INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper consists of three sections A,B and C.
- Answer ALL questions in Sections A and B and any TWO questions from section. ALL answers must be written in the spaces provided after every question.
SECTION A(30 Marks)
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- Give two characteristics of intensive farming system. (1mk)
- State two advantages of mixed farming. (1mk)
- State two forms in which water is available in the soil. (1mk)
- Give three agents of physical weathering. (1 ½ mks)
- Give two ways in which mulch control the soil erosion. (1mk)
- State four advantages of drip irrigation. (2mks)
- Give two benefits of adding organic manure to sandy soil. (1mk)
- Give four advantages of using grafting as a method of improving avocado fruits. (2mks)
- Give four reasons for using certified seeds for planting. (2mks)
- List three methods used to control weeds in pastures. (1 ½ mks)
- State two reasons for conserving forage crops. (1mk)
- Name two types of labour records kept in the farm. (1mk)
- State four causes of land fragmentation. (2mks)
- Outline four roles of trees in soil and water. (2mks)
- Give two reasons for earthing up tobacco crop. (1mk)
- List three examples of working capital employed by a farmer in the production of maize.(1 ½ mks)
- State three ways in which labour productivity can be improved. (1 ½ mks)
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- Give two reasons why nitrogenous fertilizers are suitable for top- dressing. (1mk)
- Outline four deficiency symptoms of sulphur in crops. (2mks)
- State four symptoms of maize stalk borer infestation in maize. (2mks)
SECTION B (20 Marks)
- Study the illustration below and answer questions that follow.
- Identify the weed. (1mk)
- Give two harmful effects of the weed illustrated above. (2mks)
- State two reasons why tillage is sometimes preferred as a method of weed control.(2mks)
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- Given that a maize crop is planted at a spacing of 75cm x 25cm, calculate the plant population in one hectare of land if two seeds are planted per hole.( Show your working). (3mks)
- Give two reasons for having the correct plant population in the production of annual crops.(2mks)
- Study the illustration below and answer questions that follow.
- Identify the structure above. (1mk)
- Name the parts labelled A,B,C and D above. (2mks)
- Give four ways in which the above illustration influences crop distribution. (2mks)
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- Below is a diagram showing a crop infected by a disease. Study it and answer questions that follow.
- Identify the disease. (1mk)
- Name the category in which the disease is classified. (1mk)
- Give three control measures of the disease illustrated above. (3mks)
- Below is a diagram showing a crop infected by a disease. Study it and answer questions that follow.
SECTION C (40 Marks)
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- Describe the field production of maize under the following sub-headings.
- Seedbed preparation. (3mks)
- Planting (5mks)
- State and explain six marketing functions. (12mks)
- Describe the field production of maize under the following sub-headings.
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- Explain the precautions taken during the harvesting of pyrethrum. (3mks)
- The following is a Demand and Supply schedule of eggs to teachers in a school.
Price per 30 kg crate (Ksh) Demand per day (No of crates) Supply per day (No. of crates) 330.00 5 47 310.00 11 46 290.00 15 44 270.00 19 42 255.00 24 39.5 240.00 29 36.5 225.00 33 33 210.00 37 29 200.00 37 27 190.00 49 20 - Using the same axis with price on the vertical axis, illustrate the demand and supply schedule curves for eggs. (6mks)
- Determine the equilibrium price. (1mk)
- What would be the price if 45 trays were supplied? (1mk)
- Apart from price, outline three other factors that influence the demand of eggs in a market? (4mks)
- Using the same axis with price on the vertical axis, illustrate the demand and supply schedule curves for eggs. (6mks)
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- State and explain six ways in which soil lose fertility. (12mks)
- Outline eight factors considered in farm p0lanning. (8mks)
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (30 Marks)
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- Characteristics of intensive farming system.
- Involves maximum utilization of all available land
- High yields per unit area
- High labour utilization/ much use of manual labour
- Some little mechanization is used
- Crops may be planted twice or thrice in one year.
- Heavy application of manure and fertilization.
- Use of modern technology i.e irrigation is normally used to make up for inadequacy of moisture( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- Advantages of mixed farming;
- makes utilization of the available land
- there is diversification of farming business
- there is mutual benefit between crops and animals
- Farmer gets continues flow of income through out the year
- There is maximum use of permanent labour through out the year.
- Farmer gets high income
- Farmer and his family gets a balance diet
- There is better conservation of soil and water( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- Characteristics of intensive farming system.
