Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2021 Westlands Mock Exams

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Questions

Instructions To Candidates

  • This paper consists of two sections; section A and section B.
  • Answer all questions in section A. In section B answer question 6 and any other two questions.

SECTION A: Answer all questions in this section

  1.      
    1. Name two examples of natural forests in the coastal region. (2mks)
    2. Give three reasons why agroforestry is encouraged in Kenya. (3mks)
  2.  
    1. Name two main land reclamation projects in Netherlands (2mks)
    2. Give two benefits that resulted from reclamation of Yala Swamp (2mks)
  3.   
    1. Name two breeds of cattle kept by nomadic pastoralists in Kenya. (2mks)
    2. Give four features of nomadic pastoralism (4mks)
  4.  
    1. State four measures taken to promote domestic tourism in Kenya. (3mks)
    2.  Identify two physical tourist attraction sites in Switzerland. (2mks)
  5.   
    1. Distinguish between transport and communication. (2mks)
    2. State two causes of increased road accidents in Kenya. (3mks)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section

  1. The table below shows the value of cash crops in Kenya shilling millions. Use to
    answer question (a).
    CROP/YEAR 2015 2016 2017
    Coffee 10 000 13 000 14 000
    Tea 10 000 12 000 12 000
    Pyrethrum 9 000 8 000 5 000

    1.        
      1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 1,000,000,000 shillings, draw a comparative bar to represent the data above. (8 marks)
      2. Apart from comparative bar graphs, name two other methods that can be used to represent the above data. (2 marks)
    2.   
      1. Name two Counties where coffee is grown on large scale in Central Kenya. (2 marks)
      2. Describe the stages in the cultivation of coffee from land preparations to the harvesting stage. (7 marks)
    3. Explain three problems that faced by small scale coffee farmers in Kenya. (6 marks)
  2.   
    1.      
      1. What is fish farming? (2 marks)
      2. State three reasons why fish farming is encouraged in Kenya. (3 marks)
    2. The diagrams below shows some fishing methods. Use it to answer the question below.
      07 Geo west p2q7b
      1. Identify the fishing method marked R and U. (2 marks)
      2. Describe the fishing method marked V in the diagram above is used to catch fish. (6 marks)
    3. The map below shows the main fishing grounds in the world.
      07 Geo west p2q7c
      1. Name the fishing ground marked P. (1 mark)
      2. Identify the country marked S. (1 mark)
      3. Explain three physical factors which favour fishing in the fishing ground marked P. (6 marks)
    4. State four problems facing fishing marine fishing in Kenya. (4 marks)
  3.           
    1.             
      1. What is mining? (2mks)
      2. Give two formations in which mineral ores occur (2mks)
    2. Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals
      1. Quality of the ore (2marks)
      2. Level of technology (2marks)
    3. Describe the dredging mining method (4mks)
    4.   
      1. State three uses of soda ash (3marks)
      2. Explain two problems facing soda ash mining at Lake Magadi in Kenya (4mks)
    5. Explain three ways in which diamond mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa (6mks)
  4.   
    1.        
      1. Other than wind, name two other sources of renewable energy. (2 marks)
      2. Name one main wind power station in Kenya. (1 mark)
      3. State three advantages of using wind as a source of energy. (3 marks)
    2. The map below shows the Seven Forks hydroelectric power scheme.
      07 Geo west p2q9b
      1. Name the dams marked W and Z. (2 marks)
      2. Explain three physical factors that influenced the location of the Seven Forks HEP project. (6 marks)
    3. State three economic benefits of the Seven Forks HEP project. (3 marks)
    4.      
      1. What is energy crisis? (2 marks)
      2. Explain three effects of the increasing petroleum prices to the Kenyan economy. (6 marks)
  5.              
    1.        
      1. Distinguish between industries and industrialization (2mks)
      2. Give three reasons why Kenya’s striving to be industrialized (3mks)
    2.   
      1. State four characteristics of cottage industries in in Kenya. (4mks)
      2. Give two examples of cottage industries in Kenya. (2mks)
    3. Explain three problems associated with industrialization in Kenya. (6mks)
    4.        
      1. Explain three factors that influenced the location of the iron and steel industry in the Ruhr Industrial region.(6mks)
      2. Apart from the iron and steel industries, name two other industries in the Ruhr industrial region. (2mks)

