AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
- Write your name, admission number and class in the spaces provided above.
- Sign and write the date of the examination in the spaces provided above.
- This paper consists of three sections : A, B and C.
- Answer all question in section A and B.
- Answer any two questions in section C.
- All answers should be written in the spaces provided.
- Candidates must answer all the questions in English.
SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.
- Name one breed of livestock under each of the following categories. (2mks)
- Dairy cattle breeds.
- Dual purpose sheep breeds.
- Dual purpose cattle breeds.
- Hair goat.
- State two importance of litter in a poultry house. (1mk)
- State one way of connecting a trailer to a tractor. (1mk)
- State two functions of the crop in the digestive system of poultry. (1mk)
- State the functional differences between the following. (2mks)
- Cross cut saw and rip saw.
- Wood chisel and cold chisel.
- State four functions of the worker bees in a bee colony. (2mks)
- State four maintenance practices carried out on a fish pond. (2mks)
- Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding.
- Close breeding. (2mks)
- Line breeding
- Out crossing.
- Cross breeding.
- State four egg abornomalities observed during egg candling. (2mks)
- Give four reasons why an animal may be culled. (2mks)
- Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health. (2mks)
- Predisposing factors.
- Incubation period.
- Name two appropriate hand tools needed to finish the handle of a jembe. (1mk)
- State four ways of controlling lice in poultry. (2mks)
- State four limitations of a tractor as a source of power on the farm. (2mks)
- State four reasons for feeding a lamb on colostrum. (2mks)
- State four disadvantages of fold systems in poultry rearing. (2mks)
- State four ways in which disease causing organism can gain access into an animal. (2mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in the spacaes provided .
-
- A farmer is required to prepare 200kg of dairy meal containing 16% DCP. Using the pearson’s square method, Calculate the quantity of sunflower seed cake (28% DCP) and maize germ (8 % DCP) the farmer requires for the dairy meal. (Show your working). (4mks)
- Apart from the method used above, name the other method used in computation of feed rations. (1mk)
- The diagrams below illustrate behavior of chicks in a brooder.
- Describe the behavior of chicks in brooders labeled Q,R and S. (3mks)
- State two other observable behavior of chicks in brooder labeled P other than the behavior shown above. (2mks)
- The diagram below represents part of a roof. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow
- Name the parts G, H, J and K. (2mks)
- State two functions of the roof illustrated above. (1mk)
- Give the collective term for the parts labeled H, J and L. (1mk)
- Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the implement illustrated above. (1mk)
- Name the part labeled E,F,G and H. (2mks)
- State two ways in which the depth of ploughing can be increased when using the implement above. (2mks)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided.
-
- Outline the daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor. (10mks)
- Describe the body conformation features of a dairy cattle. (5mks)
- State five reasons for maintaining livestock healthy. (5mks)
-
- Describe how a four stroke cycle petrol engine works. (8mks)
- State and explain any six factors that should be considered when sitting farm structures. (12mks)
-
- Describe mastitis in dairy cattle under the following subheadings.
- Predisposing factor. (4mks)
- Symptoms of attack. (3mks)
- Outline eight symptoms of tape worm infestation in cattle. (8mks)
- State five ways of stimulating a cow for milk let down. (5mks)
- Describe mastitis in dairy cattle under the following subheadings.
MARKING SCHEME
- Name one breed of livestock under each of the following categories. (2mks)
- Dairy cattle breeds.
- Fresiah.
- Ayshire.
- Guernsey
- Jersey
- Dual purpose sheep breeds.
- Romney marsh
- Corriedase
- Hampshire Down
- Dual purpose cattle breeds.
- Sahiwal
- Redpoll
- Simmental
- Hair goat.
- Angora.
- Angora.
- Dairy cattle breeds.
- State two importance of litter in a poultry house. (1mk)
- To absorb moisture.
- To maintain warmth.
- Keeps birds busy scratching thus reducing cannibalism.
