INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- This paper has two sections: A and B
- Answer ALL the questions in section A.
- In section B, answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.
- Candidates must answer the questions in English.
QUESTIONS
SECTION A
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- Name three substances that are found in the atmosphere. (3 marks)
- Give two dates of the year when the hours of day and night are equal at latitude 60ºN and 60ºS. (2 marks)
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- Name two fold mountains in North America? (2 marks)
- State three causes of vulcanicity. (3 marks)
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- State two characteristics of metamorphic rocks. (2 marks)
- Give three factors that influence rock metamorphism. (3 marks)
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- Define the term weathering. (2 marks)
- List three agents of weathering. (3 marks)
- The diagram below shows some features associated with a coast.
- Identify the parts marked P, Q and R. (3 marks)
- Outline two causes of coastal submergence. (2 marks)
- SECTION B
- Study the map of Nyeri (1:50,000 sheet 120/4) provided and use it to answer the following questions
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- What is the magnetic variation of the area covered by the map when the map was drawn? (1 mark)
- Give the latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map. (2 marks)
- Identify two relief features at grid square 5465. (2 marks)
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- Determine the direction of the Ark Lodge from the Tree tops Look out Hotel. (2 marks)
- Citing evidence from the map, give four social services offered in the area covered by the map. (4 marks)
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (6 marks)
- Explain four factors favouring crop farming in the area covered by the map.(8 marks)
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- Differentiate between weather and climate. (2 marks)
- State four factors to consider when choosing a suitable site for a weather station. (4 marks)
- Explain how distance from the sea affects the climate of a place. (4 marks)
- The map below shows some climatic regions of the world. Use it to answer question (c) (i) and (ii).
- Identify the climatic zones marked K, L, M and N. (4 marks)
- Describe the characteristics of the climatic zone marked L. (5 marks)
- Explain three human activities that cause climate change. (6 marks)
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- Define the term faulting. (2 marks)
- The diagram below represents some features formed due to faulting.
- Name the features marked X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
- Describe how Fold Mountains were formed. (6 marks)
- Explain four ways in which fold mountains influences human activities. (8 marks)
- Suppose you were to carry out a field study of faulting within a section of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya:
- State three reasons why they would prepare a route map. (3 marks)
- State three disadvantages of using observation as a method of data collection. (3 marks)
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- Differentiate between a river’s source and its mouth. (2 marks)
- State five characteristics of the upper stage of a river. (5 marks)
- The diagram below shows some features formed due to action of rivers.
- Name the parts marked P, Q, R and S. (4 marks)
- Explain four causes of river deposition. (8 marks)
- Explain three negative effects of rivers to people. (6 marks)
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- What is glaciation? (2 marks)
- Give three types of glacier. (3 marks)
- Describe how ice moves under the following mechanisms:
- Basal slip (2 marks)
- Extrusion flow (4 marks)
- Describe the formation of a glacial trough. (6 marks)
- Explain four economic importance of glaciated upland features to human activities. (8 marks)
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MARKING SCHEME
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- Name three substances that are found in the atmosphere. (3 marks)
- Gases/air
- Water vapour
- Dust particles
- Smoke particles
- Clouds/Water droplets/ice crystals
- Give two dates of the year when the hours of day and night are equal at latitude 60ºN and 60ºS. (2 marks)
- 21st March
- 23rd September
- Name three substances that are found in the atmosphere. (3 marks)
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- Name two fold mountains in North America? (2 marks)
- Appalachians
- Rockies/Rocky mountains
- State three causes of vulcanicity. (3 marks)
- Very high temperatures in the interior of the earth.
- Intense pressure which pushes materials out.
- Faulting which forms lines of weakness where volcanic materials pass.
- Ground water which is heated by hot rocks below to form hot springs/geysers.
- Name two fold mountains in North America? (2 marks)
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- State two characteristics of metamorphic rocks. (2 marks)
- Some metamorphic rocks have valuable minerals.
- Metamorphic rocks have their original equivalent.
- Most metamorphic rocks are harder than their original equivalent.
- Give three factors that influence rock metamorphism. (3 marks)
- The resistance of rock
- Porosity of the rock
- The stability of the minerals that are produced.