Marking Scheme

  1.        
    1. Name two examples of natural forests in the coastal region. (2mks)
      • Boni
      • Arabuko Sokoke
      • Shamba Hills
      • Mangrove forests
        (any 2 x 1)
    2. Give three reasons why agroforestry is encouraged in Kenya. (3mks)
      • To ensure ensure continuous supply of wood fuel/ conserve forests
      • To provide raw materials to some industries
      • To conserve soils
      • To provide fruits for human conservation
      • To provide fodder for animals
      • Trees are a source of income to farmers when converted into timber
      • Trees act as wind breaks/ provide shade for young plants
        (any 3 x 1mk)
  2.         
    1. Name two main land reclamation projects in Netherlands (2mks)
      • Delta Plan
      • Zuider Zee
    2. Give two benefits that resulted from reclamation of Yala Swamp (2mks)
      • Floods were controlled
      • Waterborne and pests were controlled
      • Increase in land for agriculture
      • Increase in employment opportunities
      • Better farming methods were introduced.
        (any 2 x mark)
  3.       
    1. Name two breeds of cattle kept by nomadic pastoralists in Kenya. (2mks)
      • Zebu
      • Boran
    2. Give four features of nomadic pastoralism (4mks)
      • Large numbers of animals are kept
      • Movement of place to place in search of pasture and water
      • Indigenous/ low quality breeds of animal
      • Wide variety of animals is kept e.g. goats, sheep, camels, cattle and donkeys .
      • The pastoralists live in temporary structures/dwelling places
      • Land is communally owned
      • There is little control of pests and diseases
        (any 4 x 1)
  4.      
    1. State four measures taken to promote domestic tourism in Kenya. (3mks)
      • Advertisement of tourist attraction sites in Kenya locally
      • Reduction of gate charges for locals to national parks and reserves
      • Improvement of roads leading to tourist attraction sites.
      • Lowering charges in hotels to Kenyans especially during low peak seasons
      • Promoting package tours
      • Improving security in tourist attraction sites
        (any 4 x 1 mark).
    2. Identify two physical tourist attraction sites in Switzerland. (2mks)
      • Alps
      • Glaciated lakes
      • varied climate
        (Any 2 x 1mk)
  5.      
    1. Distinguish between transport and communication. (2mks)
      • Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another while communication is the transmission of information from one person to another.
    2. State two causes of increased road accidents in Kenya. (3mks)
      • Poorly maintained roads with potholes
      • Over-speeding/ poor driving without following traffic rules
      • Drivers Influenced of alcohol and substance
      • Adverse climate e.g. fog reduce visibility causing accidents
      • Poorly marked roads/poor use of road signs/ blurred road signs may make drivers to lose control of vehicles
      • Muddy roads during the rainy season may cause vehicles to skid/overturn
      • Unavailability of pedestrian paths/ marked pedestrian crossing points may cause pedestrians to walk on roads causing accidents.
      • Some of the roads have sharp bends making vehicles to veer off the roads
      • Sub-standard road surfaces may make the vehicles to skid
        (any 2 x 1 mark)
  6. The table below shows the value of cash crops in Kenya shilling millions. Use to answer question (a).
    CROP/YEAR 2015 2016 2017
    Coffee 10 000 13 000 14 000
    Tea 10 000 12 000 12 000
    Pyrethrum 9 000 8 000 5 000

