AGRICULTURE Marking Scheme - Form 2 End of Term 1 2019 Examinations

SECTION A (80mks)

1. Ways in which agriculture contributes directly to development of industries
   • Acts as a source of capital to start industries.
   • Source of raw materials for industries
   • Market for industries.   2mks
2. Ways in which HIV/AIDS affect food supply. 
   • Shortage of labour in the farm
   • Increased cost of labour
   • Poor agricultural development due to lack of capital
   • Shortage of skilled man power
   • Lack of incentives to invest due to prospects of death
   • Reduced agricultural production   4 ½ = 4mks
3. Disadvantages of pastoral-nomadism system of farming
   
   • low production
   • uncontrolled mating
   • easy spread pf parasites/diseases/difficult to control parasites and disease.
   • tendency to overstock
   • source of ethnic tensions and conflicts.   4 ½ = 2mks
4. Advantages of organic farming. 
   • its environmentally friendly
   • creates a good habitat to soil organisms.
   • it is relatively cheap
   • it improves the water holding capacity of the soil
   • crop products are free from contamination. 4 x ½ =2mks
5. Pomoculture is the growing of fruits while olericulture is the growing of vegetables. 2mks (mark as a whole)
6.  
   • level of management (technical know-how)
   • its advantages in relation to other alternatives.
   • government policies
   • availability of factors of production.
   • personal whims/interests of the farmer
   • social – cultural factors. 4 x ½ = 2mks
7.  Factors that determine the choice of a farming method.
   • market forces
   • health/HIV /Aids
   • level of technology and education.
   • government policy
   • transport and communication
   • social cultural practices
   • the economic conditions. 4x ½ =2mks
8. Harmful effects of pests to crops
   • lower yield of crops
   • lower quality of produce
   • some acts as vectors of crop disease
   • increases cost of production
   • some pests reduces the photosynthetic areas of crops
   • some pest block xylem thus reducing water uptake by crops. 4 ½ = 2mks
9. Farming practices that can improve soil structure. 
   • carrying out minimum tillage
   • applying organic manure to the soil
   • liming the soil
   • carrying out crop rotation.
   • mulching
   • cover-cropping
   • leaving the land fallow. 3x1 = 3mks
10. Categories  of farm tools and equipment
    • garden tools and equipment
    • livestock production tools and equipment
    • workshop tools and equipment
    • plumbing
    • masonry.   4 x ½ = 2mks
11.  
    1. K- cannula
       L- trocar
       M-pick axe/ mattock     3 x1/2 = 1 ½ mk
    2. uses of M
       • break heavy soil/hard ground
       • Digging out tree stumps
       • Removing large stone
       • Digging pits     2 x ½ = 2mks
    3. clean after use 2 x ½ = 2mks
12.  
    1. lactometer   ½ mk
    2. soil auger.   ½ mk
13. Appropriate hand tools needed to finish off the handle of a fork jembe
    • spone shade   ½ mk
    • cross cut saw     ½ mk
14. Two combinations of tools that must always be used together when carrying out operation in animal production. 1mk
    • trocar and cannul
    • syringe and hypodermic needle
    • bullring and lead stick
    • Elastrator and rubber ring 2 x ½ = 1mk
15. Four conditions that necessitate land clearing.
    • when opening up as virgin land
    • where a stalk growing crop was previously planted
    • where land is left fallow for a long time.
    • to remove obstacles e.g stones which may interfere with primary cultivation.
    • where internal between primary and second tillage is long such that land has become bush. 4 ½ = 2mks
16. Benefits of ridging in Irish potato production.
    • for easy harvesting
    • control soil erosion
    • to conserve moisture in soil
    • to facilitate tuber expansion
    • for easy farming irrigation. 4 x1 = 4mks
17. The two types of tilth likely to be achieved during harrowing
    • medium
    • fine.   2 x1 = 2mks
18.  
    • A field where crops on being planted remain until they are harvested. 1mk   1mk
19. Water storage structures in the farm. 
    • weirs
    • water tanks 
    • drums or barrels
    • dams.   4 x ½ = 2mks
20. Pipes used in conveyance of water in the farm
    • metal
    • plastic
    • hose   3x ½ = 1 ½ mk
21.  
    1. French drain 1x1 = 1mk
    2. crops are grown on top of the drainage. 1x1 = 1mk
    3. • to increase soil aeration
       • to increase soil volume
       • to raise soil temperature
       • to increase microbial activities
       • to reduce soil erosion
       • to remove toxic substances. 4x1 = 4mks
22.  
    1. its partially decomposed plant matter and animal waste which is heaped and turned regularly to facilitate complete decomposition. 1x1= 1mk
    2. A-maize stalks
       B- green vegetation
       C-manure
       D-wood ash.   2x1 = 2mks
    3. A- form foundation of the heap. ½ mk
       C – supply nutrients to micro-organisms. ½ mk
       D-improves the level of phosphorous and potassium in the resulting manure. ½ mk
    4.  Reasons why compost manure not commonly used in the farms 
       • lack of technical knowledge to prepare
       • scarcity of organic materials
       • laborious /tedious to prepare
       • bulky to transport
       • it takes a long tine to prepare. 1 ½ mks
23.  Characteristics that should be met by plants to be used for green manure making
    • they should be highly leafy
    • they should decompose easily
    • they should have high nitrogen content or be leguminous
    • they should be able to grow under poor conditions /should be hardy. 4x1 = 4mks
24.  
    • Steer
    • Pullet- young female bird from 8 weeks to point of lay.
    • Piglet- young one of a pig from birth to weaning.
    • Ram – A mature male sheep.   4x1 = 4mks
25.  Dual purpose breeds of sheep. 
    • Romney marsh
    • Hampshire down
    • Corriedale   2x1 = 2mks
26.  Reasons why goats are popular in most parts of Kenya
    • can survive without water for a long period of time.
    • are good browsers
    • have small body surface hence are able to regulate temperatur
    • can survive under harsh climatic conditions because they are hardy.
    • can walk for long distances in search of food and water.   3x1 = 3mks
27. Difference between  Bactrian and dromedary breeds of camel.  
    • Bactrian                                           Dromedary
    • two humps                                       one hump
    • has more fur                                     has less fur.     2x1= 2mks
28.  
    1. farm records- are written accounts of all activities that take place in the farm   1 x 1==1mk
    2. Qualities of a good farm record.  
       • should be updated regularly
       • easy to follow
       • should be brief
       • should be accurate
       • should be arranged in a certain order or method. 4mks   4 x ½ = 2mks
29.  
    1. Macro-nutrients – elements required by plants in large quantities.
       Micro-nutrients- elements required by plants in smaller quantities. 1x1 = 1mk (mark as a whole)
    2.  deficiency symptoms of nitrogen
       • leaf chlorosis
       • stunted growth
       • premature leaf fall
       • purple colour observed on leaves due to formation of the pigment anthocyanin. 4 x ½ = 2mks
30. 5/₄₀ x 4000 = 50kg K₂O   2x1= 2 mks
31.  
    • Sweet potato vines
    • banana suckers
    • stem cutting
    • bulbils   4x ½ = 2mks
32. Categories of crop propagation. 
    • Use of seeds
    • use of vegetative planting materials. 2x1 = 2mks

