HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
PAPER 2
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- Answer all question in section A
- Choose any THREE questions in section B and any TWO questions in section C
SECTION A
- Identify the form of government where people vote in their leaders regularly. (1mk)
- State one distinct characteristics of Homo erectus. (1mk)
- Mention two crops grown by farmers in the Nile valley by 5000 BC. (2mks)
- Identify one type of trade. (1mk)
- Why is the camel referred to as the ship of the desert? (2mks)
- State two characteristics of industrial revolution in Britain. (2mks)
- State one disadvantage of smoke signals as a means of communication (1mk)
- State the Role of religion in the growth of Athens. (1mk)
- Give the functions of the Lukiiko (2mks)
- State two peaceful methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. (2mks)
- Name the person who declared Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Zimbabwe (1mk)
- Outline two ways the nationalists in Ghana used in their struggle for independence. (2mks)
- Identify the immediate cause of the Second World War. (1mk)
- Give one agreement signed to control the cold war (1mk)
- Give two organs of the EAC. (2mks)
- Identify the main challenge facing the Democratic Republic of Congo after independence (1mk)
- Identify two levels of election in the USA (2mks)
SECTION B (45 MARKS
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- State five ways in which the discovery of fire improved man’s way of life. (5mks)
- Explain five remedies to food shortages in Africa. (10mks)
-
- State three benefits of the currency trade. (3mks)
- Explain factors that undermined Trans-Atlantic trade. (12mks)
-
- State three features of macadamized roads. (3mks)
- Explain the positive impact of telecommunication. (12mks)
-
- State three responsibilities of the Emirs in the British rule in Northern Nigeria. (3mks)
- Explain 6 differences between the British and French systems of colonial administration. (12mks)
SECTION C
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- State three factors that led to the decline of the Shona kingdom in the 19th C. (3mks)
- Describe the political organization of the Asante in the 19th C. (12mks)
-
- State three social challenges experienced in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) since independence. (3mks)
- Explain the measures Tanzania has taken to revive her economy since 1980 (12mks)
-
- Outline ways in which one becomes a member of the House of Lords. (3mks)
- Explain the functions of the President in India (12mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- Identify the form of government where people vote in their leaders regularly. (1mk)
- Democratic government
- Democratic government
- State one distinct characteristics of Homo erectus. (1mk)
- He was upright/bi-feudal/walked on 2 legs.
- He was upright/bi-feudal/walked on 2 legs.
- Mention two crops grown by farmers in the Nile valley by 5000 BC. (2mks)
- Wheat
- Barley
- Flax
- Beans
- Cucumbers
- Onions
- Lentils
- Dates
- Figs
- Grapes
- Identify one type of trade. (1mk)
- Local trade
- Regional trade
- International trade
- Why is the camel referred to as the ship of the desert? (2mks)
- Can go for a long period without food/water
- Has big, flat feet suitable for walking on sandy and stony deserts.
- Can eat a variety of vegetation
- Can carry loads of up to 200kg and still be ridden.
- Water lost through nostrils is taken back through the mouth
- It reserves food in its hump
- Ability to sense desert storms
- State two characteristics of industrial revolution in Britain. (2mks)
- Use of machines instead of human labour
- Rise of factory system replacing cottage industry
- Use of new sources of energy
- Production of goods in large quantities
- Workers organised in shifts.
- Application of scientific knowledge in production
- State one disadvantage of smoke signals as a means of communication (1mk)
- One must be on the look out
- It can be misinterpreted
- Conveyed limited range of messages
- Messages could only be sent for short distances
- Affected by weather-difficult to start fire on wet conditions
- Not visible on cloudy days
- Role of religion in the growth of Athens. (1mk)
- Its name is derived from goddess Athena
- Was a centre of worship with a large temple, Parthenon and other temples dedicated to other gods.
- Its residents mostly were temple staff and priests.
- Traders sold their wares to the worshipers.
- Pilgrims would come to worship in Athens from all over the Mediterranean region.
- Give the functions of the Lukiiko
- Advice / help the Kabaka in general administration
- Approve expenditure
- Make laws in the kingdom.
- State two peaceful methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. (2mks)
- Treaty making/signing
- Use of treachery/luring of chiefs
- Collaboration
- Use of missionaries
- Name the person who declared Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Zimbabwe (1mk)
- Ian smith
- Ian smith
- Outline two ways the nationalists in Ghana used in their struggle for independence. (2mks)
- Public rallies
- Trade unions
- Protests and demonstrations
- Wrote publications e.g Accra evening news/media
- International forums e.g. Pan Africanism
- Constitutional negotiations.
