INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
- Answer ALL the questions
SECTION A (30 marks)
- Mention four factors that determine the depth of planting in crop production. (2mks)
- State four benefits of a good soil structure. (2mks)
- State four factors to be considered in sitting nursery bed. (2mks)
- Give four advantages of shifting cultivation. (2mks)
- Name four factors influencing soil formation. (2mks)
- Define the term drainage. (1mk)
- Give any three tertiary operations carried out during land preparation. (1 ½mks)
- State three forms in which soil water exists. (1 ½ mks)
- In farming under what conditions is opportunity cost zero. (1mk)
- What are the deficiency symptoms of sulphur? (1½ mks)
- Name the vegetative materials used in the establishment of the following crops.
- Bananas (½ mk)
- Pineapples (½ mk)
- Sisal (½ mk)
- State four advantages for planting potatoes in a ridged seedbed. (2mks)
- State four reasons for pruning. (2mks)
- What is organic farming? (1mk)
- Give reasons for carrying each of the following practices in tomatoes nursery. (2mks)
- Pricking out
- Hardening off
- State two problems that may be brought by a hard pan. (1mk)
- Give four advantages of tissue culture. (2 marks)
- State four properties of soil influenced by its texture. (2 marks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions from this section in the spaces provided.
- The diagram below shows a method of layering. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the method of layering illustrated above. (1mk)
- State one circumstance in which the method of layering indicated above is recommended. (1 mk)
- Maize requires 120kg/ha of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). How much of the compound fertilizer20:20:10 would be applied to 0.4 hectare of land to achieve this rate. (show your working). (2 marks)
- Distinguish between straight fertilizers and compound fertilizers. (2 marks)
- The diagram below shows a cabbage seedling which has been attacked by a certain pest.
- Identify the pest (1 mark)
- State three methods of controlling the above pest (3 marks)
- State four methods of harvesting water on the farm. (4marks)
- The diagram below illustrates a field management practice carried out to a fruit crop
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- Identify the practice illustrated above. (1mark)
- Give three reasons for carrying out the practice illustrated in the above diagram. (3marks)
- Give a reason why it is not advisable to use manure in carrot production. (1mark)
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SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer only two questions in this section in the spaces provided.
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- Describe the methods used in preparing materials in readiness for planting.
(8 marks) - Explain the factors that may determine spacing of crop in the farm (8 marks)
- Explain briefly the factors that influence timely planting. (4marks)
- Describe the methods used in preparing materials in readiness for planting.
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- State and explain the uses of farm records to a farmer (10mks)
- Explain how the following land reforms are carried out
- Land consolidation (5mks)
- Land adjudication and registration (5mks)
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- Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yield (5mks)
- Explain the factors of cultural methods of soil and water conservation (10mks)
- Give five advantages of overhead irrigation (5mks)
Marking Scheme
SECTION A (30MARKS)
- Factors determining depth of planting.
- Size of the seed
- Type of germination
- Moisture availability
- Type of soil
4 x ½
- Four benefits of soil structure in crop production.
- Hold more moisture for crop production.
- Well drained/have better infiltration.
- Allow better root and tuber expansion.
- Allow better root penetration for nutrients and moisture uptake.
- Allow plant anchorage
4 x ½
- Factors considered in siting a nursery bed.
- Security
- Drainage
- fertility of the soil
- Topography
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
- Advantages of shifting cultivation.
- Lower capital investment.
- No disease and pest build up.
- Maintains soil structure.
- No land disputes as land is not individualized.
- Factors influencing soil formation.
- Topography
- Time
- Climate factors
- Biotic factors
- Parent rock material
- Drainage is a method of removing excess water from a marshy water logged land.
Drainage is the practice of lowering water table from a marshy water logged land.
(1 mk) - Tertiary operations
- Ridging
- Levelling
- Rolling Check spellings
(3 x ½ - 1 ½ mk)
- Forms in which soil water exists.
- Hygroscopic water
- Superfluous water
- Capillary water
(3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
- In farming under what condition is opportunity cost zero
- When there are no alternatives (1 x 1 = 1mk)
- Deficiency symptoms of sulphur.
- Stunted growth
- Drying back of plant tips
- Blossom end rot in tomatoes
(3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
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- Bananas – suckers ( ½ mk)
- Pineapples – crowns /slips/suckers (½ mk)
- Sisal – bulbs (½ mk)
- Why ridging is done in potatoes production.
- Facilitate tuber expansion.
- Conserve moisture around the crop.
- Control soil erosion.
- For easier harvesting.
(4 x ½ = 2 mk)
- Reasons for pruning
- Allow enough light penetration
- Improve quality produce
- Reduce pests and diseases
- Enable effective use of chemical sprays
- Train the crop to have the required shape
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
- Organic farming is the growing of crops and raising of livestock without the use of agro chemicals. (1 x 1)
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- Pricking out – Enable seedling to grow vigorously and health/ to avoid overcrowding in the primary nursery
- Hardening off – to enable seedlings get used to actual field condition.
