Instructions to candidates
- This paper consists of three sections; A, B and C.
- Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from section C.
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section
- Give the main advantage of using oral traditions as a source of information in history and government (1 mark).
- Name the family group that early human beings developed from (1 mark).
- Identify two areas outside Africa where early agriculture begun. (2 marks).
- Give one limitation in use of money in trade. (1 mark)
- Name two modern modes of water transport (2 marks)
- Identify one form of picture writing during the early civilisation (1 mark)
- State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field of medicine. (1 mark)
- State the main factor that led to the growth of ancient town of Kilwa. (1 mark)
- Name two administrative units that existed in the Buganda kingdom during the pre colonial period (2 marks).
- State two reasons why the Africans in southern Tanganyika opposed the forced cotton growing programme imposed on them by the German colonial officials (2 marks)
- State two European activities in Africa before 1850. (2 marks)
- Give the reason why Kwame Nkrumah broke away from United Gold Coast Convention Party (UGCC) to form Convention People’s Party (CPP) (1 mark)
- Highlight one way in which economic rivalries between the European powers contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. (1 mark)
- State two reasons why Britain and France adopt the policy of appeasement after the First World War? (2 marks)
- Name two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (2marks)
- Give one function of the queen of England as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations. (1 mark)
- State two functions of the east African legislative assembly established by the renewed east African community of 2001? (2 marks)
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
Answer any three questions in this section
-
- Give three reasons why early human beings moved from forests to settle in the grasslands. (3 marks).
- Describe the way of life of early human beings during the Old Stone Age period. (12 marks).
-
- State five factors that have contributed to the growth of Johannesburg city. (5 marks)
- Describe five social problems faced by the residents of Johannesburg since the end of apartheid. (10 marks)
-
- Give three reasons why the second location of Samouri Toure's empire was not as good as the first one during his war with the French. (3 marks)
- What were the results of the British Ndebele war of 1893? (12marks)
-
- Why did the British use direct rule in Zimbabwe? (5 marks).
- Highlight five characteristics of direct rule in Zimbabwe. (10 marks).
SECTION C (30 MARKS)
Answer any two questions in this section
-
- State three demands that Austria presented to Serbia after the assassination of Austria-Hungary heir apparent Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. (3 marks)
- What were the results of the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan in 1945?
(12 marks)
-
- State five factors that led to the development of the cold war. (5 marks)
- Explain five factors that contributed to the end of cold war. (10 marks)
-
- Identify three organs of the African Union. (3 marks)
- Describe six functions of the African Union’s General Assembly. (12 marks)
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
- Give the main advantage of using oral traditions as a source of information in history and government (1 mark).
- Used to obtain information where there are no written records/ Used to obtain information on non-literate societies.
- Name the family group that early human beings developed from (1 mark).
- Hominidae
- Identify two areas outside Africa where early agriculture begun (2 marks).
- Indus valley in India
- Tigris-Euphrates valley in Mesopotamia
- Yellow river valley in china
- Danube valley in Europe
- Give one limitation in use of money in trade. (1 mark)
- Currencies keep on fluctuating in relation to others leading to imbalance in trade.
- Creates primitive accumulation of property.
- Some countries have weaker currencies leading to imbalance in trade.
- Name two modern modes of water transport (2 marks)
- Canal vessels
- Ferries
- Steam ships
- Hovercraft
- Submarines
- Hydrofoils
- cruise ships viii) yatch
- Identify one form of picture writing during the early civilisation(1 mark)
- Cuneiforms
- Hieroglyphics
- State the main contribution of the discovery of chloroform in the field of medicine (1 mark).
- It was used to reduce pain during surgery.
- State the main factor that led to the growth of ancient town of Kilwa. (1 mark)
- Kilwa’s control of Sofala gold trade/ trade in gold.
- Name two administrative units that existed in the Buganda kingdom during the pre-colonial period (2 marks).
- The Sazas
- Gombolola
- The miluka
- Vassal states
- State two reasons why the Africans in southern Tanganyika oppose the forced cotton growing programme imposed on them by the German colonial officials(2 marks)
- The area chosen for the growth of cotton was dry and unsuitable.
- Africans incurred losses due to crop failure.
- Africans opposed cotton growing because it was not edible.
- State two European activities in Africa before 1850 (2 marks)
- They were involved in trade.
- They were spreading Christianity.
- They were involved in exploration.
- They were involved in spreading Western Education.