    1.                  
      1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 1,000,000,000 shillings, draw a comparative bar to represent the data above. (8 marks)
        07 Geo west p2qa6ai
      2. Apart from comparative bar graphs, name two other methods that can be used to represent the above data. (2 marks)
        • Comparative line graphs
        • Proportional circles
        • Compound bar graphs
        • Proportional divided circles
          (any 2 x 1 mk)
    2.      
      1. Name two Counties where coffee is grown on large scale in Central Kenya. (2 marks)
        • Kiambu
        • Nyeri -
        • Muranga
        • Kirinyaga
          (any 2 x 1mk
      2. Describe the stages in the cultivation of coffee from land preparations to the harvesting stage. (7 marks)
        • The land is cleared of unwanted vegetation.
        • The land is ploughed using machines/tractors.
        • Meanwhile the seeds are planted in the nursery and allowed to grow for six months.
        • The seedlings are watered and weeded regularly while in the nursery.
        • Seedlings are sheltered from strong sunlight either by trees or artificially made shelters.
        • The seedlings are transplanted on the ploughed land at the beginning of the rainy season, in rows which are about 3m apart.
        • The plants are weeded/ sprayed against pests and diseases, manured regularly and mulched.
        • Once the bushes start growing, the tips of their branches are pruned regularly to encourage the plant to form more branches.
        • After 5 years, the crop attains maturity and the berries are ready for harvesting.(max 7 marks)
    3. Explain three problems that faced by small scale coffee farmers in Kenya. (6 marks)
      • Pests such as leaf minor, aphids, lady bird, thrips, berry borer attack the plants lowering the yields leading to low income for the farmers.
      • Diseases such as Coffee berry disease (CBD), leaf rust, armillaria mellea attack the plants lowering the yields leading to low income to the farmers.
      • Adverse weather conditions such as prolonged drought destroy the crop lowering yields leading to low income to the farmers.
      • Poor feeder roads in some areas cause delayed delivery of the coffee berries to the factory lowering quality and subsequently leading to low profits for the farmers.
      • Mismanagement of factories/cooperatives leads to delayed payments which discourage the farmers.
      • High cost of farm inputs reduces the farmers profit margins which discourage them.
      • Fluctuation of prices in the world market lowers the profits for the farmers which discourage them.
      • Shortage of labour especially during harvesting causes delay in harvesting of the coffee berries which lowers quality/yields and subsequently lead to low income.
      • Low/poor payments for the coffee reduce the farmers profit margins which demoralize them.
        (any 3 x 2marks)
  7.            
    1.       
      1. What is fish farming? (2 marks)
        • Fish farming is the artificial rearing of fish in ponds for domestic or commercial purposes.
      2. State three reasons why fish farming is encouraged in Kenya. (3 marks)
        • It is a more economical land use activity because less space is used.
        • It is free from international conflicts compared to marine fishing.
        • It supplies people with food rich in proteins
        • It creates employment opportunities for many people employed to construct/manage the ponds
        • It supports the establishment of fish related industries such as fish canning industries
        • Some fish from fish farms such as trout are exported thus earning Kenya foreign exchange.
    2. The diagrams below shows some fishing methods. Use it to answer the question below.
      07 Geo west p2q7b
      1. Identify the fishing method marked R and U. (2 marks)
        • R- Basket method
        • U- Long lining
      2. Describe the fishing method marked V in the diagram above is used to catch fish. (6 marks)
        • This method is used to catch pelagic fish.
        • It uses two boats, one large and one small.
        • It uses a large conical net with wings made of nets.
        • The net has floats on top and weights at the bottom to keep it in vertical position while in water/ to keep the mouth open.
        • The net has a string along its bottom edge/narrow open end.
        • The fishermen begin by locating a shoal of fish/area rich in fish.
        • The small boat/dory drags the net to enclose the area that has fish.
        • The string at the bottom of the net is pulled to close the net at the bottom and trap the fish.
        • The net is pulled out of the water and fish hauled into the large boat for preservation and transportation to the shore.
    3. The map below shows the main fishing grounds in the world.
      07 Geo west p2q7c
      1. Name the fishing ground marked P. (1 mark)
        • North West Pacific fishing ground
      2. Identify the country marked S. (1 mark)
        • Japan
      3. Explain three physical factors which favour fishing in the fishing ground marked P. (6 marks)
        • The cool waters are ideal for fish breeding and survival of numerous fish species because of the abundant supply of planktons which is fish food.
        • The coast has many offshore islands which provide sheltered inlets ideal for the establishment of fishing ports or villages.
        • The indented coastline provides ideal fish breeding sites because they are sheltered from strong sea waves and high tides.
        • The indented coastline has several sheltered bays and fiords which provide suitable sites for fish breeding and construction of fish landing ports.