- State one way of connecting a trailer to a tractor. (1mk)
- By use of drawbar.
- By use of drawbar.
- State two functions of the crop in the digestive system of poultry. (1mk)
- Moisten the food with water.
- Store the food temporarily.
- State the functional differences between the following. (2mks)
- Cross cut saw and rip saw.
- Cross cut saw is used for cutting wood across the grains while the rip saw is used for cutting wood along the grains.
- Wood chisel and cold chisel.
- Wood chisels are used for cutting grooves, chopping off rough wood surfaces while a cold chisel is used for cutting thick sheets of metal
- Wood chisels are used for cutting grooves, chopping off rough wood surfaces while a cold chisel is used for cutting thick sheets of metal
- Cross cut saw and rip saw.
- State four functions of the worker bees in a bee colony. (2mks)
- Feed the queen, the drones and the brood.
- Protect the hive from intruders.
- Collect nectar, pollen, tree resins, gums and water.
- Build combs and seal the cracks and crevices in the hive.
- Clean the hive.
- Make honey and bees wax.
- State four maintenance practices carried out on a fish pond. (2mks)
- Repairing the dyke or any structure on it.
- Cleaning the pond and removing all foreign materials.
- Planting grass where necessary.
- Removing undesirable vegetation.
- Removing the silt.
- Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding. (2mks)
- Close breeding.
- Is the breeding of very closely related animals.
- Line breeding
- Is the mating of distantly related animals that share a common ancestor.
- Out crossing.
- Is the mating of unrelated animals within the same breed.
- Cross breeding.
- Mating between animals of different breeds.
- Mating between animals of different breeds.
- Close breeding.
- State four egg abornomalities observed during egg candling. (2mks)
- Hairs cracks on the shell.
- Double yolk.
- Absence of yolk.
- Blood spots/ meat spots.
- Death of the embryo.
- Inappropriate size of the airspace.
- Give four reason why an animal may be culled. (2mks)
- Poor health.
- Old age
- Physical deformities.
- Hereditary defects.
- Infertiltiy
- Poor mothering ability.
- Poor quality products.
- Low production
- Bad temperament.
- Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health. (2mks)
- Predisposing factors.
- These are conditions inside or outside the animals body which make it to contract a disease.
- Incubation period.
- This refers to the duration between the time of infection and time the first symptoms show up.
- This refers to the duration between the time of infection and time the first symptoms show up.
- Predisposing factors.
- Name two appropriate hand tools needed to finish the handle of a jembe. (1mk)
- Cross cut saw.
- Spoke shave.
- State four ways of controlling lice in poultry. (2mks)
- Smear perches in poultry house with volatile insectides.
- Spraying, washing or dusting animals with appropriate insecticides.
- Keeping animal houses clean.
- Dusting the birds with sodium fluoride.
- State four limitations of a tractor as a source of power on the farm. (2mks)
- Requires skilled labour to operate.
- Expensive to buy and maintain.
- Requires support services.
- Their use is limited in certain areas e.g slopy areas.
- Not readily available.
- State four reasons for feeding a lamb on colostrums. (2mks)
- It is highly digestible.
- It is highly nutritious and contains vitamin for growth and disease resistance.
- It has antibodies that enable the lamb to resist early disease infection.
- It is good in cleaning the bowels of the lamb.
- It is highly palatable.
- State four disadvantages of old systems in poultry rearing. (2mks)
- Few birds are kept per fold.
- It is laborious as the folds have to be moved from one place to another.
- Individual egg production record is difficult to keep.
- The fold is not long lasting and may not be adequate for raising a large number of birds.
- State four ways in which disease causing organism can gain access into an animal. (2mks)
- Through vectors.
- Ingestion of contaminated feed & water.
- Through contact.
- Through inhalation of contaminated air.
