Instructions to candidates
- Write your name and index in the spaces provided above
- Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above
- This paper consists of three sections A, B and C.
- Answer all the questions in sections A and B.
- Answer any two questions in section C
- All answers should be written in the spaces provided in the question paper.
For Examiner’s Use Only
section | question | maximum score | candidates score |
A | 1-20 | 30 | |
B | 21-26 | 40 | |
C | 27-29 | 20 | |
TOTAL SCORE | 90 |
QUESTIONS
- State two methods which can be used to detect mineral deficiency in crops. (1mk)
- State two conditions under which shifting cultivation is favourable.(1mk)
- State two conditions under which seeds are seeded at a high seed rate. (2mks)
- State three ways in which trees improve soil fertility. (1 1/2 mks)
- Give three causes of hardpans in cultivation. (1 1/2 mks)
- Under what two conditions does opportunity cost not exist? (1mk)
- Give two roles of additives in silage making. (1mk)
- Outline four advantages of mixed farming. (2mks)
- Give three reasons why bulbils make good planting materials than suckers.(2mks)
- Give three reasons why agriculture is defined as a science. (1 1/2 mks)
- Give four characteristics of large scale farming system. (2mks)
- State four farming practices which help to improve soil structure. (2mks)
- Give four effects of top dressing on a pasture. (2mks)
- What are the two reasons for innoculating legume seeds before planting (1mk)
- State two advantages of carrying out pruning in banana production.(1mk)
- In maize hybrid 614 what do the following figures stand for? (1mk)
- 6……………………………………………………………………………………
- 4…………………………………………………………………………………….
- Give two ways in which pastures are classified.(1mk)
- Name four practices carried out to improve and maintain permanent pasture. (2mks)
- Give four advantages of tissue culture. (2mks)
- Give three stages of controlling devils horsewhip by mechanical means. (1½ marks)
SECTION B
- The diagram below shows a set up of apparatus for finding the percentage of humus contents in a soil by ignition.
- Label the apparatus. (2 marks)
I ……………………………………………………………………………………………
II …………………………………………………………………………………………...
III …………………………………………………………………………………………..
IV …………………………………………………………………………………………... - Outline the steps followed in carrying out the illustrated experiment. (3 marks)
- Label the apparatus. (2 marks)
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- Identify the weeds above. (2 marks)
G ……………………………………………………………………………
H …………………………………………………………………………… - State the economic importance of the weed shown in diagram G. (2 marks)
- Why is it difficult to control weed in diagram G? (1 mark)
- Identify the weeds above. (2 marks)
- Study the pest below and answer the questions below.
- Identify the pest (1 mark)
- State two methods of controlling the pest. (2 marks)
- Name the crops attacked by the pest. (2 marks)
- The diagram below illustrates a field management practices in tomatoes
- Identify the practice (1 mark)
- State three reasons for carrying out the practice. (3 marks)
- Give another practice that could be carried out to give the same results. (1 mark)
- Study the diagram below then answer the questions that follow:
- Identify the method of drainage above. (1mk)
- State other three methods used to drain swampy areas. (3mks)
- Give four importance of drainage. (4mks)
- Study the processes of chemical water treatment below and answer the questions that follow:
- Identify the parts labeled: (2mks)
A ……………………………………………………………………………………….
B ……………………………………………………………………………………….
C ……………………………………………………………………………………….
D ……………………………………………………………………………………… - State two chemical substances added at part labeled B and give their functions. (2mks)
- State two factors which influence the quantity of the chemical used in part labeled D. (2mks)
- State three uses of water in crop production. (3 mks)
- State three types of production functions in agriculture. (3mks)
- Identify the parts labeled: (2mks)
SECTION C (20MKS)
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- Describe the cultural methods of weed control in crop production. (10mks)
- Describe the harmful effects of pests on crops (10mks)
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- Discuss the human factors which influence agriculture. (10 marks)
- Explain five factors to consider when choosing the planting time. (10 marks)
- Describe the production of carrots under the following sub headings
- Seedbed preparation (3 marks)
- Harvesting (4 marks)
- Explain five cultural methods of weed control in beans production. (10 marks)
- Outline three roles of sulphur in crop production. (3 marks)
MARKING SCHEME
- Two methods which can be used to detect mineral deficiency in crops.
- Soil analysis
- Leaf analysis
- Observation of deficiency. (2 x 1/2 mk= lmk)
- Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is favourable.
- Communal land ownership
- Large piece of land
- Sparse population. (2 x 1/2 mk= lmk)
- Two conditions under which seeds are seeded at a high seed rate.
