INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
- Write your name and index number in the space provided
- Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided
- This paper consists of three section A, B and C
- Answer all questions in section A and B
- Answer any two questions in section C
- All the questions should be answered in the spaces provided
FOR EXAMINERS USE ONLY
SECTION |
QUESTINS |
MAX SCORE |
CANDIDATES SCORE |
A |
1-16 |
30 |
|
B |
17-20 |
20 |
|
C |
21 |
20 |
|
22 |
20 |
|
|
23 |
20 |
|
|
TOTAL |
|
90 |
|
QUESTIONS
SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided
- Give four advantages of intensive farming (2mks)
- State four benefits of agroforestry to a maize crop (2mks)
- Name the plant part used for vegetative propagation of each of the following plants
- Sisal (½ mk)
- Pyrethrum (½ mk)
- Sweet potatoes (½ mk)
- Sugar cane (½ mk)
- State four cultural ways of controlling couch grass (2mks)
- Name three sources of underground water (1½mks)
- State three causes of blossom end of rot in tomatoes (1½mks)
- Give three qualities of a good green manuring plant (1½mks)
- State four reasons for practicing minimum tillage (2mks)
- Name four farm records that should be kept by a poultry farmer (2mks)
- Give three ways in which pastures are classified (1½mks)
- State four ways in which land reforms can be implemented in Kenya (2mks)
- State four factors that determine the stage at which a crop is harvested (2mks)
- Give four beneficial effects of weeds to a farmer (2mks)
- Give four advantages of practicing crop rotation (2mks)
- Name four methods of controlling pests (2mks)
- Distinguish between intensive hedgerow and border planting forms of agroforestry (2mk)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
- The following illustrations show different production function curves in agricultural economics Study them and answer the questions which follows;
- Identify the production function curves labeled A, B and C
- A (1mk)
- B (1mk)
- C (1mk)
- What does the law derived from the production function labeled C state? (1mk)
-
- Which one of the three production functions curves is rare in Agriculture (1mk)
- Give a reason for your answer in (i) above (1mk)
- Identify the production function curves labeled A, B and C
- The table below shows the population and gross domestic products of countries A and B
Country
Gross Domestic product (million Ksh)
Population (million)
A
1800
36
B
1200
15
- Calculate the per capita income for each country show your working (2mks)
- Which of the two countries is more developed economically (1mk)
- Give a reason for your answer in (b) above (1mk)
- How can agriculture increase the gross domestic product of a country (1mk)
- The diagram below illustrate investigation on a property of soil using soil samples labeled J, K and L
- Name the property of soil being investigated (1mk)
- What is the relationship between the soil property above and the size of soil particles? (1mk)
- Which soil sample would be suitable for growing paddy rice? (1mk)
- Give a reason for your answer in (c) above (1mk)
- The following is a list of nutrients: copper, calcium, nitrogen, molybdenum, zinc, phosphorus, carbon, sulphSSSSSur, iron and magnesium Which of the above nutrients are;
- Macro – nutrients (1mk)
- Micro – nutrient (1mk)
- Fertilizer elements (1mk)
- Liming elements (1mk)
- Primary macro nutrients (1mk)
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question
-
- Explain five functions of a live fence in a farm (5mks)
- Describe various risks and uncertainties in crop farming (10mks)
- State five functions of young farmers clubs in Kenya (5mks)
-
- Explain five factors that should be considered in farm planning (10mks)
- Explain the different ways in which each of the following environmental factors influence crop production
- Wind (5mks)
- Temperature (5mks)
-
- Outline the information contained in a purchase order (5mks)
- Describe the harvesting of tea (7mks)
- Explain the cultural methods of controlling soil erosion (8mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- Advantages of intensive farming. (2mks)
- Increases production per unit area
- Farm supervision is easy
- Ideal for densely populated area/small land holdings
- Utilizes technology to increase production
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Benefits of agroforestry to a maize crop. (2mks)
- Leguminous trees fix nitrogen into the soil
- Trees acts as wind breaks
- Trees stabilizes soil against soil erosion
- Leaf litter decompose forming humus/recycle nutrients
- Trees act as water catchment area/conserve water
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Plant part used for vegetative propagation of each of the following plants.
