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- What is an eclipse? (2mks)
- It refers to a shadow resulting from the blockage of the sunrays from reaching the earth or the moon’s surface.
- State three effects of the earth’s rotation. (3mks)
- It causes the occurrence of day and night.
- It causes periodic rise and fall of ocean tides
- It causes a time difference between longitudes
- It causes variation of atmospheric pressure on the earth’s surface.
- It causes deflection of winds and ocean currents
- What is an eclipse? (2mks)
- The diagram below shows the structure of the earth. Use it to answer the questions that follow
- Name the parts marked E,F, and G (3mks)
E- moho/moho-discontinuity
F – Inner core
G- Atmosphere - Describe the characteristics of the part labeled H. (4mks)
- It has two layers namely upper mantle and lower mantle
- The lower mantle has a temperature of about 3000
- The upper mantle is elastic solid while the lower mantle is molten
- The average density is about 3.3gm/cm3
- Name the parts marked E,F, and G (3mks)
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- Identify the three forms of metamorphism. (3mks
- thermal metamorphism
- dynamic metamorphism
- thermal dynamic metamorphism
- Give the metamorphic equivalents of the following rocks (4mks)
- Granite - Gneiss
- Limestone - marble
- Quarts - quartzite
- Coal - graphite
- Identify the three forms of metamorphism. (3mks
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- What is a seismic wave?
- It refers to shock waves which originate from the starting point of an earthquake moving outwards in all directions.
- State four ways in which earthquake affects human activities. (2mks)
- causes loss of lives and destructions of property
- They occasionally trigger fires hence the occurrence of fire.
- Resultant landslide have a direct impact on plants and animals
- Earthquake can tear apart man made facilities such as bridges, roads, railways, gas pipes, etc causing transport and communication problems.
- lowering of land near the sea or rising of the sea floor cause flooding when it occurs suddenly
- Construction of tall buildings is limited in areas prone to earthquakes thus restricting growth of towns
- Generally weaken existing structures causing panic to residents of an area.
- What is a seismic wave?
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- Define faulting. (2mks)
- it refers to fracturing or cracking of crustal rocks
- Describe how the following features are formed
- Rift valley (6mks)
- Layers of crustal rocks are subjected to tensional force leading to the formation of normal faults.
- Continued tensional forces cause the middle block o subside tearing the outer block of the same level
- The sunken or the subsided middle block forms a depression called a rift valley, while the sides are the escarpments.
- Caldera by violent eruption. (4mks)
- Vent eruption leads to the formation to the formation of a volcanic cone.
- After a period of calm, the vent is sealed leading to the development of intense pressure beneath the volcano.
- Later, a more violent eruption occurs which destroy the top head of the volcano,thus forming a large depression called a caldera
- Rift valley (6mks)
- State four negative effects of vulcanicity on human beings. (4mks)
- The leeward side of the volcanic mountains are dry thus discouraging agriculture.
- Volcanic features are rugged thus hinders transport and communication
- Recent lava flows cover fertilizer soil thus discouraging agricultur
- Ash particles resulting from vulcanicity form a blanket in the upper atmosphere thus lowering global temperatures.
- Emission of volcanic gases such as sulphur dioxide cause pollution
- You are planning to carry out a field study on features formed by vulcanicity on the landscape.
- Give two methods you would use to collect data. (2mks)
- Observation
- Photographing
- Content analysis
- Interviewin
- Administering a questionaire
- State two problems you may face during the field study. (2mks)
- Fatigue due to long distance of walking
- Snake or insect bit
- Abrupt stop of the study due to heavy rainfal
- Give two methods you would use to collect data. (2mks)
- Define faulting. (2mks)
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- State four ways in which minerals may occur. (4mks)
- some occur in seams or layers
- some occur as weathering products
- some minerals occur as allurial deposits.
- Others occur in vein or lodes
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- Other than deep shaft method, name two other underground methods of mining. (2mks)
- Describe how deep shaft mining method is carried out.
- A deep shaft is sunk underground up to the level of the mineral
- Horizontal tunnels are dug to reach the mineral ore
- Vertical beams are erected to support the roof of the tunnel.
- Light railway lines are laid down in the tunnels for transporting the ore up to the base of the shaft.
- The ore is hoisted to the surface using electrically driven pulleys to be transported to the factory for processing.
- Explain two ways in which Kenya has benefited from the mining of soda ash from Lake Magadi. (4mks)
- It has led to the growth of magadi township
- It has led to the development of social amenities such as hospitals
- It has stimulated development of transport routes from Konza to Magadi.
- It has encouraged the development of industries by proving raw materials eg glass industries
- It has provided employment to many Kenyans thus improving their ling standards.
- State four adverse effects of gold mining to the environment of South Africa. (4mks)
- It has left the ground bare resulting to soil erosion
- It has caused instability of the basement rock
- It has resulted to land and water pollution
- It has resulted to wastage of agricultural land.
- It has restricted biodiversity
- It has disrupted or lowered the water table
- It has left the land derelict.
- State four ways in which minerals may occur. (4mks)
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- Define weather (2mks)
- it refers to atmospheric weather condition of a place at a particular time
- Give any three elements of weather apart from humidity. (3mks)
- rainfall
- temperature
- wind
- cloud
- atmospheric pressure
- sunshine
- Describe how humidity is measured in weather station. (4mks)
- measure and record dry bulb thermometer reading
- measure and record wet bulb thermometer
- calculate the difference between the
- Interpret the difference
- If the difference is Zero then the air is saturated with moisture, if its smaller then humidity is high and if its is large the humidity is low
- Define weather (2mks)
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- Define weather forecasting. (2mks)
- It refers to the prediction of the atmospheric conditions of a place over a specific time period.
- State four importance of weather forecasting. (4mks)
- it provides a guide for fishing activities
- it helps in planning for military activities
- it enable farmers to plan their farming calendar of events
- it influences the design of houses
- It provides a guide in landing and take off as well as ocean/marine travels.
- It helps in the choice of clothing for the day
- It helps in the preparedness in relation to weather disasters
- Define weather forecasting. (2mks)
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- Define folding. (2mks)
- It refers to crustal distortion causing the crustal rocks to bend upwards and downwards .
- Give three types of folds. (3mks)
- Symetrical fold
- Assymetrical folds
- Overfold fold
- recumbent fold
- Isoclinal fold
- overthrust fold
- anticlinorium and synclinorium complex
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- Apart from Fold Mountains, give two other resultant features of folding. (2mks)
- Inter-montane plateaus
- inter – montane basins
- isoclinical valleys/ridge and valley landscape
- Rolling plains
- With the help of well labeled diagram describe how Fold Mountains are formed (8mks)
- Earth movement may lead to the formation of a geosyncline on the earth’s surface.
- The geosyncline is filled with water and sediments due to erosion in the surrounding higher ground
- Accumulation of sediments to great thickness causes the geosyncline to subside or sink further.
- The subsidence of the geosyncline triggers compressional forces in the sedimentary rock layers to fold forming fold mountains
- Apart from Fold Mountains, give two other resultant features of folding. (2mks)
- Explain the effects of folding on physical and human environment (8mks)
- Folding leads to the formation of fold mountain whose windward side experience high rainfall which favour agriculture and forest growth.
- Resultant features of folding such as fold mountains are tourist attraction earning income.
- Fold mountains are river sources which provide water for agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, industrial and domestic use.
- During folding process some minerals are brought close to the surface thus encouraging mining/ some minerals are buried deep beneath the surface thus discouraging mining.
- The leeward side of fold mountains experience low rainfall which encourage pastrolism but discourage crop farming
- Define folding. (2mks)
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