- When seed germination is low
- When seed have low seed purity
- Incase of closer spacing
- When number of seeds per hole is higher. (1/2 x 4rnks = 2mks)
- Three ways in which trees improve soil productivity.
- Conserve moisture
- Improves soil structure
- Control soil erosion
- Source of plant nutrients/organic matter fix Nitrogen e.g. legumes. (3x 1/2mk=l1/2rnks)
- Causes of hard pans by cultivation.
- Cultivating at the same level throughout
- Cultivating when wet using heavy machinery. (2x1/2mk=Imk)
- Under which two conditions does opportunity cost not exist?
- Where there is no alternative choice
- Unlimited supply
- When goods are supplied free (2 x 1 1/2 mk=lmk
- Two roles of additives to silage making
- To increase carbohydrates supply for proper fermentation
- To increase nutrients value of silage
- To increase the palatability of the silage. (2 x I 1/2 mk=lmk)
- Advantages of mixed farming
- The farmer gets income throughout the year
- Animals obtain food from the crop residue
- There is proper utilization of labour
- The two enterprises act as insurance for the other in case one project fails
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- They are several small vegetative materials
- There is uniformity in crop growth
- Agriculture as a science
- Research and development of suitable crop varieties
- Research on the best method of pests and disease control
- Analysis of the soils to determine their suitability on crop growth
- Give four characteristics of large scale farming system.
- High level of capital investment
- Large piece of land
- High labour
- High production
- Four farming practices which help to improve soil structure
- Ploughing at the correct moisture content
- Crop rotation
- Addition of organic matter
- Cover cropping
- Mulching
- Addition of soil/amendments (4 x 4mk=2mks)
- Give four effects of top dressing on a pasture.
- Improve drainage
- Allow the soil to exchange gases with the atmosphere better,
- Promote the development of soil micro-flora and micro-fauna, which are needed to break down thatch and grass clippings.
- Help repair lawn areas that have been damaged
- Reasons for inoculating legume seeds before planting.
- To introduce nitrogen fixing bacteria to fix nitrogen for the plant
- To promote nitrogen fixation prior to planting. (2 x1/2mk=lmk)
- Reasons for prunning
- To attain high yields.
- Improve on the quality of bananas.
- Helps to count banana weevil.
- Crop reaches bearing stage early. (2mks)
- Hybrid 614
- 1st no: 6 refers to the altitude in thousands of feet above sea level.
- 2nd : 1 refers to the number of crosses.
- 3rd no: 4 refers numbers to the serried number (2 x ½ = 2mks)
- Give two ways in which pastures are classified.
- The form in which they appear
- Nature of establishment
- Four practices used to improve permanent pastures.
- Weed control/pest control.
- Topdressing with nitrogen/manure.
- Controlled grazing to avoid degeneration.
- Cutting back dry and unpalatable stumps. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
- Advantages of tissue culture.
- The plantlets developed maintain parental characteristics e.g. uniformity.
- Disease free plants are obtained.
- Mass production of planting materials.
- High yielding crop clones are produced. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
- Control of devils horsewhip mechanical means.
- Digging up.
- Cleaning.
- Collecting and burning. (3 x ½ = 1½mks)
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-
- Silica dish
- Humus rich soil
- Wire gauge
- Tripod stand (½ x 4 = 2mks)
- Step followed in carrying out the illustrated experiment.
- Weigh the silica dish.
- Collect garden soil from a depth of 20cm.
- Put the soil in the dish.
- Place the dish containing the garden soil over a (105º) in an oven for several hours.
- Cool the soil and weigh.
- Repeat the process until a constant weight is obtained.
- Place the dish with the soil over a source of heat. (½ x 6 = 3mks)
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- G – Cough grass.
- H – Sodom apple. (1 x 2 = 2mks)
- Economic importance
- Compete for resources with cultivated crops.
- It increases the cost of production.
- Lower the quality of pastures. (1 x 2 = 2mks)
- It has deep underground structures difficult to remove, (1 x 1 = 1mk)
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- American bollworm (1x1=1mk)
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- Spraying with insecticides
- Crop rotation (2x1=2 mks)
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- Beans
- Tomatoes (1x1=1mk)
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- Staking (1x1=1mk)
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- Production of clean fruits
- Easy to harvest/spray
- Increase yield as leaves are well exposed for photosynthesis
- Prevent/protects fruits from rotting due to contact with soil. (4x1=4mks)
- Trellising (1x1=1mk)
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- identify the method of drainage.
