INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
- Candidates may be penalized for false information and even wrong spellings of technical terms.
- Explain the meaning of the following branches of biology.
- Cytology (1mark)
- Mycology (1mark)
- State three reasons why it’s necessary to classify living organisms. (3marks)
- The diagram below represents a neuron.
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- Identify the neuron. (1mark)
- Give a reason. (1mark)
- Identify the parts labeled A and D. (2marks)
- State the function of neuron. (1mark)
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- A form one student trying to determine the size of onion cells observed the following on a microscopes field of view.
If the student observed 2 cells across the field of view calculate the length of one cell in micrometers (3marks) - The diagram below represents a certain organism collected by a student on his way to school
- State the class to which the organism belongs (1mark)
- Give two reasons for your answer 5(a) above (2mark)
- What is meant by the following terms as used in ecology?
- Biomass (1mark)
- Ecosystem (1mark)
- The diagram below represents a synapse
- Indicate the direction of the impulse on the diagram (1mark)
- State two significances of a synapse in the body (2marks)
- Name a tissue whose cells are thickened with
- Cellulose and pectin (1mark)
- Lignin (1mark)
- The diagram below shows the structure of an organelle
- State the function of the organelle (1mark)
- State one adaptation of the above organelle to its function (1mark)
- Give the function of the following cell organelles
- Lysosomes (1mark)
- Golgi bodies (1mark)
- The diagram below represents across section of a certain plant
- Name the parts labeled A and B (2marks)
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- State the class to which the plant above belongs (1mark)
- Give a reason (1mark)
- During research on different types of plants students found a plant that looked like the one shown below
- Identify the plant. (1mark)
- Name the parts labeled A, B, C and D. (4marks)
- State the division to which the plant belongs. (1mark)
- Why do you think we experience more discomfort in hot humid weather than we do in hot dry weather (3marks)
- Explain why a water logged soil does not support plant growth. (3marks)
- Name the carbohydrate that is
- Found in abundance in mammalian blood. (1mark)
- Stored in a mammalian liver. (1mark)
- Liver damage leads to impaired digestion of fats. Explain. (2marks)
- The letters ‘N’ and n represents the dominant and recessive genes for hemophilia respectively.
Write down the genotype of the following (3marks)- Homozygous
dominant________________________________________________________________ - Homozygous
recessive________________________________________________________________ - Heterozygote________________________________________________________________
- Homozygous
- Give three adaptations of human male gamete to its functions. (3marks)
- The diagram below represents a longitudinal section of a bean study it and answer the questions that follow:
- Identify the parts labeled A to D. (2marks)
- Give the role of the plant labeled D. (1mark)
- What type of germination would the seed shown above undergo? (1mark)
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- A person who is blood group AB has an advantage over a person who is blood group O. Explain. (2marks)
- Give two reasons for screening blood before transfusion. (2marks)
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- Define immunity. (1mark)
- Distinguish between natural immunity and acquired immunity. (1mark)
- Identify one immunisable disease in Kenya. (1mark)
- State the causative agent of;
- Cholera (1mark)
- Amoebic dysentery. (1mark)
- Explain why it difficult to calculate the respiratory quotient (RQ) in plants. (2marks)
- The diagram below represents a stage in the development of human foetus.
- State one function of each of the structures labeled A and B. (2marks)
- Apart from the size of the foetus what else from diagram illustrates that birth was going to occur in the near future.
- Give the reasons why Lamar’s theory on natural selection in organic evolution was discarde. (2marks)
- Explain why the following process is essential in living organism.
- Reproduction (1mark)
- Excretion (1mark)
- Explain why there are only a few days in each menstrual cycle when fertilization can occur. (2marks)
- Study the bio-chemical reactions given below.
- Identify the process marked I and II (2marks)
- Explain how the process marked II can be carried out in a laboratory. (1mark)
MARKING SCHEME
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- Study of cells✔
- Study of fungi✔
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- Helps to develop scientific skills like observation, recording e.t.c.
- Helps to arrange information in orderly manner to avoid confusion
- Helps to understand evolutionary or phylogemetic relationship
- Helps to know features or characteristics of organisms
- Helps to identify organisms
- Helps to avoid chaos and confusion among scientists
(Mark first three correct answers)
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- Sensory neuron / Afferent neuron
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- Cell body of the axon ✔ (Mark 1st correct answer)
- Short axon
- No dendrites on the cell body
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- A schwann cells✔ (Reject Schwann cell)
- D node of ranvier✔ (rej. Nodes of ranvier)
- transmits impulse from receptors/ sense organs to central nervous system / brain/ spinal cord.
