Instructions to candidates
- This paper consists of three sections; A, B and C.
- Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from section C.
SECTION A (25 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided at the end of question 24.
- Define the term social history. (1 mark)
- Mention the second dispersal point of the Eastern Bantu. (1 mark)
- State two types of citizen responsibilities. (2 marks)
- Identify one measure adopted by the Kenyan government to promote scientific research.
(1 mark) - Give one way in which physical features contributed to the growth of Nairobi. (1 mark)
- State two economic factors that promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks)
- State one right of the youth in Kenya provided in the constitution of Kenya 2010(1 mark)
- Identify the last two steps in the constitution making process in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Name the treaty that concluded the partition of East Africa. (1 mark)
- Give two ways through which the colonial government controlled African migration to urban centers. (2 marks)
- Identify one role played by Africans in health provision during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- Give one reason way trade union movement did not begin in Kenya until 1914. (1 mark)
- State two recommendations of the Swynnerton plan of 1954. (2 marks)
- Give two examples of subordinate courts in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Name two settlement schemes established after independence to settle the landless Kenyans.
(2 marks) - Identify one example of a direct tax in Kenya. (1 mark)
- State two instances where national legislation prevails over county legislation. (2 marks)
SECTION B: (45 Marks)
Answer any three questions from this section in the space provided at the end of question
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- State five economic activities of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks)
- Explain five effects of the Cushitic migration to Kenya. (10 marks)
-
- State five methods used by the colonial administration to attract European settlers in Kenya. (5 marks)
- Explain five factors that led to the formation of political organizations and movements in Kenya after 1945. (10 marks)
-
- Name five education commissions that were formed in post-independence in Kenya.(5 mark)
- Explain five challenges facing multi-party democracy in Kenya. (10 marks)
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- State three roles played by Wangari Maathai in promoting women empowerment. (3 marks)
- Explain six achievements of Daniel Moi as the second president of Kenya. (12 marks)
SECTION C: (30 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the space provided at the end of question 24.
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- State five characteristics of the human rights. (5 marks)
- Discuss the five methods used by the international community to solve conflicts. (10 marks)
-
- State five features of African socialism. (5 marks)
- Explain five economic effects of national philosophies in the development of Kenya since independence. (10 marks)
-
- Name three types of constitutionally established funds in Kenya. (3 marks)
- Discuss six challenges facing devolved governments in Kenya. (12 marks)
MARKING SCHEME
- Define the term social history. (1 mark)
- A branch of history that deals with traditional aspects, values, cultural practices ,taboos ,beliefs dressing and eating habits.
- Mention the second dispersal point of the Eastern Bantu. (1 mark)
- Shungwaya
- State two types of citizen responsibilities. (2 marks)
- Economic responsibilities
- Political responsibilities
- Social responsibilities
- Identify one measure adopted by the Kenyan government to promote scientific research. (1 mark)
- Encourage the teaching of sciences
- Fund/sponsor research projects/programs
- Build and manage research institutions
- Give one way in which physical features contributed to the growth of Nairobi. (1 mark)
- Athi plains provided a conducive environment for construction
- State two economic factors that promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Equal employment
- Fair distribution of resources
- Social-economic activities eg trade
- State one right of the youth in Kenya provided in the constitution of Kenya 2010(1 mark)
- Right to access to relevant education and training
- Guaranteed special opportunities to access employment
- Special opportunities in education and economic field
- Develop their cultural values, language and practices
- Access to water, health services and infrastructure
- Identify the last two steps in the constitution making process in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Presidential Assent
- Promulgation (presentation of the constitution to the people by the president)
- Name the treaty that concluded the partition of East Africa. (1 mark)
- Anglo- German Agreement of 1886
- Give two ways through which the colonial government controlled African migration to urban centers. (2 marks)
- Introduction of Kipande system
- Only those who had specific activities to undertake to live there
- Head count of those supposed to live there
- Introduction of pass laws
- Identify one role played by Africans in health provision during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- Provided medicine using herbal skills
- Some were trained to be lab assistants /dressing
- Were trained to observe sanitation
- They cleared bushes and drained stagnant water
- Africans started taking the sick to the hospital to reduce mortality
- Give one reason way trade union movement did not begin in Kenya until 1914. (1 mark)
- Were illiterate and lacked the knowledge of running the trade unions
- Were barred by the colonial policies
- Migrant labor laws discouraged
- State two recommendations of the Swynnerton plan of 1954. (2 marks)
- Consolidation of the African land
- Registration of African Land for better management
- Give two examples of subordinate courts in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Magistrates court
- Kadhis court
- Court Marshal
- Tribunals
- Name two settlement schemes established after independence to settle the landless Kenyans. (2 marks)
- The Million acre scheme 1963
- The Harambee schemes 1969
- The Haraka scheme 1969
- The Shirika schemes 1971
- Identify one example of a direct tax in Kenya. (1 mark)
- Income tax (Pay As You Earn)
- State two instances where national legislation prevails over county legislation. (2 marks)
- If the national legislation applies uniformly throughout the county
- The national legislation aimed at preventing unreasonable action by the county
- Need to maintain national security
-
- State five economic activities of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks)
- Livestock keeping/ nomadic pastoralists
- Hunting and gathering
