Ar (99.6%) (2mks)
18 18 18
- The table below gives some information about four elements. The letters are not their actual symbols.
Elements
valences
Atomic radii(nm)
Ionic radii(nm
K
2
0.136
0.065
L
7
0.099
0.181
M
1
0.099
0.181
N
2
0.174
0.099
- Write the electron arrangement of any element in same chemical family as element L. (1mk)
- Compare the reactivity of elements K and N. (1mk)
- Account for the difference in ionic and atomic radii of element M. (1mk)
- Give the main reasons why:-
- Cryolite is added to the pure Aluminium oxide in the process of extracting the metal. (1mk)
- State two properties of Aluminium that makes it suitable to be used in making over-head electrical cables. (2mks)
- Excess chlorine was bubbled through a solution of potassium bromide. State and explain the observation made.(2mk)
- In an experiment, ammonium chloride was heated in test-tube. A moist red litmus paper placed at the mouth of test first changed blue then red. Explain these observations
(H=1. N=14, Cl=35.5 ) (3mks)
- Y grams of a radioactive isotope take 120days to decay to 3.5grams. The half-life period of the isotope is 20days
- Find the initial mass of the isotope (2mks)
- Give one application of radioactivity in agriculture (1mk)
- The diagram below shows energy levels for the reaction
½ H2(g) + ½ F2(g) → HF(g)- Work out the activation energy for the reaction (1mk)
- Calculate the heat of formation of HF (1½mk)
- Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? (½mk)
-
- State the use of the apparatus below. (1mk)
- Conical flask
- Separating funnel
- Highlight one precaution observed in each of the following cases:
- When evaporating Ethanol. (1mk)
- When heating to dryness a hydrated salts (1mk)
- State the use of the apparatus below. (1mk)
- Dry carbon (ii) oxide gas reacts with hot lead (II) oxide as shown in the equation below.
PbO (s) + CO (g) → Pb (s) + CO2 (g)- Name another gas that can be used to function as carbon (ii) oxide in this experiment. (1mk)
- With an appropriate reason, identify the oxidizing agent in the equation above. (2mks)
-
- During fractional distillation a student used glass beads. State the function of glass beads during fractional distillation in;
- Boiling flask . (1mk)
- Fractionating column. (1mk)
- Give one industrial application of solvent extraction. (1mk)
- During fractional distillation a student used glass beads. State the function of glass beads during fractional distillation in;
- Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in calcium nitrate (3mks)
- 20cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution containing 8.0gdm-3 were required for complete neutralization of 0.18g of a dibasic acid H2X. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the acid. (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1) (3mks)
-
- Name one ore of Zinc metal (1mk)
- A sample of a colorless solution is suspected to be Zinc (II) sulphate. Describe some tests that can be carried to prove this. (2mks)
- A metal Y with atomic number 11 burns in chlorine to produce a white solid X.
- Describe the following properties of X.
- Solubility (1mk)
- Electrical conductivity.(1mk
- Write an equation to show the formation of compound X. (1 mark)
- Describe the following properties of X.
-
- Define an isomer. (1mk)
- Draw and name any two isomers of pentane. (2mks)
-
- Name the compounds P and T below.
P - CH3CH2CH2CH3 ………………………………………...................... (1 mark)
T - CH3CHCHCH3 …………………………………………………………… (1 mark) - Describe an experiment you would carry out to distinguish T from P. (2 marks)
- Name the compounds P and T below.
- Consider the reaction below
2 CO(g) + O2(g)2CO2(g) H = -110KJ
State and explain the effect of the following on the above equilibrium:-- Removing oxygen in the reaction above. (11/2mk)
- Injecting helium in the reaction mixture (11/2mk)
-
- Name the TWO products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon with the formula:-
CH3(CH2)n COOH. (1mk) - If 15.5g of the above hydrocarbon is equivalent to 0.15moles, find the value of n in the formula above. ( H=1 , C=12 , O= 16 )
- Name the TWO products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon with the formula:-
- Three elements P, Q and R form the following compounds P(NO3)2 ,Q2SO4 and R2O3
- Write down the formula of :-
- Hydroxide of Q (1mk)
- Nitride of R (1mk)
- Which element is likely to form a soluble carbonate (1mk)
- Write down the formula of :-
MARKING SCHEME
- Explain why there is effervescence when lemon juice is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate (1mk)
The juice contains acid/H+ that react with the carbonate to produce CO2 gas.
