Instructions to candidates
- This paper consist of TWO sections; A and B. Answer ALL the questions in section A and B in the spaces provided.
- ALL working MUST be clearly shown. Mathematical tables, electronic calculators and slide rules may be used.
Take: density of water = 1gcm−3 , g = 10N/kg
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Attempt ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided
- State two factors which determine the velocity of sound in air. (2 marks)
- Explain why electric power is not transmitted at low voltage (1 mark)
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- State one similarity between X-rays and gamma rays (1 mark)
- State one difference between X-rays and gamma rays (1 mark)
- Describe one safety measure to be taken when handling these radiations. (1 mark)
- Figure 1 shows a wave moving through a convex section of a medium.
- Complete the diagram to show the path of the rays (1 mark)
- State the property of waves illustrated above (1 mark)
- When an object is placed 12 cm from a concave mirror, an image of height 4 cm is formed 24 cm from the mirror. Find the height of the object (2 marks)
- Figure 2 shows two plane mirrors M1 and M2 are inclined to each other at an angle of 70°.
Figure 2
If ray D is reflected ray from mirror M2, complete the path of the rays and hence determine the angle of incidence of on M1 (3 marks) - The p.d across a resistance wire is 12V. Find the quantity of electric charge flowing through the wire to generate 1.68 kJ of heat energy in one second. (3 marks)
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- What is a hard magnetic material? (1 mark)
- Figure 3 shows a soft iron bar and a steel bar are suspended inside a coil above a container of iron filling.
Figure 3
Explain what is observed when switch K is closed (2 marks)
- Figure 4 shows a sound wave produced from a tuning fork vibrating at 800 Hz
Figure 4
Calculate the velocity of the wave in the medium. (3 marks) -
- When a charged glass rod is brought near a gold leaf electroscope, the leaf diverges but fall again when the rod is removed. Explain the observations (2 marks)
- State any one precaution that should be observed when working with an electrostatic device. (1 mark)
SECTION B: (55 MARKS)
Attempt ALL questions in the spaces provided
- Figure 5 shows an object O placed in front of a pinhole camera. Use it to answer the questions that follow;
- Use ray diagrams to locate the position of image (2 marks)
- State the characteristics of the image formed (3 marks)
- Increasing the size of the pinhole makes the image to be brighter but blurred. Explain why the image is;
- Brighter (1 mark)
- Blurred (1 mark)
- An object 1.6 m long is placed 8m from a pinhole camera which is 20 cm long.
- Calculate the height of the image (2 marks)
- What will be the height of the image formed if the camera is 10 cm long (2 marks)
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- Define the term principal focus of diverging mirror (1 mark)
- With an aid of a well labeled diagram, describe an experiment to determine the focal length of a convex lens using an illuminated object and plane mirror. (5 marks)
- State two differences between the operation of a lens camera and the eyes (2 marks)
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- By completing the diagram in figure 6(a) explain shortsightedness of the eye (3 marks)
- Complete the Figure 6(b) to illustrate how the above defect is corrected (2 marks)
- By completing the diagram in figure 6(a) explain shortsightedness of the eye (3 marks)
- Figure 7 shows a ray of white light incident on a glass prism.
- Complete the diagram to show effect of the glass prism on the ray. (2 marks)
- State two effects caused by the glass prism on the white light (2 marks)
- Find the critical angle for glass in air if the refractive index of the glass is 1.5. (3 marks)
- State what happens when the above critical angle is exceeded (1 mark)
- Figure 8 shows how a mirage is formed. Complete the diagram to show how the mirage is formed and seen by the eye (2 marks)
Figure 8
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- State the reason why soft iron is laminated (1 mark)
- State one property of soft iron that makes it suitable for use as a transformer core (1 mark)
- Figure 9 shows a step-down transformer..
- Name the coils marked A and B (2 marks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
- If the transformer is used to step down mains supply from 480 V to 24V and coil A has 800 turns, determine the number of turns in coil B. (3 marks)
- Figure 10 shows pendulum A and pendulum B freely suspended between the poles of identical magnets. Pendulum A is made of thick copper plate while B is made of copper plate with slots
- When the two are set to swing, it is observed that A slows down faster than B Explain this observation. (2 marks)
- State one application of the concept illustrated in pendulum A (1 mark)
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- Figure 11 shows three capacitors of capacitance 3μF, 2μF, 6μF and 12V supply connected in. a circuit.
Calculate:- The total capacitance of the circuit. (2 marks)
- The charge stored in the circuit. (2 marks)
- The potential difference across the 6μF capacitor. (2 marks)
- Figure 12 shows an arrangement of resistors. Use it to answer questions that follow.