- French ditch (lmk)
- Other methods of drainage:
- cambered beds.
- Open ditches
- planting of trees.
- Use of underground drain pipes.
- Pumping (3x1=3mks)
- Importance of drainage
- increase soil temperature
- Increase availability and activities of soil micro-organisms.
- Reduce soil erosion
- Reduce leaching of nutrients.
- Maintains soil structure. (4x 1 =4mks)
- identify the method of drainage.
- Study the process of chemical water treatment below then answer the questions that follow:
-
- A - softening of water at mixing chamber.
- B - coagulation and sedimentation.
- C - Actual filtration
- D- chlorination (4x ½ =2mks)
- Chemicals added at part .B.
- Alum /aluminium sulphate- cause coagulation of particles in water.
- Soda ash /sodium bicarbonate — softening of water. (2x1=2mks)
- Factors which influence the quantity of chemical used in part D.
- chlorine added depend on:
- outbreak of water borne diseases
- Quantity of water to be treated. (2x1=2mks)
- uses of water in crop production
- irrigation
- solvent of nutrients in crops
- Processing of crop produce e.g. carrots. (3xl=3mks)
- Types of production functions.
- Increasing returns production function.
- Decreasing /decline returns production functions.
- Constant returns production function. (3xl=3mks)
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- Cultural methods of weed control
- Correct spacing to deny weeds space for active growth but allowing faster crop establishment.
- Mulching it smothers weeds
- Flooding used to control non-aquatic weeds
- Early planting gives crops ample time to establish early and smother weeds
- Application of manure and fertilizers encourage faster plant growth.
- Crop rotation: helps to break the life cycle of certain weeds associated with certain crops.
- Clean seedbed: proper land preparation during the dry period.
- Cover cropping: Smothers weeds. (2 x5 = l0mks)
1 mark for stating and I mk for explanation.
- Harmful effects of pests on crops.
- They damage the leaf tissue reducing the rate of photosynthesis. This results in retarded growth
- Some transmit pathogens from one crop to another.
- Pests cause would in crops resulting in secondary infections.
- Some pests such as nematodes and moths damage plants roots, causing wilting of plants.
- Some pests such as squirrels unearth some seeds resulting in low plant population.
- Pest destroys buds and shoots which are the growing points of crops leading to stunted growth.
- Sucking pests deprive the plant of its cell sap resulting in stunted growth
- Pests attack fruits berries, flowers and leaves thus lowering the quality and quantity of the produce.
- Pests destroy seed embryo lowering their viability
- Some pests infect toxic substance which cause death to the plant tissue
- Pests reduce the demand for a crop produce by lowering quality. (2x5 = 10)
- Cultural methods of weed control
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- Human factors influencing agriculture.
- Level of education and technology – A more knowledgeable farmer produces high yields of high quality than an illiterate farmer.
- Health/HIV/AIDS – Sick farmers are less productive.
- Economy – Farmers with high capital goods produce more than a farmer with little capital.
- Transport and communication – Good roads available easy transport of inputs and outputs hence high yield.
- Market forces of demand and supply – the higher the demand the higher the produce and rise versa.
- Government policy – Government may subsidies prices of inputs to encourage production.
- Cultural and religious beliefs – Some cultures and religious beliefs may discourage or encourage production. (5 x 2 = 10mk
- Factors to consider when choosing the planting time.
- The onset of rains – Crops planted at the onset of rains establish early and make maximum used rains.
- Weather conditions and harvesting time – Crops e.g. cotton, maize and wheat need a dry season for
- ripening and harvesting hence planting can be delayed for a while.
- Prevalence of pests and diseases crops planted early escape attack from pests and diseases.
- Soil moisture content – Right moisture facilitates germination of seeds and allows early crop establishment.
- Make demand off season – Vegetables are always planted late to target high market
- demand when there is shortage of food supplies.
- Type of crop to be planted,
- Human factors influencing agriculture.
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- Seedbed dug deeply (depth of 20cm)
- Soil worked to a fine tilth
- No application of manure for it induces forking
- Makes rows of drills 30cm apart. (Any 3x1=3mks)
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- Mature at 3-5 months
- Done depending on the use intended for the crop
- Harvesting by pulling out the crop
- Ensure soil is moist during harvesting
- Alternatively use a plough called carrot lifter to loosen the soil before lifting.
- Mature carrot tubers are 2 ½ -3cm thick at top (any 4x1=4 mks)
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