Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 3 End Term 1 Exams 2022

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INSTRUCTIONS

  1. The paper comprises of 2 sections. A and B.
  2. Attempt all questions in section A.
  3. In section B, answer question 6 and choose any other two questions.

SECTION A: Answer all questions from this section.

  1.      
    1. Describe the plate tectonic theory. (2 mks)
    2. Identify three results of the movement of plates along the boundaries. (3 mks)
  2.      
    1. Define the term hydrological cycle. (2 mks)
    2. Describe two ways in which the atmosphere is heated. (4 mks)
  3.        
    1. Define vegetation. (1 mk)
    2. Outline three conditions that influence the distribution of vegetation. (3 mks)
    3. Name two types of vegetation likely to be found beyond 60oN of the equator. (2 mks)
  4. Define an earthquake. (2 mks)
  5. State the negative effects of faulting on the human environment. (6 mks)

SECTION B: Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

  1. Study the map of Taita Hills (1:50,000) sheet 189/4 provided and answer the following questions .
    1.        
      1. What is the bearing of peak of Mwatunga hill in grid square 3214 from the water tank in grid square 2619 (2mks)
      2. What is the length in kilometres of the section of Mwatate-Voi railway line in the south eastern part of the map (2mks)
    2. Draw a rectangle measuring 16cm by 12 cm to represent the area enclosed by the Eastings 24 and 40cm and Northings 20 and 30 (1mrk)
      On the rectangle ,mark and name the following features
      • Mgange hills (1mk)
      • A rock outcrop (1mk)
      • All weather road,bound service (1mk)
      • River Ruhia (1mk)
      • Ronge forest (1mk)
    3.        
      1. Describe the distribution of settlements in the area covered by the map (5mks)
      2. Citing evidence from the map, give two economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map other than sisal farming (5mks)
    4.      
      1. Name three types of natural vegetation in the area covered by the map(3mks)
      2. What is the magnetic variation as of January 1991 (2mks)
  2.      
    1.      
      1. Define mass wasting. (2 mks)
      2. Explain how the following factors influence mass wasting. (8 mks)
        1. Nature of materials
        2. Angle of slope
        3. Climatic factors
        4. Vegetation cover
    2. Using well labeled diagrams, describe rockfall as a process of mass wasting. (6 mks)
    3. Explain ways in which mass wasting influences the natural environment. (10 mks)
  3.      
    1. State two differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks. (4 mks)
    2.      
      1. Explain how mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are formed. (5 mks)
      2. Give three characteristics of intrusive igneous rocks. (3 mks)
    3.      
      1. Fill in the table below. (4 mks)
        Original rock Metarmorphic rock
        W Slate 
        Granite 
        Coal   Y
        Z Marble 
      2. State the uses of rocks. (5 mks)
    4. You are planning to carry out field study on rocks within your school.
      1. State why you would need the following:- (3 mks)
        Lenses –
        Paper Bag –
        Geological hammer –
      2. Give three problems you might encounter during the field study. (3 mks)
  4.      
    1.      
      1. Differentiate between river regime and river discharge. (2 mks)
      2. Explain three factors that influence the rate of river erosion. (6 mks)
    2. Using a well labeled diagram, describe the formation of an arcuate delta.(5mks)
    3. Give three ways in which a river transports materials. (3 mks)
    4. You carried out field study on a river in its youthful stage.
      1. Explain how abrasion could have led to the formation of the features in this stage.(4mks)
      2. Identify three features of erosion formed by the river in this stage. (3 mks)
      3. Give two challenges you could have faced while carrying out the study. (2 mks)
  5.      
    1.      
      1. Distinguish between secondary vegetation and planted vegetation.(2 mks)
      2. Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation. (4 mks)
        • Precipitation
        • Soil
      3. State four ways in which vegetation is of significance to the physical and human environment. (4 mks)
    2. Explain three factors that led to the decline of natural vegetation in Kenya. (6 mks)
    3. State three ways in which savanna type of vegetation is adapted to the climatic conditions. (3 mks)
    4. Students from Anestar secondary school carried out field study across the slope.
      State the methods they are likely to have used to collect data. (6 mks)


MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A: Answer all questions from this section.