- Write ionic equation for the observation made above. (1mk)
H+(aq) + HCO_(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2 (g)
- Explain why there is effervescence when lemon juice is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate (1mk)
- In an experiment a certain volume of air was passed repeatedly from syringe over heated excess copper powder as shown in the diagram below.
The experiment was repeated using excess magnesium powder. In which of the experiments was the change in volume of air greatest? Give reasons. (3mks)
When magnesium is used(1mk) because Mg reacts with other components of air/is more reactive (1mk) hence reacts with nitrogen and carbon (iv) oxide and moisture(any 2 mentioned) 1mk
- The diagram below shows an iron bar, which supports a bridge. The iron is connected to a piece of magnesium metal.
Explain why it is necessary to connect the piece of magnesium metal to the iron bar. (2mks)
Mg being more reactive(1Mk) will react in preference to iron hence protect iron(1Mk)
- The diagram below is a set up for the laboratory preparation of oxygen gas.
- Name solid R. (1mk)
manganese (iv) oxide
- Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the flask. (1mk)
2H2O2(l) →2 H2O(l ) + O2(g)
- Give one commercial use of oxygen. (1mk)
- Name solid R. (1mk)
- The diagram below represents a paper chromatogram of pure w, X, and Y. A mixture K contains W and Y only. Indicate on the diagram the chromatogram of K (2mk)
- Solutions may be classified as strong basic, weakly acidic, strong acidic. The information below gives solutions and their PH values. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
solutions
B
C
D
PH-value
4
10
7
Classification
- Classify the solutions in the table above using terms above (1Mk)
- Which ions are pre-dominantly in solution C? (1/2Mk)
- In an experiment, equal amounts of magnesium powder were added into test tubes 1 and 2 as Shown below
Explain the observable difference in the two test tubes. (11/2Mks)
more bubbles/effervescence in test-tube 2 (1/2Mk)has strong acid faster rate(1Mk
- Solutions may be classified as strong basic, weakly acidic, strong acidic. The information below gives solutions and their PH values. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Zinc (II) Oxide reacts with acid and alkalis.
- Write the equation for the reaction between Zinc (II) Oxide and
- Dilute Sulphuric acid (1 mk)
Basic property
- Sodium hydroxide solution. (1 mk)
Acidic property
- Dilute Sulphuric acid (1 mk)
- What property of Zinc oxide is shown above by the reaction (a) above? (1mk)
Amphoteric property
- Write the equation for the reaction between Zinc (II) Oxide and
- An indicator established the following equilibrium when dissolved in water.
OX- (aq) + H2O (l)HOX (aq) + OH- (aq)
( Blue) (Yellow)
State and explain the observation made when Lime water is added? (2mks)
Solution changes to blue since OH- (1Mk)from the lime water shifts equilibrium to the left(1Mk)
- Study the information in the table below and answer the question the table below the table.
Bond
Energy (kJ/mol)
C-H
414
Cl-Cl
244
C-Cl
326
H-Cl
431
The enthalpy change for the reaction below is -99kJ/mol.
CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) →CH3Cl(g ) + HCl(g)- What does the negative sign on 99kJ/mol mean? (1mk)
Exothermic reaction
- Which bond is the strongest to break? Explain. (2mks)
H-Cl (1Mk) has the highest bond energy(1Mk for)
- What does the negative sign on 99kJ/mol mean? (1mk)
- Give two reasons why spoons are electroplated. .(1mk)
Beauty, strength or protection against rusting (any two ½ mks each) -
- What is an isotope? (!mk)
Atoms of same element(atomic number) but with different mass number(Neutrons) (!mk) - Determine the relative atomic mass of argon whose isotope mixture is
Ar (0.34%) 38Ar (0.06%) 40 Ar (99.6%) (2mks)
18 18 18
0.34x36 +0.06x38 +99.6x40
100
= 0.1224 + 0.0228 +39.84
=39.98526
=39.99
- What is an isotope? (!mk)
- The table below gives some information about four elements. The letters are not their actual symbols.