- Sisal - Bulbils/suckers (½ mk)
- Pyrethrum - splits (½ mk)
- Sweet potatoes – vine /stem cutting (reject cutting alone) (½ mk)
- Sugar cane – setts (½ mk)
- Cultural ways of controlling couch grass (2mks)
- Mulching
- Cover cropping
- Crop rotation
- Proper spacing
- Clean seed bed
- Flooding
- Timely planting
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Sources of underground water (1½mks)
- Springs
- Boreholes
- Wells
½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks
- Causes of blossom end of rot in tomatoes (1½mks)
- Irregular watering
- Lack of calcium
- Excessive use of nitrogen
½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks
- Qualities of a good green manuring plant (1½mks)
- Hardy
- Fast growth
- Ability to rot quickly
- Highly leafy
- Leguminous
½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks
- Reasons for practicing minimum tillage. (2mks)
- Reduce cost of cultivation
- Control soil erosion
- Improve soil structure
- Conserve water
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Records that should be kept by a poultry farms. (2mks)
- Health records
- Feeding records
- Labour records
- Egg production records
- Marketing records
- Inventory records
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Ways in which pastures are classified (1½mks)
- Pasture stand; pure/mixed stand
- Pasture establishment; Natural/artificial
- Ecological zone
½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks
- Ways in which land reforms can be implemented in Kenya. (2mks)
- Land consolidation.
- Land adjudication and registration/issue of title deeds
- Improve land legislation
- Tenancy reforms
- Land settlement and resettlement
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Factors that determine the stage at which a crop is harvested. (2mks)
- Market price/market demand
- Weather conditions
- Purpose/intended use
- Taste and preference/form required
- Concentration of required chemical/colour/maturity
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Beneficial effects of weeds to a farmer. (2mks)
- Some are edible to man
- Some have medicinal value e.g Datura strommonium/thorn apple
- Control soil erosion
- Some provide food to livestock
- Releases humus after decomposition
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Advantages of practicing crop rotation. (2mks)
- Maximum use of nutrients
- Control buildup of pests and diseases
- Control weeds
- Improve soil fertility when legumes are included
- Control soil erosion when cover crops are included
- Improves soil structure if grass lay is included
½ x 4 = 2mks (reject if underlined word is missing)
- Name four methods of controlling pests. (2mks)
- Biological methods – accept specific example
- Chemical method
- Cultural method – accept specific example
- Physical/mechanical method – accept specific examples
- Legislation.
½ x 4 = 2mks
- Distinguish between intensive hedgerow and border planting forms of agroforestry (2mk)
- Intensive hedgerow – Trees or shrubs are planted in between rows of crops
- Border planting – Trees or shrubs are planted on the border of the farm.
- The following illustrations show different production function curves in agricultural economics. Study them and answer the questions which follows;
- Identify the production function curves labeled A, B and C
- A – Increasing returns production (1mk)
- B – Constant returns production. (1mk)
- C – Decreasing returns production (1mk)
Reject if the word returns is missing.
- What does the law derived from the production function labeled C state? (1mk)
- If successive units of one variable input are added to fixed quantities of other inputs, a point is reached when additional/extra/marginal product per additional unit of input declines.
1 x 1 = 1mk
- If successive units of one variable input are added to fixed quantities of other inputs, a point is reached when additional/extra/marginal product per additional unit of input declines.
- Which one of the three production functions curves is rare in Agriculture (1mk)
- B 1 x 1 = 1mk
- Other factors influencing/limiting agricultural production e.g.
- Weather
- Biotic factor
- Disease attack
1 x 1 = 1mk (Reject if the answer in C (i) above is wrong.