        • The convergence of the cold Oya Sio and warm Kuro Siwo currents cause upwelling of ocean water which brings minerals from the sea bed to the surface for planktons. This attracts numerous fish species due to availability of food.
        • The rugged and mountainous nature of the landscape limits agricultural activities and thus people resort to fishing as an alternative economic activity.
        • The broad and shallow continental shelf allows sunlight to penetrate to the sea bed which is suitable for the growth of planktons which is fish food.
          (any 3 x 2marks)
    4. State four problems facing fishing marine fishing in Kenya. (4 marks)
      • Presence of deep and narrow continental shelf which discourage the growth of planktons.
      • Presence of a regular coastline/fairly straight with few sheltered inlets discourage the breeding of fish
      • The warm water discourages the flourishing of fish and growth of planktons. fish.
      • Poor transport connections/road network from the fisheries into the interior.
      • Inadequate capital.
      • Low level of technology.
      • Stiff competition from foreign fishermen.
      • Low local demand for marine fish.
      • Inadequate modern equipment for preservation, processing of fish.
        (any 4 x 2marks)
  8.             
    1.          
      1. What is mining? (2mks)
        • Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals occurring on or below the earth’s surface
      2. Give two formations in which mineral ores occur (2mks)
        • Veins and lodes
        • Seams and beds
        • Weathering products
        • Alluvial/placer deposits
          (any 2 x 1mark)
    2. Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals
      1. Quality of the ore (2marks)
        • High quality ores are economical to mine as they yield a large amount of metals/ low quality ores have low metal content hence are rarely mined unless the mineral is rare and fetches high prices
      2. Level of technology (2marks)
        • High level of technology allows for effective exploration of minerals leading to accurate location of minerals/ advanced technology improves mining operations thus leading to high quality of mineral products or large quantities of minerals extracted
        • Low level of technology limits exploitation of minerals/ low quantity of minerals mined
          (Any1 x 2mks)
    3. Describe the dredging mining method (4mks)
      • A dredger floats on the lake/pond
      • Its mechanical shovels cut through the crust of minerals on the surface of the lake scooping the large chunks of the mineral
      • The large chunks of the scooped mineral are placed on conveyer belts and sent into a crusher
      • The crushed minerals are the mixed with water from the lake/lake liquor and pumped ashore to the processing plant.
    4.      
      1. State three uses of soda ash (3marks)
        • It is a raw material for making glass
        • It is used in making detergents
        • It is used in some chemical industries/ petroleum refining
        • It is used as a water softener/ water treatment
        • It is used in de-sulphuring steel
        • It is used in paper industries
        • It is used in textile industries
          (any 3 x 1 mark)
      2. Explain two problems facing soda ash mining at Lake Magadi in Kenya (4mks)
        • Stiff competition from developed countries with large deposits of trona such as U.S.A, China and Israel.
        • High cost of labour – in order to attract skilled labour to the remote semi-arid region of Magadi, the company offers high salaries
        • Inadequate skilled labour locally forcing the company to employ foreigners who demand for higher salaries and allowances
          (any 2 x 2 marks)
    5. Explain three ways in which diamond mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa (6mks)
      • Export of diamond earns South Africa foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of the economy
      • Mining and processing of diamond has created employment opportunities to many people thus improving their living standards
      • Diamond mining has led to the development of many towns such as Kimberly
      • Mining of diamond has led to expansion of transport lines such as railways and roads
      • Diamond mining has led provision of social amenities such as hospitals and schools.
        (any 3 x 2marks)
  9.          
    1.                 
      1. Other than wind, name two other sources of renewable energy. (2 marks)
        • Running/moving water
        • Sun
        • Geothermal steam
        • Tides/waves.
          (any 2 x 1 mark)
      2. Name one main wind power station in Kenya. (1 mark)
        • Ngong Hills
        • Lake Turkana Wind Power farm
      3. State three advantages of using wind as a source of energy. (3 marks)
        • It is an inexhaustible source of energy/renewable.
        • It is a clean/environmentally friendly form of energy.
        • It can be produced on small scale for domestic use.
        • Land between the windmills can be used for other purposes e.g. farming.
          (any 3 x 1 mark)
    2. The map below shows the Seven Forks hydroelectric power scheme
      1. Name the dams marked W and Z. (2 marks)
        • W- Masinga
        • Z- Kiambere
    3.      
      1. Explain three physical factors that influenced the location of the Seven Forks HEP project. (6 marks)
          • Presence of a hard basement rock which provides a firm foundation for the dam/power station.
          • Presence of impervious rock to prevent seepage of water from the reservoir.
          • A large volume of water/constant supply of water from river Tana which enable continuous production of electricity.
          • Presence of a deep gorge to provide space for the reservoir.
          • Presence of a steep river gradient/waterfalls/rapids/head of water to provide sufficient hydraulic force to turn the turbines.