Elements
valences
Atomic radii(nm)
Ionic radii(nm
K
2
0.136
0.065
L
7
0.099
0.181
M
1
0.099
0.181
N
2
0.174
0.099
- Write the electron arrangement of any element in same chemical family as element L. (1mk)
2,7 OR 2,8,7 any one - Compare the reactivity of elements K and N. (1mk)
N is more reactive
- Account for the difference in ionic and atomic radii of element M. (1mk)
M reacts by gaining electron hence decrease in nuclear charge or increases electron-electron repulsion
- Write the electron arrangement of any element in same chemical family as element L. (1mk)
- Give the main reasons why:-
- Cryolite is added to the pure Aluminium oxide in the process of extracting the metal. (1mk)
To reduce melting point.
- State two properties of Aluminium that makes it suitable to be used in making over-head electrical cables. (2mks)
Good conductor of eletricity (1Mk) High melting pont(1mk)
- Cryolite is added to the pure Aluminium oxide in the process of extracting the metal. (1mk)
- Excess chlorine was bubbled through a solution of potassium bromide. State and explain the observation made.(2mk)
Changes to red/brown (1mk)chlorine is more reactive/stronger oxidizing hence oxidises bromide ions to bromine(1mk)
- In an experiment, ammonium chloride was heated in test-tube. A moist red litmus paper placed at the mouth of test first changed blue then red. Explain these observations
(H=1. N=14, Cl=35.5 ) (3mks)
On heating ammonium chloride it decomposes to HCl and NH3 (1/2 Mks)
HCl=36.5 NH3=17 (1/2Mks) different molar masses
The lighter basic ammonia diffuses faster(1/2Mks)
changing litmus papers to blue(1/2Mks)
and the denser acidic gas diffuse out of the tube last (1/2Mks)
changing litmus to red (1/2Mks)
- Y grams of a radioactive isotope take 120days to decay to 3.5grams. The half-life period of the isotope is 20days
- Find the initial mass of the isotope (2mks)
( 1/2 )120/20 =3.5/x
1/64= 3.5/x
X=64x3.5 =224 - Give one application of radioactivity in agriculture (1mk)
- Find the initial mass of the isotope (2mks)
- The diagram below shows energy levels for the reaction
½ H2(g) + ½ F2(g) → HF(g)- Work out the activation energy for the reaction (1mk)
389-309
- Calculate the heat of formation of HF (1½mk)
100-309= -209
- Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? (½mk)
Exothermic
- Work out the activation energy for the reaction (1mk)
-
- State the use of the apparatus below. (1mk)
- Conical flask
General reactions/Mixing reagent/reacting chemicals that require swirling. - Separating funnel
Separating immiscible liquids
- Conical flask
- Highlight one precaution observed in each of the following cases:
- When evaporating Ethanol. (1mk)
Avoid naked flames/use sand bath or water bath
- When heating to dryness a hydrated salts (1mk)
Slant the test tube/avoid spitting
- When evaporating Ethanol. (1mk)
- State the use of the apparatus below. (1mk)
- Dry carbon (ii) oxide gas reacts with hot lead (II) oxide as shown in the equation below.