- The grain size of the rock being changed.
- The chemical action of the rock’s minerals.
- The solubility of the minerals forming the rock.
- State two characteristics of metamorphic rocks. (2 marks)
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- Define the term weathering. (2 marks)
- Weathering is the physical breakdown or chemical decay of rocks in situ due to their exposure at or near the surface of the earth
- List three agents of weathering. (3 marks)
- Air
- Heat
- Water
- Ice
- Biological organisms
- Define the term weathering. (2 marks)
- The diagram below shows some features associated with a coast.
- Identify the parts marked P, Q and R. (3 marks)
- P – Cliff
- Q – Shore
- R –Beach
- Outline two causes of coastal submergence. (2 marks)
- Positive change in the base level/Actual increase in the sea level.
- Subsidence of coastal land.
- Identify the parts marked P, Q and R. (3 marks)
- Study the map of Nyeri (1:50,000 sheet 120/4) provided and use it to answer the following questions
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- What is the magnetic variation of the area covered by the map when the map was drawn? (1 mark)
- 1º31 west of true north
- Give the latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map. (2 marks)
- From 0º19 South to 0º30 South
- Identify two relief features at grid square 5465. (2 marks)
- A river valley
- A spur
- Interfluve
- What is the magnetic variation of the area covered by the map when the map was drawn? (1 mark)
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- Determine the direction of the Ark Lodge from the Tree tops Look out Hotel. (2 marks)
- West North West
- Citing evidence from the map, give four social services offered in the area covered by the map. (4 marks)
- Water supply due to presence of a water tower near Nyeri Town and pump house at grid square 6658.
- Religious services due to presence of several churches and a convent.
- Medical services due to the presence of dispensaries and hospitals.
- Education services due to presence of schools and Kagumo College.
- Security due to the presence of a police post and police stations.
- Determine the direction of the Ark Lodge from the Tree tops Look out Hotel. (2 marks)
- Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (6 marks)
- Rivers are the main natural drainage features.
- The main rivers are river Amboni(Honi), river Chanya and river Gura.
- The general direction of rivers is from West to East.
- Many rivers have their source at Aberdare forest.
- Almost all the rivers in the area are permanent.
- There is a seasonal river within Nyeri forest.
- There are many rivers and streams in the area covered by the map.
- Most rivers display dendritic drainage pattern.
- Parallel drainage pattern is also evident especially on the eastern parts.
- There is an irrigation canal near Nyeri Hill forest.
- There are several dams in the area covered by the map.
- There are several ditches in the area covered by the map.
- Rivers Chanya and Amboni are highly meandering.
- Explain four factors favouring crop farming in the area covered by the map. (8 marks)
- Presence of Aberdare forest is a likely indicator that the area receives high rainfall which favours crop growing.
- Presence of settlements and labour camps/lines indicates presence of manpower required in crop production practices such as planting, weeding and harvesting.
- High altitude due to contour heights between 1700 m and 2600 m which is ideal for crops such as coffee.
- Presence of some dams indicates availability of water for irrigating crops in some farms East of Mweiga.
- Presence of forests such as Nyeri forest are a likely indicator of deep and well drained soil in the area that supports various crops.
- Presence of several settlements to the south East and Nyeri town indicates availability of market for some crops produced in the area covered by the map.
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- Differentiate between weather and climate. (2 marks)
- Weather is the state of the atmosphere of a given place over a short period of time whereas climate refers to the average weather conditions of a place which have been observed over a long period of time such as 30 years.
- State four factors to consider when choosing a suitable site for a weather station. (4 marks)
- An open place where there is little obstruction of weather elements.
- The place should be away from tall structures such as trees.
- A fairly level or gently sloping ground.
- The place should provide a wide view of the surrounding landscape and the sky.
- The site should be free from flooding.
- The place should have security.
- Differentiate between weather and climate. (2 marks)
- Explain how distance from the sea affects the climate of a place. (4 marks)
- Some regions near the coast may receive high rainfall due to the effects of moist onshore prevailing winds throughout the year.
- Some regions very far in the interior receive dry winds as onshore winds loose moisture on the way thus very low rainfall.
- In temperate regions, coastlands are cooler during summer than interior regions due to the effects of cool sea breeze.