- Give the reason why Kwame Nkrumah broke away from United Gold Coast Convention Party (UGCC) to form Convention People’s Party (CPP) (1mark)
- Nkrumah advocated for a radical approach while most of the older members of the UGCC were conservative and did not want confrontational politics/ideological differences
- Highlight one way in which economic rivalries between the European powers contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. (1 mark)
- Competition for overseas market caused tension/friction;
- Competition for sources of raw materials/colonies fuelled tension;
- Tariff wars among them created tension / suspicion.
- Competition for surplus capital.
- State two reasons why Britain and France adopt the policy of appeasement after the First World War? (2 marks)
- They wanted to avoid European war
- To protect their interest in the Far East/Japan.
- Name two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (2marks)
- United States of America
- Russia
- China
- France
- United Kingdom/Britain
- Give one function of the queen of England as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations.
(1 mark)- Directs the activities of the organization.
- Officially opens commonwealth meetings.
- State two functions of the east African legislative assembly established by the renewed east African community of 2001? (2 marks)
- It provides a democratic forum for debate
- It acts as a watchdog for the EAC
- Participates in the legislative process
SECTION B (45 MARKS)
-
- Give three reasons why early human beings moved from forests to settle in the grasslands (3 mark).
- Grasslands were warmer to make lack of clothing bearable
- The grasslands had much needed food/wild animals.
- Grasslands had much needed water/rivers
- Describe the way of life of early human beings during the Old Stone Age period
(12 marks).- They made simple stone tools for domestic use/oldowan tools
- Lived in small groups in order to assist each other
- They obtained their food through hunting and gathering
- They used simple hunting methods such as chasing wild animals and laying traps v. They ate raw food because fire had not been invented
- They had no specific dwelling places
- They sheltered from predators by climbing trees and hiding in caves
- They wore no clothing but their hairy bodies kept them warm
- They lived near rivers and lakes
- Give three reasons why early human beings moved from forests to settle in the grasslands (3 mark).
-
- State five factors that have contributed to the growth of Johannesburg city. (5 marks)
- Discovery of gold in Witwatersrand.
- There was clean water supply from river Vaal which was used for domestic as well as industrial use.
- It is situated on a plain (veldt) which make building constructions and communication easy.
- Existence of minerals such as diatomite.
- The areas surrounding the town have fertile soils therefore agriculturally productive.
- Availability of cheap source of labour for mines and industries.
- Government policies that favoured and encouraged establishment of industries in Johannesburg.
- Availability of banking facilities that availed capital to the investors.
- Existence of several industries such as textile, and motor vehicle assembly industries which attracted large population of workers to the city.
- Describe five social problems faced by the residents of Johannesburg since the end of apartheid. (10 marks)
- Africans living around Johannesburg faced poor working conditions.
- Development of slums as most people live in shanties due to unemployment.
- Poor living conditions in the slums such as poor sanitation.
- Increase in criminal activities due to unemployment.
- Pollution from industries and garbage.
- Increase in HIV/AIDS infection which has claimed economically productive people in the city.
- Wide gap between the affluent who are the minority and the poor majority who are Africans.
- Inadequate social facilities such as education and health facilities.
- State five factors that have contributed to the growth of Johannesburg city. (5 marks)
-
- Give three reason why the second location of Samouri Toure's empire was not as good as the first one during his war with the French (3 marks)
- He was cut off from his gold mines at Bure which made him lack revenue to sustain his army.
- He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms.
- His southern frontier of the empire was open to French attacks from the Ivory Coast.
- Samouri was at war with the communities which he had attacked in his expansion campaign in his second empire.
- He was surrounded by his enemies from all sides with the occupation of the Asante Empire by the British.
- What were the results of the British Ndebele war of 1893? (12marks)
- The Ndebele lost their independence/company rule was established over Matebeleland. i
- There was massive loss of lives during the war.
- The Ndebele lost a lot of property through destruction.
- Bulawayo the capital by the Ndebele kingdom was destroyed.
- The Ndebele lost land to British settlers as the Ndebele were moved to reserves.
- The economic activities of the Ndebele such as agriculture, trade and mining were disrupted.
- There was widespread fear and insecurity and among the Ndebele
- The war provoked anti-British feelings which partly contributed to Chimurenga war of 1896 and 1897.
- he Ndebele military power was weakened.
- The Shona were made policemen over the Ndebele.
- The Ndebele were subjected to taxation.
- The Ndebele cattle were confiscated
- The Ndebele were subjected to forced labour.