- Identify the production function curves labeled A, B and C
- The table below shows the population and gross domestic products of countries A and B
Country
Gross Domestic product (million Ksh)
Population (million)
A
1800
36
B
1200
15
- Calculate the per capita income for each country show your working (2mks)
- Calculation of per capital income
Per capita income = (Gross Domestic product)/population
A = 1800/36=50
B = 1200/15=80
1 x 2 = 2mks
- Calculation of per capital income
- Which of the two countries is more developed economically (1mk)
- B 1 x 1 = 1mk
- Give a reason for your answer in (b) above (1mk)
- B has a higher per capita income
1 x 1 = 1mk
- B has a higher per capita income
- How can agriculture increase the gross domestic product of a country (1mk)
- By creating employment/developing industries/increasing production.
1 x 1 = 1mk
- By creating employment/developing industries/increasing production.
- Calculate the per capita income for each country show your working (2mks)
- The diagram below illustrate investigation on a property of soil using soil samples labeled J, K and L.
- Name the property of soil being investigated (1mk)
- Soil capillarity 1 x 1 = 1mk
- What is the relationship between the soil property above and the size of soil particles? (1mk)
- The smaller the size of the particles the greater the force of capillarity.
1 x 1 = 1mk
- The smaller the size of the particles the greater the force of capillarity.
- Which soil sample would be suitable for growing paddy rice? (1mk)
- L 1 x 1 = 1mk
- Give a reason for your answer in (c) above (1mk)
- Has the highest capillarity/has the highest water holding capacity.
1 x 1 = 1mk
- Has the highest capillarity/has the highest water holding capacity.
- Name the property of soil being investigated (1mk)
- The following is a list of nutrients: copper, calcium, nitrogen, molybodenum, zinc, phosphorus, carbon, sulphur, iron and magnesium. Which of the above nutrients are;
- Macro – nutrients (1mk)
- Calcium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Sulphur and Magnesium
(Award 1 mark of all the five macro – nutrients are present. Penalize fully if any of the macro – nutrients is missing.
- Calcium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Sulphur and Magnesium
- Micro – nutrient (1mk)
- Copper, molybodenum, Zinc and Iron
(Award 1 mark of all the four micro – nutrient are there)
- Copper, molybodenum, Zinc and Iron
- Fertilizer elements (1mk)
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus
(Award 1 mark if the two are present)
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus
- Liming elements (1mk)
- Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur.
(Award 1 mark if the three are present
- Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur.
- Primary macro nutrients (1mk)
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus
(Award 1 mark if the two nutrients are presents
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus
- Macro – nutrients (1mk)
-
- Functions of a live fence in a farm. (5mks)
- Act as windbreak
- Some are used as a fodder for the livestock e.g tickberry
- Some may provide edible fruits e.g Kei apple
- Have aesthetic value
- Provide security
- Mark the boundary when planted on a border lines
1 x 5 = 5mks
- Describe various risks and uncertainties in crop farming (10mks)
- Technology uncertainty – farmers may not be sure of the effective of new production technology
- Price uncertainty – This is due to fluctuation of commodity prices.
- Personal injury or sickness – This may affect the ability of the farmer to work
- Government policy – this may change with time making farmer to incur losses
- Demand for a commodity uncertainty – this results in a loss when market demand is low.
- Yield uncertainty – A farmer cannot accurately project how much to expect
- Pest and disease outbreak – this may lower the yield
- Obsolescence – the farmer may invest in a technology which will become obsolete.
- Natural catastrophes – this include floods, earthquakes, storms etc.
- Labour uncertainty
- Political instability
- Theft of crop
- Fire risk/ownership uncertainty
1 x 10 = 10mks
- Functions of young farmers clubs in Kenya (5mks)
- Involvement in workshops and seminars related to agriculture.
- Participating in exhibitions and competitions at Ask shows.
- Involvement in agricultural projects at club level.
- Participating in young farmers club annual rallies
- Participate in national ploughing contest.
