Instructions to candidates.
- This paper consists of six questions.
- Answer any five questions on the foolscaps provided.
- Each question carries 20 marks.
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QUESTIONS
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- Discuss the rationale behind the prohibition of slander in Islam. (6 marks)
- Elaborate the ways in which HIV/AIDS has affected the Muslim society today. (8 marks)
- Mention six Islamic manners of walking. (6 marks)
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- State seven benefits of writing a will before a Muslim dies. (7 marks)
- Explain six reasons for Jihad in Islam (6 marks)
- Identify seven unlawful acts in business transactions. (7 marks)
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- State seven rules to be observed by a Muslim shopkeeper when selling goods to customers. (7 marks)
- Give six ways through which Islam empowers women economically. (6 marks)
- State seven Islamic teachings on acquisition of wealth. (6 marks)
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- Discuss ways in which Muslim city states on the East Coast of Africa facilitated the spread of Islam in the region between 1700 and 1900 AD. (7 marks)
- State six reasons that led to the fall of the Fattimid's empire. (6 marks)
- In what ways did Umar-al-Khattab contribute to the growth of Islam before he became a Khalifa? (7 marks)
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- Give six reasons why Sayyidna Abubakar (R.A.) was elected Khalifa. (6 marks)
- Explain four factors that led to the battle of Badr. (8 marks)
- In which ways has Islam discouraged slavery? (6 marks)
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- Discuss eight contributions made by Abbasids in the field of Education. (8 marks)
- State Imam Ghazali’s view on children’s education. (6 marks)
- Elaborate the six achievements of Khalifa Ali (R.A.). (6 marks)
MARKING SCHEME
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- Discuss the rationale behind the prohibition of slander in Islam. (6 marks)
- Slander creates suspicion, dishonesty, in the society. People stop trusting one another, thus it destroys friendship, relationships.
- It hurts the people on whom the slander is directed to leading to hostilities between people of the same religion, community, house e.t.c.
- It encourages dishonesty and creates hatred and enmity in the society.
- It leads to defamation of noble character e.g. lady Aisha.
- It causes disunity, conflicts among members of the same community.
- It is against the teachings of Islam and Allah hates those who engaged in this vice hence will lead to hell fire.
- Spoils people’s reputation and can lead to loss of trust, jobs, livelihood/ lowers dignity.
- Can lead to marriage breakup due to suspicion and false rumours.
- Elaborate the ways in which HIV/AIDS has affected the Muslim society today. (8 marks)
- It has impoverished families especially if the infected person is the bread winner.
- Children have been forced to drop out of schools due to lack of support from their parents who cannot afford to educate them.
- Treatment for the disease is very expensive and many patients are unable to afford it. These depend on their families who may exhaust all finances for the their treatment.
- It has led to psychological problems on the infected due to stigmatization and the affected due to stress of caring for the sick.
- It leads to divorce and separation in some cases.
- It may lead to suffering of the children whose parents have separated and left them in a state of confusion.
- It has led to deaths of many Muslims.
- Children suffer psychologically when they are left as orphans after the death of their parents due to the disease.
- Those infected are stigmatized and sometimes neglected by relatives, this causes suffering and can lead to an early death. Affects the economy of a country because those affected are not able to work.
- Mention six Islamic manners of walking.(6 marks)
- One should walk in a moderate pace. (Q. 31:19)
- A Muslim should walk with humility and not with pride (Q. 17:37)
- A Muslim should remove harmful obstacles on the way e.g. thorns, nails, e.t.c.
- Women should not strike their feet as they walk to attract attention.
- Women should always walk behind men so as to guard their modesty.
- Muslims should lower their gaze while walking and should not stare directly at undesirable elements e.g. naked people.
- Muslins should walk by the side of the path so that they don’t cause confusion for other path users.
- Those walking should greet those who are seated.
- Stop walking as a show of respect to the adhan or a funeral procession.
- Walk on the right side of the road/path
- Give way/ assist the disabled on the way
- Discuss the rationale behind the prohibition of slander in Islam. (6 marks)
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- State seven benefits of writing a will before a Muslim dies.(7 marks)
- Writing a will attract rewards from Allah.