  1.      
    1. Describe the plate tectonic theory. (2 mks)
      • This is the theory which postulates that the lithosphere is made up of semi- rigid blocks.
      • The plates have distinct boundaries
      • They move in different directions relative to each other.
      • They are either oceanic or continental plates.
    2. Identify three results of the movement of plates along the boundaries. (3 mks)
      • They cause earthquakes
      • They lead to the formation of ocean trenches.
      • They lead to the formation of fold mountains.
  2.      
    1. Define the term hydrological cycle. (2 mks)
      This is the endless interchange of water/water vapour between the sea, the atmosphere and the land.
      The natural circulation of water/water vapour on earth
    2. Describe two ways in which the atmosphere is heated. (4 mks)
      Radiation
      • Hot bodies emit heat
      • Heat from the sun travels into the atmosphere through short waves
      • These are visible light
      • They raise the temperature of the atmosphere, heating it up
      • This is called radiation.

        Conductions
      • Heat moves from hotter to colder regions through molecules
      • It moves faster with greater temperatures
      • The part of the atmosphere closest to the earth’s surface is heated this way
      • This is called conduction.

        Convection
      • This occur in liquids and gases
      • The earth surface absorbs heat
      • Heat air expands
      • On expansion, it travels (rises) through convectional currents, heating the atmosphere.
  3.      
    1. Define vegetation. (1 mk)
      This is the plant cover growing in an area
    2. Outline three conditions that influence the distribution of vegetation. (3 mks)
      • Climate/temperature/sunlight/precipitation/wind
      • Soils/endaphic factors
      • Drainage
      • Relief
      • Aspect
      • Biotic factors
    3. Name two types of vegetation likely to be found beyond 60oN of the equator. (2 mks)
      • Caniferous vegetation
      • Tundra vegetation
      • Mixed forests
  4. Define an earthquake. (2 mks)
    This is the trembling/shaking of the crustal rocks.
  5. State the negative effects of faulting on the human environment. (6 mks)
    • May lead to the formation of mountains fault blocks which causes aridity on the leeward side.
    • It may lead to the breaking of rocks which may facilitate denudation
    • Tear faulting followed by horizontal displacement of rocks may lead to shifting and destruction of roads and railways
    • It may lead to disappearance of rivers underground hence denying pople water
    • It may lead to formation of lakes which may drown the surroundings.
    • It may lead to occurrence of earthquake which may be destructive/may cause death.

SECTION B: Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.

  1. Study the map of Taita Hills (1:50,000) sheet 189/4 provided and answer the following questions .
    1.      
      1. What is the bearing of peak of Mwatunga hill in grid square 3214 from the water tank in grid square 2619 (2mks)
        1350
      2. What is the length in kilometres of the section of Mwatate-Voi railway line in the south eastern part of the map (2mks)
        14.2 Km
    2. Draw a rectangle measuring 16cm by 12 cm to represent the area enclosed by the Eastings 24 and 40cm and Northings 20 and 30 (1mrk)
      On the rectangle ,mark and name the following features
      • Mgange hills (1mk)
      • A rock outcrop (1mk)
      • All weather road,bound service (1mk)
      • River Ruhia (1mk)
      • Ronge forest (1mk)
    3.      
      1. Describe the distribution of settlements in the area covered by the map (5mks)
        • Dense settlement along transport route
        • Dense settlement close to Taita sisal estate
        • Dense settlement around the hillside
        • Scattered settlement on the S.E part/on the lower altitude part
        • No settlement on the forested area.
        • Dense settlement on the sloping areas
        • No settlement on the rock out crops
      2. Citing evidence from the map, give two economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map other than sisal farming (5mks)
        • Trading –shops
        • Transport-roads and railway
        • Mining-quarry
        • Lumbering –forests /forestry
        • Tourism
    4.      
      1. Name three types of natural vegetation in the area covered by the map(3mks)
        • Thickets
        • Forests
        • Scrubs
        • Scattered trees
      2. What is the magnetic variation as of January 1991 (2mks)
        00 32’
  2.      
    1.      
      1. Define mass wasting. (2 mks)
        This is the movement of weathered materials down a slope due to the influence of gravity.
      2. Explain how the following factors influence mass wasting. (8 mks)
        Nature of materials
        • Heavy and large materials move faster on a slope
        • This is because they are more likely to be overcome by gravity.
        • Thinly bedded layers of rocks have tendency to move faster.

          Angle of the slope
        • The steeper the slope, the faster the rate of movement
        • Where rocks are dipping steeply, movement is faster
        • The steeper the slope, the faster the rate of movement

          Climatic factors/Amount of water/saturation level of materials
        • The more saturated the rock/soil is, the more likely it is to move.
        • This is because water adds weight and also lubricates the materials
        • Alternate freezing and thawing loosens rock materials hence encouraging movement.