(2 x 1 = 2 mks)
- Problems of hard pan
- Poor aeration
- Prevent root penetration
- Leads to accumulation of salts
- Hinders activation of soil organisms
- Poor water infiltration/water logging
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
- Advantages of tissue culture.
- The plantlets developed maintain parental characteristics e.g. uniformity.
- Disease free plants are obtained.
- Mass production of planting materials.
- High yielding crop clones are produced.
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
- Properties of soil influenced by soil texture.
- Soil porosity/aeration.
- Drainage.
- Permeability, hence water retention capacity.
- Capillarity, hence water distribution.
- Stickers of the soil.
- Cation exchange capacity hence soil PH.
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
SECTION B(20MARKS)
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- Marcotting/ aerial layering. (1mark)
- When the branch is hard and cannot bend to reach the ground. (1mark)
- 20kg of P2OS is contained in 100kgs of 20,20, 0
Therefore 120kg of P2OS will be contained in (120×100)= 600kg of 20:20:10
20
1 acre of maize requires 600kg of 20:20:10.
Therefore ,(0.4 ×600)= 240kg of 20:20:10 - Straight fertilizer has only one major nutrient while compound fertilizer has two or more major nutrients.
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- Cut worm.(1mark)
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- Use of appropriate insecticides.
- Physically by picking and killing.
- Crop rotation
Any 2x1=2marks
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- Use of weirs and dams.
- Use of ponds.
- Rock catchments.
- Roof catchments.
- Use of retention ditches.
- Use of micro-catchments
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- Identify the practice illustrated above (1mk)
- Trellishing
- Give three reasons for carrying out the practice illustrated in the above diagram. (3mks)
- To produce clean fruits
- To control soil borne diseases
- To facilitate harvesting
- Identify the practice illustrated above (1mk)
- Reason why it is not advisable to use manure in carrot production (1mk)
- It is not advisable to use manure in carrot production because manure encourage forking/ reduce the quality of carrot
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SECTION C (40 MARKS)
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- Breaking seed dormancy
- Burning the seeds
- Scarification/physical breaking of seed coat
- Seeds subjected to heat to destroy hard coat
- Soaking in acid and washing in running water Stating 1mk explanation-1mk Any 4=(8mks)
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- Purpose of the crop
- Soil moisture content
- Fertility status of the soil
- Growth of the crops
- Type of machine used
- Number of seeds per hole
- Disease/pest/weed control method
Naming 8× 1/2 mks=4 mks
Explaining 8×1/2mks=4 mks
Total=8 mks
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- Purpose of the crop
- Market method
- Concentration of chemical required e.g. tea
- Weather conditions
(4×1=4 mks)
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- Uses of farm records
- They help to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities
- They are used in income tax assessment
- They are used for reference/show history of the farm
- They help in planning and budgeting
- They help to determine the credit worthiness of a farmer
- They help to determine losses and detect theft on the farm
- They assist when sharing profits and losses in partnerships
- They help to settle disputes among heirs
- They help to support insurance claims
- They provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF remittances and SACCO dues
- They help in proper management of routine livestock and crop management practices
- They are used to compare the performance of different enterprises in the farm
(Any 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
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- Land consolidation
- Involves putting together of fragmented pieces of land under one holding
- The ownership of individual land is established
- The land is surveyed and measured to establish the sizes of all the parcels belonging to an individual farmer
- The fragments are put together into one holding/around the biggest or most developed
- The registration of the holding is done at the district land registry/ registration by land registrars
- Land title deed/land certificate is issued under one holding
5 x 1 = 5mks
- Land adjudication and registration
- Ownership of land within a specified area is established
- Land is surveyed / measured
- Detailed maps showing existing boundaries of the land are drawn by surveyors
- The land is recorded against individual owners
- The maps and records of the land are submitted to district land registry
- The land is registered
- Title deeds/certificates are issued
(Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
- Land consolidation
- Uses of farm records
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- Less rainfall/unreliable rainfall/too much rainfall
- Poor soil type/water logging/excessive leaching
- Inappropriate soil PH
- Pests attack
- Inappropriate temperatures
- Excessive wind
- Extreme humidity
- Pest and disease attack
- Poor weed control
- Hail storm/frost attack
(Any 7 x 1 = 7mks)
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- Use of grass strips/filter strips
- Cover cropping
- Contour farming
- Mulching
- Cropping systems e.g. crop rotation, rational grazing etc
- Strip cropping
- Grassed/vegelated water ways
- Forestation/reforestation
- Agro-forestry
- Minimum tillage
(Each 10 x 1 = 10mks)
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- Water is evenly distributed
- Less water wastage
- Can be practiced in sloppy grounds
- Foliar fertilizer can be applied
- Easily moved
(Each 5 x 1 = 5mks)
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