- Give three reason why the second location of Samouri Toure's empire was not as good as the first one during his war with the French (3 marks)
-
- Why did the British use direct rule in Zimbabwe?(5 marks).
- They desired to control the economy of Zimbabwe to maximize profits.
- The indigenous/local political institutions based on induna system had been destroyed during British occupation of Zimbabwe.
- To ensure complete control of Africans/to end African resistance.
- Existence of the British South African Company personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as well as the British system of administration.
- The British South African Company had enough finance to pay administrative officers.
- Highlight five characteristics of direct rule in Zimbabwe (10 marks).
- There were a large number of European settlers.
- White settlers developed an attitude that Zimbabwe was pre-ordained to be a white settler’s colony.
- The colony was administered by a commercial company (BSAC) for a long period.
- Europeans served in many subordinate positions/performed simple administrative duties that were handled by African employees in most of the other British colonies.
- Legco was dominated by settlers and they declared self-government in 1923.
- The Europeans acquired large tracts of African land and the Africans were forced to provide labour.
- The administration was very authoritative and managed by white minorities.
- Racial segregation was the main government policy imposed by the whites to discriminate Africans.
- Why did the British use direct rule in Zimbabwe?(5 marks).
SECTION C(30 MARKS)
-
- State three demands that Austria presented to Serbia after the assassination of Austria-Hungary heir apparent Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo (3 marks)
- Serbia to suppress all societies organizing anti- Austrian propaganda
- Serbia to dismiss all officials that Austria objected
- Austrian police to be allowed to enter Serbia to ensure that the above demand are fulfilled
- What were the results of the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan in 1945?
(12 marks)- It brought the Second World War into an end as Japan surrendered unconditionally.
- It led to the allied forces winning the war.
- There was destruction of property of great value.
- The radio- active elements caused many diseases.
- the bombing resulted to death of many people
- Many people suffered psychologically.
- The bombing led to economic decline as a lot of properties were destroyed and many people killed.
- Many people were maimed.
- State three demands that Austria presented to Serbia after the assassination of Austria-Hungary heir apparent Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo (3 marks)
-
- State five factors that led to the development of the cold war. (5 marks)
- Ideological differences between capitalist U.S.A and communist Russia led to hostility.
- Failure of U.S.A and U.S.S.R to agree on the arms reduction plan intensified their hostility.
- Denomination of the UN by the western powers created tension between U.S.A and U.S.S.R.
- The formation of military alliances like North Atlantic Treaty Organization by U.S.A and Warsaw Pact by U.S.S.R created tension between U.S.A and U.S.S.R.
- The introduction of economic recovery plans like marshal plan by U.S.A and COMECON by U.S.S.R created tension between the two blocks.
- The iron curtain policy adopted by the U.S.S.R which sealed Eastern Europe from the west made international relations very poor.
- Differences over Germany as U.S.A wanted a political and economically weak Germany in order to safeguard another invasion.
- Explain five factors that contributed to the end of cold war (10 marks)
- The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R weakened the position of Russia.
- The coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev as head of the Soviet Union who adopted peaceful coexistence policy/ death of U.S.S.R president Stalin who was a hard liner. i
- Gorbachev’s policy of restructuring and openness/ prestroika
- American diplomatic effort to foster friendly coexistence with U.S.S.R.
- unification of Germany in 1990 ended the U.S.A and U.S.S.R conflict over East and West Germany
- The support of cold war in 1991 led by America was a proof that U.S.S.R was willing to cooperate with the western capitalist.
- Dissolution of the Warsaw pact with the fall of communisms in Eastern Europe.
- Signing of the strategic arms reduction treaties between U.S.A and Russia who agreed to cut down their nuclear warheads
- U.S.A president reagent policy of flexibility and openness helped in diffusing tension during the cold war.
- State five factors that led to the development of the cold war. (5 marks)
-
- Identify three organs of the African Union (3 marks)
- The assembly
- The executive council
- The permanent representative committee.
- Peace and Security Council.
- Pan-African parliament.
- Economic, social and cultural council.
- Court of justice.
- Financial institutions.
- Specialized committee.
- Describe six functions of the African Union’s General Assembly. (12 marks)
- Decides on common policies of the union.
- Considers application for membership.
- Adopts the budget of the African union.
- Directs the process of conflict resolution.
- Appoints judges for the court of justice.
- Appoints the chairman of the commission.
- Establish new organ of the commission.
- Monitor the implementation of policies/decisions of the union.
- Give directions to the executive council on the management of conflicts/war/emergency situations.
- Identify three organs of the African Union (3 marks)
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