- Participate in exchange programme
- Participate in national tree planting activities.
1 x 5 = 5mks
- Functions of a live fence in a farm. (5mks)
-
- Factors that should be considered in farm planning (10mks)
- Size of the farm – this determines the number of enterprises possible.
- Environmental factors/climate/soil type – this will determine specific enterprises that are possible in an arta.
- Transport and communication – this ensures produce reach market and inputs are easily accessed.
- Government policy – this ensures that laws are followed.
- Farmer objective and preferences – a farmer will have a sense of ownership of the farm plan for motivation.
- Trend in labour market – This ensures labour availability through the season
- Existing market conditions and price trends – this ensures what is sold is at an appropriate price
- Possible production enterprises – the farmer to choose the most profitable and convenient enterprise.
2 x 5 = 10mks
- Explain the different ways in which each of the following environmental factors influence crop production.
- Wind (5mks)
- Strong wind increases the rate of evaporation/evapotranspiration/wilting
- Help in pollination of crops
- Strong winds have a cooling effect which influences rate of physiological processes
- Strong winds may cause lodging/destruction of certain crops.
- Wind can spread diseases/pests
- Used in winnowing/cleaning grains
1 x 5 = 5mks
- Temperature (5mks)
- It affects quality of certain crops eg. pineapple
- Causes increase in incidences of pests/diseases.
- Low temperature causes frost injury
- Influences distribution of crops
- High temperature increases rate of evapotranspiration hence wilting
- Influences the rate of physiological processes in crop.
1 x 5 = 5mks
- Wind (5mks)
- Factors that should be considered in farm planning (10mks)
-
- Information contained in a purchase order. (5mks)
- Quantities of the goods
- Types of good required
- Date of order
- Date within which the ordered goods should be delivered
- Person who orders the goods
- Person who authorized the order
- Cost of goods/each item
- Name of the supplier
- Serial number
- Total amount/cost involved
1 x 5 = 5mks
- Harvesting of tea (7mks)
- Leaves are picked selectively for the highest quality
- Pluck top two leaves and a bud for fine plucking/three leaves and a bud for coarse plucking
- Use a plucking stick to maintain the plucking table
- Pluck at 5 – 7 days interval in rainy season and 10 – 14 days in a dry period.
- Put the plucked tea in a woven basket to facilitate air circulation/prevent fermentation.
- Do not compress the leaves in this basket to prevent heating up/browning.
- Put plucked tea in cool and shaded place.
- Deliver the plucked tea to the factory same day.
1 x 7 = 7mks
- Cultural methods of controlling soil erosion (8mks)
- Contour farming – cultivation and planting done across the slope hence in holding water thereby increasing infiltration and reducing run off.
- Mulching covers the soil thereby reducing splash erosion/reduce the speed of run off.
- Strip cropping – alternating strips of crops that give good soil cover with those that give little soil cover controls movement of soil particles hence control soil erosion.
- Vegetated water ways – this slows down run off/trap eroded soil particles thereby preventing soil erosion.
- Afforestation/re-afforestation – trees protect soil from splash erosion by atomizing rain drop/encourage water infiltration/protect soil from wind which could detach and remove soil particles.
- Intercropping – crops which do not cover soil and crops that have good ground cover should be planted together to prevent splash erosion/surface run off.
- Minimum tillage –this maintains good soil structure.
- Cover cropping – this spread over the surface of soil hence protect soil from effects of raindrops.
- Crop rotation – maintains soil cover for protection against soil erosion/improved soil structure.
- Correct spacing – this ensures adequate soil cover.
- Grass strips/filter strips – they are left between cultivated/cropped strips of land to reduce speed of water and filter out trodden soil.
- Agroforestry – this intercepts raindrops/stabilizes soil acts as wind breaks.
- Rotational grazing – this allows grass to recover thus prevent soil erosion.
1 x 8 = 8mks
- Information contained in a purchase order. (5mks)
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