- Craft industry/ Leather working/wood work
- Trading with neighbor
- Iron working
- Explain five effects of the Cushitic migration to Kenya. (10 marks)
- Intensified trading activities
- Population increase
- Intermarriage er the Pokomo and the Borana
- Increased intertribal wars eg Somali and Oromo that engaged in frequent
- Some Cushitic communities formed alliances against each other communities Rendile and Samburu against the Turkana
- They introduced the age set system and the art of circumcision to the Bantu
- Cushitic communities eg displacement of other of other communities eg Displacement of the Mijikenda at Shungwaya
- State five economic activities of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks)
-
- State five methods used by the colonial administration to attract European settlers in Kenya. (5 marks)
- Protection of settler farmers/security
- Using colonial policies (Kipande system to ensure available labor)
- Introduction of native reserves to force Africans seek for employment i
- Introduction of forced labor
- Introduction of taxes on Africans to force them look for wage employment
- Northey circular 1918-1919, requiring chiefs to recruit labor force
- Cash crop growing being made the presence of whites
- Introduction of squatter system ensure laborers resided on the farms
- Development railway transport
- Establish Agro based industries to create Market for their products
- Credit and Extension facilities to the settler farmers
- Allocation of Large tracks of land
- Explain five factors that led to the formation of political organizations and movements in Kenya after 1945. (10 marks)
- Attachment of independence by India and Pakistan
- Many Africans had been enlightened through acquisition of western education
- Pan-Africanism inspired Africans (Kenyan elites)
- Experience of the ex-soldiers of world war two
- U.N.O advocated for decolonization to maintain world peace and security
- Labor party in Britain advocated for decolonization to ease the burden on taxpayers
- Lennist and Marxist ideas that were against colonial exploitation
- Signing eg the Atlantic charter in 1941 between Britain and U.S.A Recognizing self determination of the subjects
- Emergence of U.S.A and USSR as world super powers; didn’t have ccolonies and therefore wanted to expand trading partners.
- State five methods used by the colonial administration to attract European settlers in Kenya. (5 marks)
-
- Name five education commissions that were formed in post-independence in Kenya. (5 mark)
- Ominde commission 1964
- Gachathi Commission 1976
- Mackay commission 1982
- Kariithi commission 1983
- Kamunge commission 1988
- Davy Koech commission 2002
- Odhiambo commission 2010
- Explain five challenges facing multi-party democracy in Kenya. (10 marks)
- Political parties are ethnically inclined
- Underfunding of political parties make them fail to run their activities
- They are used as vehicles of assenting to power and amassing wealth
- Ideological differences between leaders affect the running of parties
- Interference by government machinery eg the use of the police curtail their operations
- Existence of many parties undermine free and fair elections as citizens who are not informed are bribed
- Personality differences among leaders has led infighting
- Name five education commissions that were formed in post-independence in Kenya. (5 mark)
-
- State three roles played by Wangari Maathai in promoting women empowerment. (3 marks)
- Mobilized women into seedling growing to generate income
- Contested as a member of parliament to be a role model
- Laid emphasis for the education of a girl child in the society
- Explain six achievements of Daniel Moi as the second president of Kenya. (12 marks) i
- Expanded medical facilities through the Nyayo wards
- Participated in environmental conservation, building of gabions/planting of trees
- Improved public transport through introduction of Nyayo bus services and building of roads and airports
- Expanded Agriculture by establishing Nyayo tea zones
- Launched the District focus for rural development to stir development
- He launched Nyayo philosophy to stir development
- Was involved in the conflict resolution in Uganda, Ethopia, Angola and Somalia
- Was elected the chairman of O.A.U for two years after Kenya hosted the OAU summit
- State three roles played by Wangari Maathai in promoting women empowerment. (3 marks)
-
- State five characteristics of the human rights. (5 marks)
- They are universal; are applied anyone in all the nations
- Are indivisible/one right cannot apply if the othe one does not exist
- They have limitations
- Integral/inborn – applied to all by virtue of being human beings
- Can be suspended /derogation
- Discuss the five methods used by the international community to solve conflicts. (10 marks)
- Use of peace keeping missions
- Use of envoys to mediate
- Use of the international court of justice
- Negotiations/Reconciliation
- Arbitration
- Religious action
- Resort to regional agencies or arrangements
- State five characteristics of the human rights. (5 marks)
-
- State five features of African socialism. (5 marks)
- Political democracy/political equality/freedom of all
- Mutual social responsibility
- Freedom of ownership
- Progressive taxation to ensure equitable distribution of resources
- Equity in resource utilization for mutual benefit
- Diffusion of ownership to avoid economic disparity
- Explain five economic effects of national philosophies in the development of Kenya since independence. (10 marks)
- Has promoted Africanisation in commerce and industry for self reliance
- Encouraged setting up cooperative societies
- Peace love and unity has promoted tourism through conservation of cultural, wildlife /environmental conservation
- Improvement in transport infrastructure/ Nyayo bus services
- Promoted Agricultural through Nyayo tea zones
- State five features of African socialism. (5 marks)
-
- Name three types of constitutionally established funds in Kenya. (3 marks)
- Revenue fund
- Consolidated fund
- Contingencies fund
- Equalization fund
- Discuss six challenges facing devolved governments in Kenya. (12 marks)
- High population stretching available resources
- Natural calamities
- Underdeveloped transport and communication
- Inadequate resources to provide a solid revenue base
- Interference by the national government
- Rivalry and wrangles among the leaders
- Incapacity to man key departments/areas
- Ethnicity/nepotism in employment affecting efficiency in service delivery
- Duplication of roles between the national and county governments
- Embezzlement of funds by corrupt county officials
- Delay in remittance of funds by the national government
- Conflict over common resources such as water, forest land etc
- Name three types of constitutionally established funds in Kenya. (3 marks)
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