SECTION B ( 20 mks)

33.  
    1. Characteristics of nitrogenous fertilizers
       • Highly soluble in water- should be applied in an already established crop.
       • Have short residual effect thus should be applied frequently
       • Have scorching- effect/burning effect- should not come into contact with the plants.
       • Are hygroscopic – should be stored under dry conditions
       • Are corrosive-should not be handled with bare hands on stored in easily corroded containers.
       • Easily leached-should be applied to a vigorously growing crop/already established crop.
       • Are volatile- should be applied on moist.   6x1 = 6mks
    2. Information contained on the sample package
       • physical address of the farer
       • The required tests
       • Plot/farm number
       • Date when sampling was done. 4x1 = 4mks
34.  
    1. Advantages of using seeds as planting materials.
       • Planting can easily be done with machine
       • being less bulky, seeds require less labour.
       • Seeds are easily available making them cheap planting materials.
       • Seeds can be mixed with fertilizers during planting.
       • Seeds can be treated against soil-borne pests and diseases before planting.
       • Its possible to develop new crop varieties through cross pollination
       • Seeds can be stored easily a waiting better conditions for planting without loosing viability
       • Sees are easy to handle hence less time is used when planting. 6x1 = 6mks
    2. Factors to consider when selecting planting material
       • germination of percentage/purity of the seeds.
       • Suitability to area/adaptability.
       • use of certified seeds for best results
       • health of the planting materials free from past or disease attack
       • physical defects- seeds should not be wrinked. Seeds should be whole.
       • time of maturity – they should be early mature.   4x1 = 4mks
35.  
    1. Disadvantages of broadcasting:
       • Encouragers pasts and disease spread due to congestion
       • It is difficult to use machines
       • Its difficult to establish the correct plant population
       • There is uneven crop establishment due to uneven depth of planting.
       • It is difficult to carry out crop management e.g weeding.
       • High seed rate is used   5x 1= 5mks
    2. Importance of carrying out soil testing.
       • It helps to determine the type of crops to grow
       • It provides information on the types of fertilizers to apply
       • Depending on the nutrient content one is able to determine the amount of fertilizer to apply.
       • It provides better under standing on the cause of low yield
       • It enables one to know the type of soil in the farm. 5x1 = 5mks