- It reduces conflicts among the heirs after the death of a person since each heir will know their share
- Declaration and writing of Wasiyya prevents injustice to those who were supposed to benefit from part of the estate of the deceased.
- It clearly indicates who should be the administrator of the estate and his mandate.
- Family members are able to refer to the will and know the debtors so as to pay them before sharing the tarka (estate).
- It facilitates the rightful distribution of the wealth of the deceased.
- A Muslim is able to benefit non-heirs by willing his property to them, hence assisting them.
- Writing of a will enables Muslims assist other members of society e.g. through contributing to build schools, boreholes, hospitals e.t.c.
- It designates what fraction of the estate should be set aside for the beneficiaries before distributing to the heirs.
- It can be used as a guideline for inheritance in a non Muslim country.
- Reasons for Jihad in Islam.
- For self defense, incase one is attacked by enemies then he should fight them.
- In order to defend the weak members of the society, fighting with the intention of helping those who are being oppressed. (Q 4: 75)
- In defence of religion/ in the course of Allah; Muslims are supposed to fight in order to defend their religion.
- Fighting to remove aggression: Islam allows Muslims to fight those who are aggressive e.g. where one country attacks another for no particular reason then it should be fought.
- For protecting places of worship; all places of worship in which the name of Allah is glorified should be protected against those who want to destroy
them. (Q22:40) - Waging Jihad so as to defect those who cannot tolerate Allah’s message e.g. where Muslims are denied freedom of worship.
- Jihad can be undertaken to defend property e.g. in a situation where property has been destroyed or stolen.
- Jihad can be undertaken so as to bring an end to evil e.g. people who refuse to pay zakat, who practice immoral activities should be fought.
- Identify seven unlawful acts in business transactions.(7 marks)
- Trading in unlawful and haram goods such as alcohol.
- Reducing the weight when weighing items such as sugar.
- Practising unfair monopoly.
- Hoarding on goods.
- Overpricing of commodities. ( charging too much) Starting a business with money from illegal earning.
- Lack of mutual trust between the buyer and the seller.
- Lying to the buyers on the suitability of commodities in order to attract them to buy from you.
- Forcing a buyer to buy an item. (Lack of mutual consent).
- Charging interest.
- Engaging in bribery.
- State seven benefits of writing a will before a Muslim dies.(7 marks)
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- State seven rules to be observed by a Muslim shopkeeper when selling goods to customers.(7 marks)
- A shopkeeper is not allowed to overcharge the customers.
- The customers should be allowed to inspect goods before buying.
- Customers can return defective goods.
- The shopkeeper should not charge interest.
- The shopkeeper should not hoard goods then hike their prices.
- The shopkeeper should not cheat in weights and measurements.
- The shopkeeper should not sell expired goods.
- The customer should be informed about the condition and quality of the goods before buying.
- A shopkeeper can sell goods on credit to the customers if he is able to.
- A shopkeeper should not tamper with the goods before selling e.g. adulterating milk
- Give six ways through which Islam empowers women economically.(6 marks)
- Women receive dowry from their husbands.
- They inherit from their fathers, husbands and other relatives.
- They are accorded the right to own property.
- They are allowed to engage in income generating activities such as legal employment, business.
- Married women should be cared for by their husbands hence can use their earnings in investments of their choice.
- Women are allowed to seek for knowledge and advance in different careers in the job market.
- They are entitled to financial support from the husband in case of divorce and they are the ones taking care of the children.
- Women are allowed to receive gifts and proceeds from religious endowments (waqf).
- State seven Islamic teachings on acquisition of wealth.(6 marks)
- Every person has a right to acquire wealth legally.
- Islam sanctions acceptable ways of acquiring wealth e.g. through trade, inheritance, gifts, work.
- Illegal ways of acquiring wealth such as hoarding, unfair monopoly and charging interest are prohibited in Islam.