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- Diameter of field of view = 3 mm = 3000 μm✔
No of cells = 20 cells
Length of one cell = 3000 μm20 =150μm✔ (3 marks) -
- Arachnida (rej arachnidesx)
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- Four pairs of legs✔ (reject cephalothorax)
- Lack antennae✔
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- Quantity of dry matter of a given type of organisms or dry weight of a given type of organism per unit area
- Natural unit made up of biotic and abiotic factors that interact with one another to form a stable self- sustaining system.
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- Ensure / impulses travel in one direction✔
- Control learning/ memory / ensure one neuron can make joints with several other neurons✔
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- Collenchyma✔
- Sclerenchyma✔ / xylem (first correct answer)
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- Site for respiration/ produce energy
- Inner membrane greatly folded into cristae to increase surface area for attachment of respiratory enzymes / To increase surface area for respiration.
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- lysosomes - destroy worn out cell organelles and pathogens
- Golgi bodies - Packaging, modification and transport glycoproteins, form lysosomes
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- A - Epidermis ✔
- B - Vascular bundles✔ / xylem and phloem
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- Monocotyledonae
- Vascular bundles scattered.
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- fern
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- A – sorus rej. sori
- B - Pinna
- C - Adventitious roots
- D - rhizome
- Division pteridophyta
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- In humid conditions, the air contains so much water vapour that the sweat may not evaporate rapidly enough to produce an adequate cooling effect. This may lead to heat accumulation in which the body temperature rises above normal hence the discomfort.
- In hot dry weather, the sweat produced evaporates by use of latent heat from the body hence reducing the body temperatures.
- When is waterlogged the air spaces are occupied by water; this reduces the amount of oxygen in the soil , causing poor root respiration hence poor uptake of mineral salts
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- Glucose
- Glycogen
- No production of bile to emulsify fats.
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- XNXN
- XnXn
- XNXn
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- Head contains a haploid nucleus that fuses with the ovum nucleus during fertilization to form a zygote
- The neck has (a) centrioles for controlling the axial filaments
- Has a tail with axial filament for propulsion
- Has an acrosome that contains lytic enzymes which dissolve the vitelline membrane of the ovum to allow its penetration
- The middle piece is packed with mitochondria that provide energy for propulsion;
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- A - Plumule
- B – Radical
- C – Micropyle
- D – Cotyledon
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- Store food for the embryo
- After germination, it turns green and photosynthesis
- Protects plumule from mechanical damage.
- Epigeal
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- Shall be a universal recipient ; can receive blood from any blood group ; while a person with blood group ‘O’ can only receive blood from a person with blood group O/ AB has no antibodies while O has no antigen
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- To check for compatibility
- To make sure the blood is free from diseases (such as HIV, Hepatitis B, Etc)
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- Ability of the body to identify / recognize foreign antigens and develop mechanisms of destroying item or ability of the body to resist infections
- Natural immunity is inborn /inherited /passed from parents to offspring while acquired immunity is obtained in life through immunization or through infection and production of antibodies
- Tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria whooping cough, measles
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- Vibrio cholerae✔ ( rules of binomial nomenclature should be followed)
- Entamoeba histolytica ✔
- The carbon (IV) oxide produced during respiration is utilized during photosynthesis✔ while the oxygen produced during photosynthesis is used during respiration. ✔
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- A - Has umbilical vein to supply foetus with nutrient and umbilical artery to remove waste products lie CO2
- B - Protect the embryo from shock
- Regulate temperature
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- Widened cervix
- Head of foetus directly above the cervix
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- Phenotypically acquired characteristics are not genetically transmitted from parents to offspring’s; but only those genotypically controlled are transmitted.
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- To replace those members of a species that dies hence ensuring continuity of the species/ improves quality.
- Helps to remove metabolic waste products from the body; which can be toxic/ poisonous
- The released ovum is viable for 12- 24 hours while the sperm might live in the female reproductive organs for 2-3 days.
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- I – condensation
- II – hydrolysis
- Boiling ( the test solution ) in a dilute acid;
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