-
- farmer is required to prepare 200kg of dairy meal containing 16% DCP. Using the pearson’s square method, Calculate the quantity of sunflower seed cake (28% DCP) and maize germ (8 % DCP) the farmer requires for the dairy meal. (Show your working). (4mks)
Sunflower seed 28% 12 part of sunflower
DCP cake seed cake
Maize germ 8 %
Sunflower 28%
8 Parts of maize DCP germ 20 Total parts.
Maize germ = 8/20 x 200kg = 80kg.
Sunflower cake = 12/20 x 200
= 120kg. - Apart from the method used above, name the other method used in computation of feed rations. (1mk)
- Trial and error method.
- Trial and error method.
- farmer is required to prepare 200kg of dairy meal containing 16% DCP. Using the pearson’s square method, Calculate the quantity of sunflower seed cake (28% DCP) and maize germ (8 % DCP) the farmer requires for the dairy meal. (Show your working). (4mks)
- The diagrams below illustrate behavior of chicks in a brooder.
- Describe the behavior of chicks in brooders labeled Q,R and S. (3mks)
- Q- chicks crowd at one place due to cold air on the other side of the brooder.
- R- Chicks are evenly spread within the brooder since temperatures are ideal.
- S – chicks crowd around the heat source due to low temperature.
- State two other observable behavior in chicks in brooder labeled P other than the behavior shown above. (2mks)
- Chicks drink too much water.
- Reduced feeding.
- Spreading their wings.
- Chicks sleep with head and neck stetched on the floor.
- Panting
- Chicks make abnormal sounds.
- Describe the behavior of chicks in brooders labeled Q,R and S. (3mks)
- The diagram below represents part of a roof. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
- Name the parts G1, H1, J and K. (2mks)
- G Wall
- H Cross tie.
- J Strut
- K Purlin.
- State two functions of the roof illustrated above. (1mk)
- Harvest water.
- Provide protection from weather elements e.g rainfall, strong sun.
- Give the collective term for the parts labeled H, J and L. (1mk)
- Truss.
- Truss.
- Name the parts G1, H1, J and K. (2mks)
- Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the implement illustrated above. (1mk)
- Disc plough.
- Disc plough.
- Name the part labeled E,F,G and H. (2mks)
- E - Beam
- F - Depth/ furrow wheel/rear thrust wheel.
- G - Disc/ concave disc.
- H – Scrapper.
- State two ways in which the depth of ploughing can be increased when using the implement above. (2mks)
- Adjusting the angel of the disc.
- Lengthen the top link.
- Adding weight to the plough beam.
- Adjusting by raising the depth wheel.
- Identify the implement illustrated above. (1mk)
-
- Outline the daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor. (10mks)
- Check on engine oil level using dip stick and top up if low.
- Check the fuel level at the starts of everyday’s work and top up if low.
- Check on the water level in the radiator and top up if low.
- Check on the level of battery electrolyte and top up with distilled water if low.
- Replace lost bolts and nuts.
- Tighten lose bolts and nuts.
- Grease all moving parts by use of a grease gun through the nipples.
- Remove large sediments from the sediment bowl.
- Maintain the brake fluid level at the recommended level.
- The brake shaft bearing should be greased.
- Check on engine oil level using dip stick and top up if low.
- Check the tyre pressure by use of a pressure gauge inflate or deflate as required.
- Check fan belt tension and adjust to ensure it deflects between 1.9cm – 2.5 cm when pushed.
- Describe the body conformation features of a dairy cattle. (5mks)
- Has a straight top line.
- Has a well set apart lind quarters to allow room for the big udder.
- Has large and well developed udders with large teats that are well spaced.
- Has prominent milk veins.
- Has a lean body that carry little flesh.
- Has a large stomach capacity.
- Docile with mild temperament.
- State five reasons for maintaining livestock healthy. (5mks)
- Healthy animals grow well and fast to reach maturity quickly.
- Good health gives animals a longer economic and productive life.
- Healthy animals produce give maximum production or performance/ they maintain high productivity.
- Healthy animals good quality products that command high market prices.
- Healthy animals do not spread diseases to either animals or human beings.