PbO (s) + CO (g) → Pb (s) + CO2 (g)- Name another gas that can be used to function as carbon (ii) oxide in this experiment. (1mk)
Ammonia, Hydrogen
- With an appropriate reason, identify the oxidizing agent in the equation above. (2mks)
PbO (1mk) lost/gave oxygen to CO(1mk)
- Name another gas that can be used to function as carbon (ii) oxide in this experiment. (1mk)
-
- During fractional distillation a student used glass beads. State the function of glass beads during fractional distillation in;
- Boiling flask . (1mk)
increase surface area of evaporation - Fractionating column. (1mk)
increase surface area of condensation
- Boiling flask . (1mk)
- Give one industrial application of solvent extraction. (1mk)
Cleaning stains from clothes/exracting components from plants like herbal medicines
- During fractional distillation a student used glass beads. State the function of glass beads during fractional distillation in;
- Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in calcium nitrate (3mks)
RFM=164 (1mk) mass of nitrogen=28 28x100/164 (1mk) = 17.07% (1mk)
- 20cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution containing 8.0gdm-3 were required for complete neutralization of 0.18g of a dibasic acid H2X. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the acid. (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1) (3mks)
8/40=O.2M moles of NaOH=0,2x20/1000=0,004mole
moles of acid==1/2x0,002= 0,002moles 0,002moles=0.18/RFM
RFM=0.18/0.002=90 -
- Name one ore of Zinc metal (1mk)
Zinc blende /any other (1mk)
- A sample of a colorless solution is suspected to be Zinc (II) sulphate. Describe some tests that can be carried to prove this. (2mks)
Put a sample of the solution in three separate test tubes
To one portion add ammonia solution dropwise till in excess(1/2mk) . White precipitate soluble in excess confirms zinc ions. (1/2mk)
To the second portion add barium nitrate solution(1/2mk) .white precipitate forms.(1/2mk) To the precipitate add nitric (v) acid or hydrochloric acid(1/2mk) ,if precipitate doesn’t
dissolve (SO42-) confirmed(1/2mk)
- Name one ore of Zinc metal (1mk)
- A metal Y with atomic number 11 burns in chlorine to produce a white solid X.
- Describe the following properties of X.
- Solubility (1mk)
soluble
- Electrical conductivity.(1mk)
Good
- Solubility (1mk)
- Write an equation to show the formation of compound X. (1 mark)
2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2 NaCl(s)
- Describe the following properties of X.
-
- Define an isomer. (1mk)
Compounds with same molecular formula but with different structural formulae
- Draw and name any two isomers of pentane. (2mks)
accept any name1/2mks and structure ½mks ( two like Methybutane, Dimethylpropane)
- Define an isomer. (1mk)
-
- Name the compounds P and T below.
P - CH3CH2CH2CH3 ………………………………………...................... (1 mark)
T - CH3CHCHCH3 …………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
P - CH3CH2CH2CH3 Butane .(½ mark)
T - CH3CHCHCH3 But-2-ene (½ mark)
- Describe an experiment you would carry out to distinguish T from P. (2 marks)
To a sample of each add acidified KMnO4 or Bromine water (1mk) only T decolourises (1mk)
- Name the compounds P and T below.
- Consider the reaction below
2 CO(g) + O2(g)2CO2(g) H = -110KJ
State and explain the effect of the following on the above equilibrium:-- Removing oxygen in the reaction above. (11/2mk)
Equilibrium shifts to the left for CO2 to decompose to replace O2
- Injecting helium in the reaction mixture (11/2mk)
Increases pressure hence
- Removing oxygen in the reaction above. (11/2mk)
-
- Name the TWO products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon with the formula:-
CH3(CH2)n COOH. (1mk)
Carbon (iv) Oxide and water
-
If 15.5g of the above hydrocarbon is equivalent to 0.15moles, find the value of n in the formula above. ( H=1 , C=12 , O= 16 )
15.3/0.15 = 102 60+14n = 102 42/14 =3
- Name the TWO products of complete combustion of a hydrocarbon with the formula:-
- Three elements P, Q and R form the following compounds P(NO3)2 ,Q2SO4 and R2O3
- Write down the formula of :-
- Hydroxide of Q Q(OH) (1mk)
- Nitride of R RN. (1mk)
- Which element is likely to form a soluble carbonate Q (1mk)
- Write down the formula of :-
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