- The immediate cause of the Second World War. (1mk)
- Germany invasion of Poland on 1st September 1939
- Germany invasion of Poland on 1st September 1939
- Give one agreement signed to control the cold war (1mk)
- Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty – START
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - SALT
- Give two organs of the EAC. (2mks)
- The summit
- The council of ministers
- The co-ordinating committee
- The sectoral committee
- The E.A court of justice
- The EA legislature assembly
- The secretariat
- Identify the main challenge facing the Democratic Republic of Congo after independence (1mk)
- Political turmoil/ civil wars
- Political turmoil/ civil wars
- Identify two levels of election in the USA (2mks)
- Election of state Governors
- Election of the President
- Election of the senators
- Election of the members of the house of Representatives
-
- State five ways in which the discovery of fire improved man’s way of life. (5mks)
- man could warm himself at night and during the cold spells
- it provided him with light at night enabling him to work continuously
- it enabled him to cook roots and roast meat
- it enabled him hunt easily
- it provided him with security from dangerous animals.
- It enabled him harden his tools making them more effective
- It enabled him to migrate to other regions
- It enabled communications with those afar.
- Explain five remedies to food shortages in Africa. (10mks)
- Introduce new farming methods such as mechanization and application of scientific principles
- Reduce taxes on farm inputs to encourage farmers to produce more
- Invest in agricultural research to develop drought and disease resistant varieties to increase production
- More land should be reclaimed through irrigation
- Educate farmers on managing the environment e.g. afforestation, intercropping and terracing.
- Provide more funds for agricultural development
- To improve storage facilities to minimize post-harvest losses.
- Also develop the infrastructure for good s to reach the market/industries.
- Develop good national food policy.
- Reduce civil strife.
- State five ways in which the discovery of fire improved man’s way of life. (5mks)
-
- State three benefits of the currency trade. (3mks)
- money can be stored over long period without losing its value
- currency can be divided into smaller units to enable payment of only the agreed price
- money is lighter hence portable
- money can be converted into different forms
- money is a measure of value
- money is durable thus can be stored for long.
- Explain factors that undermined Trans-Atlantic trade. (12mks)
- The French began producing cheaper sugar for European which reduced demand for slaves.
- USA attained political independence which deprived the British of profits made from the slave trade.
- The industrial revolution in Europe introduced machines which replaced human labour that reduced market for slaves.
- The Christian missionaries advocated for the abolition of slave trade pressurizing the government to pass laws against slave trade.
- Influential economists like Adam Smith argued that free labour is more productive than slave labour. This led to the decline of slave trade.
- American civil war between the North and South where the North was against slavery won the war leading to abolition of slavery.
- Frequent slave revolts in various states e.g. in Haiti, Jamaica, Antigua and British Guyana
- Leading Africans e.g. king Nzinga Mbemba of Congo campaigned against slave trade.
- The French revolution of 1789 spread ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity which challenged the institution of slavery and slave trade.
- Legitimate trade became more popular than slave trade and eventually replaced it.The need to retain Africans in
- Africa to produce raw materials for British industries after America defeated them.-( Colonisation)
- State three benefits of the currency trade. (3mks)
-
- State three features of macadamized roads. (3mks)
- They were all-weather roads/water proof.
- They were wide
- They were durable
- They were smooth/tarred
- They were straight.
- They were well drained.
- Explain the positive impact of telecommunication. (12mks)
- It has enabled people to manage information efficiently i.e. storage for future use.
- It has led to spread of ideas to different parts of the world making it a global village
- It has promoted education by transmitting education programmes all over the world.
- It has promoted entertainment through music, film and sport.
- It has created employment opportunities thereby raising people’s standard of living
- It has promoted trade through advertisements and e-banking has made trade transactions easier
- It has enhanced security through the use of CCTV cameras to detect crime easily
- It has provided government with revenue through taxation
- It has promoted water, air, transport and space exploration, weather forecasting and navigation.
- It has promoted banking through the use of automated teller machines.
- State three features of macadamized roads. (3mks)
-
- State three responsibilities of the Emirs in the British rule in Northern Nigeria. (3mks)
- Collected taxes
- Recruited labour for public works
- Headed local government
- Tried cases in the local customary courts
- Communicated colonial policies to the people
- Supervised construction of roads and markets
- Explain 6 differences between the British and French systems of colonial administration. (12mks)
- The British used professional administrators while the French used military officers.
- British used direct or indirect rule while the French used assimilation and association.