- Taking other people’s property without permission is prohibited e.g. through stealing, robbery, deceit.
- All property belongs to Allah and is held in trust by mankind.
- Muslims should pay zakat from their wealth.
- Muslims should avoid extravagant use of their wealth.
- Wealth should be used for the benefit of the community especially the less fortunate members.
- Wealth should not be used for harmful purposes.
- When acquiring wealth, a Muslim should abide by the laws of the country e.g. in Kenya it is illegal to own elephant tusks.
- State seven rules to be observed by a Muslim shopkeeper when selling goods to customers.(7 marks)
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- Discuss ways in which Muslim city states on the East Coast of Africa facilitated the spread of Islam in the region between 1700 and 1900 AD. (7 marks)
- Inhabitants of the city states were Muslims intermarried with the local people who converted to Islam.
- The Swahili/Islamic civilization and culture thrived in the city states, this attracted neighbouring communities who easily embraced Islam.
- Mosques and madrassas in the city states was an attraction to the local people who converted to Islam.
- Through trade, inhabitants of the city states interacted with local people in the region leading to conversion to Islam.
- People in the region left their homes to seek employment from Muslim inhabitants these workers eventually embraced Islam.
- Those who sought employment in the city states occasionally travelled to visit relatives in the villages and they took Islam with them.
- Businessmen from the city states who ventured into the mainland, established Muslim centres such as Taveta, Ujiji, Mumias which were responsible for the spread of Islam.
- The city states were ruled by Muslims/Sultans who extended their authority into neighbouring local communities Islam.
- State six reasons that led to the fall of the Fattimid's empire.(6 marks)
- Discontentment as a result of forceful conversion e.g. Khalifa Al-Hakim was not tolerant towards other religions and forced Christians and Jews to convert to Islam.
- The empire was vast, hence difficult to enforce law and order. This created divisions which led to their downfall.
- Competition in the administration.
- Disunity between Sunnis and Shia contributed to the weakening of the state. Oppression of citizens which led to revolts.
- Forcing Ismaili doctrines on everyone and increasing taxes created discontentment.
- Strict measures such as suppression of women, banning of alcohol and gambling displeased many people.
- Killings and torture led to the rise of crusaders who campaigned against Fattimid rule.
- Weak and immature rulers who could not control the empire e.g. Al-Hakim.
- Turkish slaves serving as body guards of the rulers gained power and overthrew the Fattimids.
- In what ways did Umar-al-Khattab contribute to the growth of Islam before he became a Khalifa?(7 marks)
- His conversation strengthened Islam.
- Because of him, Muslims were able to perform Swalat publicly.
- He was the first to declare his faith openly to the the Quraish, this gave hope and confidence to the Muslims.
- He asked the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) to offer prayers in the Kaaba.
- He had great love for the Prophet and supported him.
- He took part in most of the battles fought by Muslims.
- Contributed to the Tabuk expedition physically and financially.
- He was a scribe and advisor to the Prophet (P.b.u.h.) and Khalifa Abubakar R.A.
- His conversion encouraged other Quraish to convert to Islam.
- Discuss ways in which Muslim city states on the East Coast of Africa facilitated the spread of Islam in the region between 1700 and 1900 AD. (7 marks)
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- Give six reasons why Sayyidna Abubakar (R.A.) was elected Khalifa.(6 marks)
- He was the closest companion of the Prophet (p.b.u.h.)
- He was chosen by the Prophet to be his companion during the difficult time of the Hijra to Madina
- He was one of the ten companions of the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) to whom the Prophet gave good tidings of paradise
- He was the first man to believe in the Prophet p.b.u.h.
- The Prophet had indirectly appointed him during his sickness when he asked him to lead people in prayers
- He was proposed by both Umar and Abu Ubaydah to take the Khilafa and all the other companions agreed.
- He participated in all the battles fought by the Prophet (p.b.u.h.)
- He supported the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) throughout his mission
- He stood by the Prophet (p.b.u.h.) and Islam in times of difficulties and gave all his wealth in support of Islam
- Explain four factors that led to the battle of Badr.(8 marks)
- The urge by the Makkans to show their superiority and attack the Muslims in Madina.