- Agents of Physical weathering;
- Wind
- Water
- Moving ice
- Temperature( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks)
- Forms in which water is available in the soil;
- Superfluous water
- Hycrosgopic water
- Capillary water( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- ways in which mulch control soil erosion;
- Reduce speed of surface run – off
- Insulates the soil reducing direct conduct between the soil and the agents of erosion.( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- Advantages of drip irrigation;
- Little amount of water is required as compared to other types of irrigation
- Water under low pressure can be used so long as it can flow along the pipe
- It discourages fungal diseases i.e blight , CBD and others, as it does not wet the leaves
- It does not encourage the growth of weeds between the rows( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Advantages of adding organic matter to Sandy soil;
- Improved soil structure by binding together soil particles
- Improves microbial activities in the soil
- Increase the nutrient level/ fertility of sandy soil
- Impert dark colour to the soil which hel increase soil temperature
- Improves water retention capacity
- Increase soil cation –m exchange capacity , hence PH control
- Reduce leaching( ½ x 4 = 2mks
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- plants mature early
- It is possible to produce crops that would otherwise not be propagated through other means like use of seeds
- Its possible to use root stock with cetain beneficial traits such as drought and disease resistance.
- More than one type of plant variety can be produced on the same rootstock
- It makes possible to repair damaged plant parts,
- Crop variety obtained may have higher /more desirable qualities in terms of taste and size.( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Reasons for using certified seeds for planting;
- Certified seeds have high germination percentage
- They are free from diseases and pests
- They give high yields
- Able to adopt to certain ecological conditions
- Bred true to type
- Free from foreign materials
- Free from physical damage( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Methods used to control weeds in pasture;
- Use of herbicides
- Slahiing / mowing/tillage
- Uprooting( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks)
- Reasons for conserving forage;
- To avoid wastage in times of planting
- To ensure enough supply throughout the year
- To earn income from selling excess forage
- To ensure good utilization of land.( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- Types of labour records;
- Master roll
- Labour utilization analysis record( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- causes of land fragmentation;
- Inheritance of land from different people
- Purchasing of land in different locations
- Compensation by government
- Roles of trees in soil and water conservation;
- They protect the soil below from rain drop erosion by reducing the force from which it falls onto the ground.
- Prevent direct conduct between rain drops and soil
- Provide shade and reduce loss of moisture through evaporation
- Act as wind breaks
- Roots of trees bind soil particles together
- Leaves once they drop, decay to supply humus which improve water infiltration( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Reasons for earthing up tobacco crop;
- To improve drainage around the plant
- To improve the plant anchorage( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- Labour productivity can be improved through;
- Training labour force
- Efficient supervision of labour
- Mechanization of farm operations or providing more efficient tools and equipment
- Giving incentives to workers i.e good housing, medical facilities etc
- Proper remuneration of workers
- Assigning tasks to workers according to skills ability and interest.( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks)
- Examples of working capital;
- Seeds
- Fertilizers
- Hired equipment
- Pesticides/ Insecticides
- Fuel
- Fungicides
- Herbicides( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks)
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- Reasons why nitrogenous fertilizers are suitable for top-dressing;
- Easily leached to lower levels /horizons beyond the root zone of crops before it is utilized by plants
- Highly soluble in water, hence gets dissolved very fast( ½ x 2 = 1mk)
- Defficiency symptoms of sulphur;
- leaf chlorosis
- thin stems
- reduced nodulation in leguminous plants
- stunted growth in plants
- delayed maturity.( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Reasons why nitrogenous fertilizers are suitable for top-dressing;
- Symptoms of stalk borer infestation in maize;
- Windowing on leaves/ make holes on leaves
- Bore into stems and cobs
- Cause yellowing in seedlings
- Cause tillering in seedlings
- Plants of damged stems fall off( ½ x 4 = 2mks)
SECTION B (20 Marks)
-
- Double thorne - (1mk)
- Harmful effects of the weed;
- Its thorns lower the quality and palatability of pasture / cause injury to livestock
- It irritates workers, thus reducing labour efficiency
- It competes with crops for nutrients, light and space
- It increases the cost of production.( 2 x 1 = 2mks)
- Reasons why tillage is some times preferred as a method of weed control
- loosens the soil/ improves aeration and water infiltration
- it facilitates earthing up in rood crop production
- Crop residues are incorporated into the soil
- It helps control soil – borne pests through exposing them on the surface.( 2 x 1 = 2mks)
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-
- plant population is = Area of land x Number of seeds per hole
Spacing of the crop
= 10,0000m2 x 2 =
0.75 m x 0.25m
(Award 1 mk for the formula, 1mk for the calculation and 1mk for correct answer). - Reasons for having correct plant population;
- Leads to high yields
- makes it easy to control pests, diseases and weeds
- It conserves soil and water/controls soil erosion.