- During winter in temperate regions, some coastlands are warmer than interior areas due to the effects of warm onshore winds.
- The map below shows some climatic regions of the world. Use it to answer question (c)(i) and (ii).
- Identify the climatic zones marked K, L, M and N. (4 marks)
- K – Equatorial climate
- L – Tropical desert climate
- M – Tundra climate
- N – Tropical monsoon climate
- Describe the characteristics of the climatic zone marked L. (5 marks)
- The climatic region marked K is tropical desert climate.
- High mean annual temperature of about 27ºC.
- Large annual temperature range between 26ºC and 28ºC.
- Intense insolation due to cloudless skies
- Low humidity throughout the year.
- Large diurnal temperature range due to low temperatures at night
- Very low rainfall less than 120 mm annually.
- Sporadic rains that at times result in flash floods.
- Low atmospheric pressure during the hot season and high during the cool season.
- Identify the climatic zones marked K, L, M and N. (4 marks)
- Explain three human activities that cause climate change. (6 marks)
- Burning fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum products increases the levels of Carbon (IV) Oxide which leads to global warming.
- Clearing large tracts of vegetation especially forests results in excessive buildup of Carbon (IV) Oxide.
- Industrialization emits chlorofluorocarbons that damage the ozone layer thus passage of deadly ultra violet radiations.
- Forest and grassland fires started by people add large quantities of Carbon (IV) Oxide In the atmosphere.
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- Define the term faulting. (2 marks)
- Faulting is the process through which crustal rocks fracture due to tectonic forces.
- The diagram below represents some features formed due to faulting.
- Name the features marked X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
- X –Tilt block
- Y –Escarpment/fault scarp
- Z –Rift valley
- Describe how Fold Mountains were formed. (6 marks)
- Initially, earth movements led to the formation of an extensive depression called a geosyncline.
- The geosyncline was filled with water to form an extensive ocean.
- The surrounding continental land masses were intensely eroded.
- Sediments were transported by rivers and glacier and deposited into the geosyncline in layers.
- Over many years of deposition, thick layers developed whose weight caused the geosyncline to sink inwards.
- Sinking of the geosyncline triggered compressional forces that drew the surrounding continental land masses towards each other. Compression forces could have also been caused by convection currents in the mantle.
- The intense compressional forces squeezed the layers of sediments bending upwards to form Fold Mountains.
- Name the features marked X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
- Explain four ways in which fold mountains influences human activities. (8 marks)
- Windward slopes of most fold mountains receive high orographic rainfall which supports crop farming.
- Fold mountain scenery and snowcapped slopes are important tourist attractions with some slopes favouring winter sports such as skiing and ice
skating, e.g Swiss Alps. - Slopes of some Fold Mountains have valuable minerals formed during regional metamorphism thus are exploited and sold.
- Fold Mountains are vital water catchment areas due to melting of snow and high rainfall thus giving rise to some major rivers that supply water for many economic activities.
- The topography of some fold mountains discourages human settlement and agriculture due to ruggedness.
- Fold mountain ranges act as barriers to easy construction of transport lines/routes such as roads, railways and pipelines thus difficulties in accessing
some regions, - Leeward slopes of most fold mountains receive dry winds leading to arid conditions that hinders crop farming
- Suppose you were to carry out a field study of faulting within a section of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya:
- State three reasons why they would prepare a route map. (3 marks)
- To show the direction to be followed during the study.
- To help in estimating the distance to be covered during the study.
- To help in preparation of a work schedule.
- To assist in estimating the time required for the study.
- To help in deciding the technique of data collection.
- State three disadvantages of using observation as a method of data collection. (3 marks)
- Old data may be unavailable for viewing.
- It is an expensive method due to a lot of travelling.
- It is limited to the visually impaired people.
- It is limited to direct sources of information
- State three reasons why they would prepare a route map. (3 marks)
- Define the term faulting. (2 marks)
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- Differentiate between a river’s source and its mouth. (2 marks)
- A river’s mouth refers to a point where a river starts while mouth refers to a point where a river drains its water in a sea/lake/swamp.
- State five characteristics of the upper stage of a river. (5 marks)
- The main process is vertical erosion.