- The British system did not interfere much with the African culture while assimilation aimed at replacing African culture with French culture.
- Africans in the British colonies were regarded as subjects but assimilated Africans in the French colonies became French citizens with full rights.
- The elite in British colonies were subjected to the same harsh rules as the rest of the colonized while in French colonies the assimiles enjoyed privileges
- The British granted African chiefs alot of powers while the French undermined traditional African rulers.
- The laws in British colonies were made in respective legislative councils while laws in French colonies were legislated in France.
- Each British colony was ruled separately by a resident governor while the French colonies were ruled together as a federation and were regarded as overseas provinces of France.
- The British colonies were not represented in the British parliament but the French colonies elected their representatives to chambers of Deputies in Paris.
- State three responsibilities of the Emirs in the British rule in Northern Nigeria. (3mks)
-
- State three factors that led to the decline of the Shona kingdom in the 19th C. (3mks)
- The gold was exhausted which led to decline in revenue from the gold exports.
- The trade routes which passed through the kingdom were shifted to the Zambezi valley in the north leading to loss of revenue that contributed to its decline
- With increase in population land for cultivation and pasture declined leading to low production and consequent decline of the kingdom.
- The Portuguese invaded the shona land during Mwene Mutapa rule thereby undermining the Shona kingdom.
- Invasion and conquest by the Ndebele who ruled the kingdom upto the time of British invasion.
- Describe the political organization of the Asante in the 19th C. (12mks)
- The Asante empire consisted of three parts i.e. Metropolitan Asante, provincial Asante and the Amatoo states.
- Metropolitan was directly ruled by the Asantehene (kumasihene)
- The asantehene ruled with advice from a confederacy/unions council made of kings forming the union. State kings were called Omanhene
- Each state king swore an oath of allegiance to the Asantehene to give up right of declaring war at will on a fellow king.
- The Asante had a strong military organization with a structure borrowed from the Akwamu. Military service was compulsory.
- Asantehene had a golden stool that bound together the states while the omanhene had black stool that was sacred within their territory.
- Had odwira festival to honour their dead and settle disputes. It involved all states.
- Officials were appointed on merit and owed their allegiance to the Asantehene. They could be transferred/dismissed at will. They represented the king in conquered provinces and districts.
- There was a body that levied and supervised tax collection, tolls and death duties. They also supervised state enterprises in trade, mining and ivory collection.
- State three factors that led to the decline of the Shona kingdom in the 19th C. (3mks)
-
- State three social challenges experienced in DRC since independence. (3mks)
- high levels of illiteracy due inadequate access to education
- poorly developed heath system leading to poor health
- large influx of refugees from neighbouring countries.
- Large number of internally displaced persons due to prolonged civil strife/wars.
- Explain the measures Tanzania has taken to revive her economy since 1980. (12mks)
- Since 1980, private enterprise was encouraged after relaxing its economic policies after the failure of ujamaa policy
- The government started many development projects such as small-scale industries in the rural areas. Textile, cement steel, rocks and trye factory have also been opened.
- The government embarked on the construction of infrastructure that have linked various industrial centres. Roads, railways
- Through Arusha declaration agricultural production has been boosted for domestic and export market.
- The government replaced village co-operative societies with centralised agricultural bodies for marketing of farm produce e.g. national milling corporation, national coffee board
- The government introduced free universal primary education to produce more skilled manpower and reduce illiteracy.
- She joined the East African community that has expanded markets for her products
- Transfer of her capital from Dares salaam to Dodoma has increased economic development in the mainland.
- Political unity through chama cha mapinduzi has created a conducive environment for the growth of her economy. (12mks)
- State three social challenges experienced in DRC since independence. (3mks)
-
- Outline ways in which one becomes a member of the House of Lords. (3mks)
- Appointment by the Mornach
- Through inheritance
- Appointment by virtue of office e.g judges of the court of appeal, archbishop of Canterbury.
- Explain the functions of the President in India (12mks)
- has powers to make regulations for certain union territories.
- Appoints the chief minister and lieutenant governor of the national capital territory of New Delhi and governors of states or union territories.
- Establishes special councils to arbitrate on inter-state disputes
- Nominates the 12 members of the council of states.
- Is a member of the legislature.
- Calls upon the leader of the winning party after elections to form government
- Assents to bills before they become law
- Dissolves the lower house of parliaments.
- He / she is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
- Declares a state of emergency when national security is threatened.
- Pardons convicted criminals
- Is a symbol of national unity. (12mks)
- Outline ways in which one becomes a member of the House of Lords. (3mks)
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