- The fact that Islam had gotten a base from which they could fight idolatory angered the Makkans.
- The Quraish feared that the Muslims could block their caravan route to Syria.
- The escape of Abu Suffyan’s caravan that was approaching from Syria and the Muslims who were waiting to intercept it angered the Quraish and led to the battle.
- Islam was challenging the idolatry religion in Makka which the Quraish never wanted to abandon
- Allah granted the Muslims express permission to defend themselves from Makkan hostilities (Q22:39)
- Muslims wanted to regain some of the losses they had suffered for many years of Makkan attacks and hostilities.
- In which ways has Islam discouraged slavery?(6 marks)
- Islam teaches that the best before Allah are the most pious, regardless of their race or social standing.
- The message in the Quran is for the whole of mankind, rich, poor, free, slave.
- The Prophet (p.b.u.h.) preached on the equality of mankind and brotherhood
- The Prophet advocated for humane treatment of slaves e.g. he set free Zaid bin Harith who was a slave.
- The Prophet preached against slavery.
- Setting free a slave is one of the ways of atoning for one’s sins.
- Slaves were given high ranks e.g. Bilal Ibn Rabbah was a Muadhin.
- Islam advocates for the fair treatment of slaves.
- Slaves were asked to buy their freedom.
- Give six reasons why Sayyidna Abubakar (R.A.) was elected Khalifa.(6 marks)
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- Discuss eight contributions made by Abbasids in the field of Education. (8 marks)
- They established Madrassas schools, colleges and other institutions of learning in the empire and they ensured that a library was attached to every mosque where children learnt Quran and other elements of religion
- They established schools in private houses where the rich had private tutors in their houses.
- Education system was well organized into lower level/primary where pupils learned how to read Quran, middle level/secondary where they learned meaning and interpretation of the Quran, Hadith literature and logic then the advanced level where students learnt Maths, geography, philosophy etc.
- Khalifa Maamun established Baitul hikma which was an important learning centre.
- Works of scholars such as Plato, Aristotle, Galilleo were translated into Arabic.
- Islamic Fiqh developed based on the Quran and hadith and the four schools of thought evolved during this time.
- They encouraged women to seek for knowledge.
- Khalifa Maamun encouraged astronomy by building two observatories.
- Sahihul Sitta was compiled during the Abbasids
- Produced famous geographers eg Al-Yaqub wrote (Kitabul buldan) the book of the country
- The era produced great philosophers such as Al- kindi, Al farabi, Ibn Sina.
- Abbasid khalifas employed teachers and funded research.
- State Imam Ghazali’s view on children’s education.(6 marks)
- A child should be taught the creed in his earliest age
- The meaning of the creed should be taught in an advanced age of the child
- A child must be polite humble and attentive and should not boast about his father’s wealth
- He must learn to respect and obey his parents, teachers and elders
- He must observe the rules of cleanliness and be taught to fast a few days in Ramadhan
- He should be taught not to love money for love of it is a deadly poison
- He should learn the prescriptions of the sacred law
- The pupils must not be excessively proud
- Punishing children should be a last resort
- Teaching of children should be from simple to complex
- Elaborate the six achievements of Khalifa Ali (R.A.).(6 marks)
- He faced the challenges after the assassination of Khalifa Uthman with courage and exemplary character
- He tried to unite Muslims at a time of difficulties and bring them back on one platform
- He led a very simple life of self denial
- He was a great warrior and a scholar who benefitted the Muslims with his knowledge
- He was one of the greatest Jurists among the Sahabas and assisted Muslims in judicial matters during his reign
- He was so effective in his speeches and writings that he attracted a lot of people to the fold of Islam
- He implemented the payment of jizya
- He changed his capital from Madina to Kufa for effective administration
- He established Kufa as a centre of knowledge
- He appointed judges according to their competencies
- He ruled based on the Quran and Hadith
- Discuss eight contributions made by Abbasids in the field of Education. (8 marks)
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