- It facilitates field operations to be carried with ease
- It leads to efficient use of resources.( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
- plant population is = Area of land x Number of seeds per hole
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-
- Soil profile (1mk)
-
- A- Top soil (horizon A)
- B – Sub – soil ( Horizon B)
- C – Substratum/weathered rock (Horizon C)
- D – Parent rock/Bed rock (Horizon D)( ½ x 4 = 2 mks)
- Reasons why farmers should have knowledge of the illustration above;
- Able to determine the type of crops to grow
- Enable the farmer be able to determine the depth of ploughing
- Enable the farmer to choose the implement to use during the time of ploughing- (1 x 2 = 2mks)
-
-
- The disease is Blight/Late blight (1mk)
- Category of the disease is Fungal disease. (1mk)
- Three control measures of the disease above
- Spray the crop with appropriate fungicides
- Use certified seeds
- Practice crop rotation
- Practice close season
- Observe field hygiene/ destroy infected crops
- Do rogueing.( 1 x 3 =3 mks)
SECTION C (40 Marks)
-
- Seedbed preparation;
- Clear land
- Plough the land early /during the dry period or before onset of rains and remove all all perennial weeds.
- Seedbed be harrowed to the right tilth
- Plough it to the right depth
- Seedbed preparation is done manually or mechanically.(1 x 3 = 3mks)
- Planting;
- Select suitable maize variety for the region
- Plant at the onset of then rains
- Plant seeds at the right depth i.e 2.5 cm to 10 cm depending on the moisture content of the soil.
- Spacing is 75cm to 90cm by 23cm to 30cm. this will give correct crop stand per hectare.
- Plant one to two seeds per hole depending on the spacing.
- Plant certified seeds or health seeds.
- Apply appropriate fertilizer or well decomposed manure.(1 x 5 = 5mks)
- Seedbed preparation;
- Six marketing functions;
- Buying and Assembling; acquisition of goods from farmers on payment of cash and collecting the produce from farmers. The products are are assembled or stored at a convenient points or stores.
- Transportation and distributing; farm produce are availed to consumers through transportation. The goods are distributed through middlemen who at times store, blend and package the goods.
- Storage after harvest to minimize losses.
- Processing to provide variety, increase value and prolong shelf life of produce.
- Grading according to quality.
- Packaging and packing for easier handling, transportation and storage.
- Collecting, analyzing and interpreting market information.
- Advertising to create or increase demand.
- Bearing risks such as damage, price fluctuations and physical deterioration.
- Taking measures to protect farm produce, for example by taking insurance cover.( 6 x 2 = 12 mks for any well explained point)
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- Precautions taken during harvesting of pyrethrum;
- Picked flowers should be put in open woven basket to allow proper aeration/ventilation.
- Tins or polythene bags should be avoided because of poor ventilation that would lead fermentation.
- Wet flowers should not be picked because they may heat and ferment before they are dry.
- During picking flowers should not be compacted in the baskets to avoid heating up and fermentation.
- Avoid any contamination or picking flowers with twigs or leaves be avoided.
- Dry flowers immediately after picking to a moisture content of 10% to 12% to prevent fermentation.( 1 x 3 = 3mks)
- Factors that affect rooting of cuttings;
- Temperature: warm temperature encourages fast rooting of cuttings as opposed to low temperature.
- Relative humidity: high relative humidity lowers transpiration rate, which favours fast rooting.
- Light intensity: lack of light encourage rooting in hardwood plants while high light intensity enhances rooting in softwood plants.
- Oxygen supply: well aerated rooting medium encourages faster rooting.
- Moisture supply: The root- forming process requires ample supply of moisture.
- Chemical treatment: Rooting hormones, when applied at the base of cuttings fasten rooting process.
- Leaf area: Some cuttings require some leaves for photosynthesis to speed up rooting.( 1 x 5 = 5mks)
- Precautions taken during harvesting of pyrethrum;
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- Using the same axis with price on the vertical axis, illustrate the demand and supply schedule curves for eggs. (6mks)
- Equilibrium price is Ksh. 225.
- Factor that influence demand of eggs in a market are;
- Population size
- Income of the consumers.
- Price of related goods
- Tastes and preferences
- Beliefs, customs, taboos.
- Advertisement
- Level of taxation/income
- Price expectations
- Perishability.(1 x 4 = 4mks)
- Using the same axis with price on the vertical axis, illustrate the demand and supply schedule curves for eggs. (6mks)
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- Ways through which soil lose fertility;
- Soil erosion
- Soil capping
- Hardpans
- Leaching
- Monocropping
- Continuous cropping
- Change of soil PH
- Burning of land
- Accumulation of salts
- Infestation of weeds.( award 2 x 6 = 12 mks for any well explained point)
- Factors considered in farm planning;
- Size of the farm
- Environmental factors
- The current trends in labour market
- Farmer’s objectives and preference.
- Possible production enterprize.
- Existing market conditions and price trends.
- Availability and cost of farm inputs.
- Communication and transport facilities.
- Security.( 1 x 8 = 8 Mks for any correct 8 points).
- Ways through which soil lose fertility;
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