- Healthy animals are economical and easy to keep as the farmer spends less money on disease treatment.
- Outline the daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor. (10mks)
-
- Describe how a four stroke cycle petrol engine works. (8mks)
- Induction stroke.
- The piston moves down the cylinder causing the inlet valve to open drawing in fresh supply of petrol vapour and air into the cylinder.
- Compression Stroke.
- The inlet valve closes and the piston moves up the cylinder.
- This compresses the fresh air fuel mixture into the combustion chamber.
- Power Stroke.
- A spark is produced at the spark plug. This causes the fuel mixture to ignite and expand resulting in pressure that forces the piston to move down the cylinder.
- During this stroke both the inset & outset valves are closed.
- Exhaust stroke.
- The piston moves up the cylinder to eliminate the burnt fuel mixture through the open exhaust valves.
- The piston moves up the cylinder to eliminate the burnt fuel mixture through the open exhaust valves.
- Induction stroke.
- State and explain any six factors that should be considered when sitting farm structures. (12mks)
- Location of the homestead.
- This should be decided first because it influences the sitting of the other structures.
- Accessibility.
- The structure should be easy to reach from most parts of the farm.
- Security
- The structure should be safe from predators, thieves and trespassers.
- Drainage
- The area should have good drainage to prevent the structures from being destroyed by water.
- Relationship between the structures.
- Structures with related uses should be constructed close to each other so as to save on time and labour.
- Farmers taste and preferences.
- Some farmers might prefer to have the homestead in sheltered place while others might not.
- Topography of the area.
- Structures should be constructed in a gentle slope to save costs on leveling and to facilitate drainage.
- Proximity of amenities such as electricity and water supply.
- Direction of the prevailing wind.
- Structures that release foul smell such as pigsty and latrines should be constructed on the leeward side of the homestead.
- Location of the homestead.
- Describe how a four stroke cycle petrol engine works. (8mks)
-
- Describe mastitis in dairy cattle under the following subheadings.
- Predisposing factor. (4mks)
- Age.
- Older animals are more likely to be infected as compared to younger ones.
- Stage of lactation period.
- Animals are likely to suffer from mastitis at the beginning and at the end of lactation.
- Udder attachment.
- Animals with a large pendulous or loosely hanging udders and long teats are more susceptible to mastitis infection.
- Incomplete milking.
- When milk is left in the teat canal, it acts as a culture media for bacteria.
- Mechanical injuries.
- Wounds on the teats or udder allow micro – organisms entry into the udder.
- Poor sanitation.
- This increases the multiplication of the bacteria causing mastitis.
- Poor milking technique.
- This may result in mechanical injury of the teats and weakening of the sphincter muscles of the teat.
- This may result in mechanical injury of the teats and weakening of the sphincter muscles of the teat.
- Age.
- Symptoms of attack. (3mks)
- Milk contains pus, blood, thick clots or turns watery.
- When the udder and teats are swollen, an animal reject suckling or milking and also kicks due to pain.
- Death of the infected quarter.
- The milk has a salty taste and there are fine clots or flakes particularly the fore milk.
- Predisposing factor. (4mks)
- Outline eight symptoms of tape worm infestation in cattle. (8mks)
- General emaciation – animals get thin, ribs and backbone show prominently.
- Staring coat or rough coat.
- Scouring and sometimes constipation due to digestive disturbance.
- Pot bellies especially in calves.
- Swelling under the jaw/ edematous swelling.
- Cause obstruction or blockage of intestines when in large numbers.
- Parasite segments (proglottids) are seen in faeces.
- Anaemic condition especially where animals are heavily attacked.
- Excessive appetite, animals tend to be ravenous.
- State five of stimulating a cow for milk let down. (5mks)
- Massaging the udder with warm water.
- Putting feed on the feed troughs.
- Appearance of the calf where natural feeding is practiced.
- Appearance of the milkman.
- Suckling by the calf.
- Whistling / familiar noises.
- Describe mastitis in dairy cattle under the following subheadings.
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