          • Presence of a narrow gorge behind the dam which minimizes the cost of constructing the dam.
            (any 3 x 2marks)
      2. State three economic benefits of the Seven Forks HEP project. (3 marks)
        • The reservoirs provide water for domestic use /industrial use/irrigation.
        • The dams /reservoirs are tourist attractions.
        • The reservoirs are fresh water fisheries.
        • The reservoirs modify local climate/ create micro-climate.
        • The dams act as bridges across the river.
        • The dams and reservoirs controls floods.
        • The reservoirs provide water for generation of H.E.P.
          (any 3 x 1 mark)
    4.           
      1. What is energy crisis? (2 marks)
        • Energy crisis is a situation where the prices of fossil fuels rise uncontrollably as a result of short supply relative to demand.
        • Energy crisis refers to a situation where the demand for oil is higher than the supply leading to high oil prices.
      2. Explain three effects of the increasing petroleum prices to the Kenyan economy. (6 marks)
        • The increase in the prices of crude oil makes Kenya to spend a lot of foreign exchange in importation. This lowers the foreign currency reserve/brings unfavourable balance of trade/slows down economic growth.
        • Increase in oil prices triggers the increase in the prices of commodities leading to inflation/high cost of living/low standards of living.
        • Increase in oil prices leads to increase in the prices of farm inputs which in turn leads to reduced agricultural production/leads to food crisis.
        • The high cost of fuels increases the cost of production slowing down industrial growth.
        • Oil crisis leads to scarcity of by-products of oil leading to shortage of raw materials for certain industries/high prices of buying products.
        • Increase in fuel prices leads to increased transport costs which trigger price increase in almost all sectors of the economy.
          ( any 3 x 2marks)
  10.         
    1.     
      1. Distinguish between industries and industrialization (2mks)
        • Industry is an enterprise or an economic activity where people produce goods and services for self-consumption or sale while industrialization is the process of changing from primary to secondary, tertiary and high technology industrial production.
      2. Give three reasons why Kenya’s striving to be industrialized (3mks)
        • To enable the country diversify its economy
        • To create more employment opportunities hence improved living standards
        • To make maximum use of the country’s local resources
        • To increase the country’s value and quantity of export
        • To reduce importation which saves on foreign exchange
        • To enhance development and expansion of transport and communication networks in the country
          (any 3 x 1mk)
    2.    
      1. State four characteristics of cottage industries in in Kenya. (4mks)
        • They use locally available raw materials
        • They require capital to start
        • They use simple tools and machines
        • They can be started anywhere
        • They produce few items
        • They depend on skills processed by an individual
        • Goods produced are mainly consumed locally
        • They operate under simple structures
        • They are mainly found in rural areas
        • Most of them are owned by individuals or families.
          (any 4 x 1 mark)
      2. Give two examples of cottage industries in Kenya. (2mks)
        • Soapstone carving
        • Basket weaving
        • Mat making
        • Wood carving
        • Metal and scrap metal works
          (any 2 x 1mark)
    3. Explain three problems associated with industrialization in Kenya. (6mks)
      • Establishment of industries lead to displacement of people to create room for industries
      • Urbanization associated with industrialization may lead to cultural erosion
      • The population in urban centres is usually higher than the available job opportunities. Those who fail to get employment engage in immoral behaviours e.g theft
      • Industries release harmful gases such carbon iv oxide that lead to air pollution/ industrial effluents.
      • It can lead to decline in agricultural production when productive people who can work in farms migrate to urban areas to work in industries.
        (any 3 x 2 marks)
    4.     
      1. Explain three factors that influenced the iron and steel industry in the Ruhr Industrial region.(6mks)
        • Plenty water required in the industries for cooling of machine is supplied by R. Rhine, Lippe and Ruhr.
        • Abundant supply of coal from the Ruhr valley provided power for running the machines
        • Availability of raw materials required in form of limestone, iron ore and coal
        • Skilled labour provided by the German local population
        • Well established road and railway network/ navigable rivers e.g R. Rhine that facilitate movement of raw materials to industries and finished goods to market
        • Large and ready market offered by local German population and countries in central and Western Europe.
        • The Krupp family provided large capital required for industrial development.
        • Strategic location of Ruhr region in relation to other parts of Europe makes I directly connected to other parts by road, water and air.
          (Any 3X2=6mks)
      2. Apart from the iron and steel industries, name two other industries in the Ruhr industrial region. (2mks)
        • Motor vehicle
        • Food processing
        • Oil refineries
        • Pharmaceuticals and chemical industries
        • Textiles
        • Engineering works
          (any 2 x 1mark)
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