- Calculate the total resistance in the circuit. (3 marks)
- Calculate effective current in the circuit. (2 marks)
- Figure 11 shows three capacitors of capacitance 3μF, 2μF, 6μF and 12V supply connected in. a circuit.
MARKING SCHEME
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- Density of air
- Humidity of air
- Temperature of air
- At low volytrage, current is high hence higher power loss dur to I2R ✓1
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- Both travel at a speed of 3.0 × 102m/s electromagnetic in nature. ✓1
- X-rays originate in the electron fields surrounding the nuclues , while gamma rayus moriginate form the nuclues ✓1
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- Always wear gloves when handling them ✓1
- Avoid direct exposure to the radiations.
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- Refraction ✓1
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- v = hi
u ho
24cm = 4cm ✓1
12cm ho
ho = 2cm ✓1 -
Angle of incidence on M1 = 40° ✓1 - H = Vlt ✓1
1680 = 12 × 1 ×1
l = 140A ✓1
Q = lt
= 140 × 1
= 140c ✓1 -
- It is a magnetic material that is hard to magnetize but which when magnetize, retains its magnetism for long. ✓1
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- Soft iron bar attracts iron fillings first, and more than the steel bar. ✓1
- Soft iron bar is easily magnetized. while steel bar is difficult. ✓1
- ½λ = 20cm
λ = 40cm
V = fλ
= 800 × 40/100
= 320m/s -
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- Leaf diverges because the glads rod repels like charges, and attracts unlike charges✓1. It falls again when the rod is removed, since the electroscope acquires a temporary charge. ✓1
- Avoid direct hand/ body contact instead, wear gloves and proper clothing.✓1
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- Magnified ✓1
- Inverted/Upside down ✓1
- Focused on screen /real ✓1
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- Larger hole allows more light into the pinhole ✓1
- Larger hole causes more images which overlap. hence blurred ✓1
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- hi = v
ho = u
hi = 0.20m ✓1
1.6m 8m
hi = 0.04m/4cm ✓1 - hi = v
ho = u
hi = 0.20m ✓1
1.6m 8m
hi = 1.6m × 0.01m
8
= 0.02m/2cm ✓1
- hi = v
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- A point from which all rays close to and parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge from after reflection by the mirror. ✓1
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- Apparatus: Matre rule, lenw-holder, candle, screen cross wires ✓1
- Procedure
- Set the lens in its holder with a plane mirror behind it so that light passing through it can be reflectes back as shown below.
- Adjust the po;sition of the lens until a sharp image of the cross- wire is formed alongside (close to ) the cross- wire ✓1
- Set the lens in its holder with a plane mirror behind it so that light passing through it can be reflectes back as shown below.
- Conclusion: The distance between the object and the centre of the lens, gives the focal length of the lens. ✓1
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- Focal length of the eye lens changes while that of the lens camera is constant ✓1
- The distance between the lens and film in a lens camera can be varied by zooming, while the distnace between the eye lens and the retina is constant. ✓1
- A camera can take only one photo at a time when the shutter is open, while the eye forms constantly changing pictures. ✓1
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Figure 6(a)
Rays for distant objects are focused in front of the retina due to short focal length of the eye and long eye ball. ✓1 -
Figure 6(b)
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- Dispersion - Separation of white light into its component colours. ✓1
- Refraction - change in speed of light . ✓1
- Sin C = 1/n ✓1
Sin C = 1/1.5 ✓1
Sin C = 0.6667
C = Sin−1 0.6667
= 41.81° ✓1 - Total internal reflection occurs. ✓1
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- To reduce eddy currents (small currents that result from the changing magnetic field created by the alternating current in the primary coil) ✓1
- Easily magnetized and demagnetized ✓1
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- A - primary coil ✓1
- B - Secondary coil ✓1
- Ns = Vs ✓1
Np Vp
Ns = 24 ✓1
200 480
Ns = 800 × 24
480
Ns = 40turns ✓1
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- Copper plate with slots experiences slower motion hence lower damping ✓1 which will result in a smooth stopping compared to the thick copper plate with higher motion. ✓1
- Hot wire moving coil and induction type instruments (eddy current damping) ✓1
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- CT = 3 × 8 ✓1
3 + 8
= 22/11μF / 2.1818μF ✓1 - Q = CV ✓1
= 2.1818 × 12
= 26.1816 μC ✓1
- CT = 3 × 8 ✓1
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- Rp1 = (1/6 + 1/2 + 1/3)−1 = 1Ω ✓1
Rp2 = 6 × 3 = 2Ω ✓1
6 + 3
RT = 1Ω + 3Ω + 2Ω
= 6Ω ✓1 - l = V/R
= 12/6 ✓1
= 2A ✓1
- Rp1 = (1/6 + 1/2 + 1/3)−1 = 1Ω ✓1
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