- The river has a deep valley with a V-shaped cross section.
- Head ward erosion is also evident.
- The river gradient is steep thus a fast velocity of flow.
- Potholes occur along the river bed in some parts.
- Waterfalls and rapids occur in some parts.
- Gorges occur in some places due to vertical erosion.
- Presence of interlocking spurs along some sections.
- The diagram below shows some features formed due to action of rivers.
- Name the parts marked P, Q, R and S. (4 marks)
- P – Bluffs
- Q – Alluvium
- R –Flood plain
- S –Ox bow lake
- Explain four causes of river deposition. (8 marks)
- Reduction of the river gradient to very gentle reduces the river velocity causing it to drop its load.
- Reduction in the volume of river water which reduces its kinetic energy to transport materials.
- Occurrence of obstacles such as rock outcrops/rock boulders and swamp vegetation on the river bed which filters the load being transported.
- Widening of the river bed which spreads the water over a wide area thus reducing the capacity of the river to transport.
- Overloading of the river. If a river is transporting excessive load, the energy to transport such load is reduced leading to deposition.
- Presence of a calm water body such as a swamp, a lake or a sea immediately slows down the river flow velocity causing deposition to occur.
- Freezing of river water especially in temperate regions during winter causes the load to stand still till it is deposited during melting.
- Name the parts marked P, Q, R and S. (4 marks)
- Explain three negative effects of rivers to people. (6 marks)
- Some rivers cause massive flooding which destroys a lot of property and also may lead to loss of lives.
- Some rivers are very wide thus forming a barrier between communities due to inaccessibility.
- River water at times is a medium of spreading water borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera and amoebiosis.
- Some rivers are habitats to deadly creatures such as hippos and crocodiles which kill or injure people.
- Differentiate between a river’s source and its mouth. (2 marks)
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- What is glaciation? (2 marks)
- Glaciation is the process through which moving ice erodes, transports and deposits materials on the earth’s surface.
- Give three types of glacier. (3 marks)
- Cirque glacier.
- Valley glacier.
- Piedmont glacier.
- What is glaciation? (2 marks)
- Describe how ice moves under the following mechanisms:
- Basal slip (2 marks)
- Weight of the ice makes ice layers beneath to melt slightly.
- This creates water which acts as lubricant between the ice and the rock surfaces.
- The force of gravity then causes the ice to slip and slide over the underlying rocks.
- Extrusion flow (4 marks)
- Ice accumulates in lowlands with very low gradient.
- Ice moving from upslope accumulates in lowland and builds to great thickness at the centre.
- This results in great pressure build up at the centre
- The resultant weight compresses the layers of ice beneath.
- This causes the ice to spread outwards to where there is low pressure thus resulting in extrusion flow
- Basal slip (2 marks)
- With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how a glacial trough. (6 marks)
- Initially, there existed a river valley in a mountainous region.
- The river valley had well developed interlocking spurs.
- The entire river valley was covered with ice during the period of glaciation.
- The river valley was eroded through plucking and abrasion.
- The former interlocking spurs were trimmed through plucking and abrasion forming truncated spurs.
- Plucking process straightened and widened the river valley while abrasion greatly it.
- The eroded materials were deposited in lowlands.
- When ice melted, a wide, flat bottomed valley with steep sides called a glacial trough was formed.
- Explain four economic importance of glaciated upland features to human activities. (8 marks)
- Waterfalls which form at hanging valleys have been harnessed for the generation of hydro – electric power.
- Some cirque lakes/tarns offer suitable areas for trout fish farming example on the slopes of mount Kenya
- Features such as cirques, tarns and waterfalls from hanging valleys provide unique sites that attract tourists who bring foreign exchange or income to an area.
- Glaciated uplands discourage settlement and agriculture thus favouring the growth of softwood trees in some countries which promotes lumbering.
- Some fiords form deep and well sheltered natural harbours and are also excellent fishing grounds.
- Glaciated mountainous regions offer excellent sites for winter sports such as skiing and ice skating.
- Alluvial fans within some glacial troughs are good sites for Agriculture because of fertile.
- Some U-shaped valleys form channels for development of transport routes such as roads and railways thus enabling accessibility to some regions.
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