          Vegetation cover
        • Bare surfaces are more likely to experience mass wasting because there is no vegetation to bind the materials together.
        • Presence of vegetation hinders movement as the rocks hold the soil/rocks together.
    2. Using well labeled diagrams, describe rock fall as a process of mass wasting. (5 mks)
      • It occurs where rocks are well jointed and the slope is steep.
      • Frequent freeze – thaw action on steep slopes loosens the rocks which become detatched from the rock face
      • This produces rock particles which fall and accumulate at the base of the cliff/rock face.
    3. Explain ways in which mass wasting influences the natural environment.(10 mks)
      • It loosens the soil, making it vulnerable to soil erosion
      • It destroys vegetation where it occurs
      • It may block river valleys causing the formation of reservoirs/diversion of rivers
      • It causes thin soils on the slopes making it difficult for vegetation to grow
      • It leads to accumulation of soil at the foot of the slope encouraging vegetation.
  3.      
    1. State two differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks. (4 mks)
      • Plutonic rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies below the surface while volcanic rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies on the surface.
      • Plutonic rocks are coarse grained/have large particles while volcanic rocks have fine particles.
    2.    
      1. Explain how mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are formed. (3 mks)
        • Are formed from existing rocks
        • The rocks are broken down by through the process of denudation/weathering/erosion
        • Weathered particles are transported by water/wind/ice
        • They are deposited in layers
        • They accumulate and become compacted to form hard rocks.
      2. Give three characteristics of intrusive igneous rocks. (3 mks)
        • They are formed through vulcanicity
        • They are formed below the earth crust
        • They have large crystals
        • They occur in large masses
    3.      
      1. Fill in the table below. (4 mks)
        Original rock Metarmorphic rock
        W Slate 
        Granite 
        Coal   Y
        Z Marble 
        W – Sandstone
        X – Gneiss
        Y – Graphite
        Z - Limestone
      2. State the uses of rocks. (5 mks)
        • Some rocks weather to form features which attract tourists, earning foreign exchange
        • Some rocks are used as building materials
        • Rocks form reservoirs for water/oil/natural gas
        • Some rocks are used for carving
        • Some rocks such as limestone are raw material for manufacture of cement.
        • Rocks weather to form soils which promote food production
    4. You are planning to carry out field study on rocks within your school.
      1. State why you would need the following:- (3 mks)
        Lenses – To identify rock crystals/magnify the rocks for easier study
        Paper Bag – To carry rock samples
        Geological hammer – To break the rock for easier study
      2. Give three problems you might encounter during the field study. (3 mks)
        • There could be attacks by wild animals
        • The steep slopes could be difficult to climb, causing delay
  4.      
    1.      
      1. Differentiate between river regime and river discharge. (2 mks)
        • River regime is the seasonal variation /changes in the volume of water in a river
        • River discharge is the amount of water passing through a particular point on the rivers course. It is expressed in cubic feet per second.
      2. Explain three factors that influence the rate of river erosion. (6 mks)
        • Amount /volume of stream discharge. The higher the discharge the higher the rate of river erosion
        • Amount of load in a river. The more the load, the higher the rate of erosion by abrasion.
        • Composition/size of a sediments/nature of the load, the bigger the size of sediments, the higher the rate of erosion.
        • The slope/gradient of the river channel- the steeper the gradient the higher the rate of erosion.
        • The rocks are resistant and fast where the rocks are soft.
    2. Using a well labeled diagram, describe the formation of an arcuate delta.(5 mks)
      • It is built by a river carrying both fine and coarse materials
      • It forms where off-shore currents are strong to round the delta seaward edge, giving it a convex shape.
      • The river is able to deposit materials faster than they are removed by the waves.
      • It has many distributaries.
    3. Give three ways in which a river transports materials. (3 mks)
      • By suspension
      • By solution
      • By saltation
      • By extraction
    4. You carried out field study on a river in its youthful stage.
      1. Explain how abrasion could have led to the formation of the features in this stage.(4mks)
        • As solid rock materials are transported, downstream, they are hurled/they hit against the banks/are dragged along the bed.
        • The rock materials chip off piece of rocks from the channel and river bed.
        • Eddy currents rotate pieces of rocks around hollows on the bed.
        • They break glide the river bed, wearing away rocks
      2. Identify three features of erosion formed by the river in this stage. (3 mks)
        • Gorges
        • Potholes
        • Rapids
        • Interlocking spurs
        • Waterfalls/cateracts
      3. Give two challenges you could have faced while carrying out the study. (2 mks)
        • The steep slopes may be difficult to climb
        • Attacks by wild animals, interfering with data collection
        • Inadequate time to study adequately the youthful stage
        • There could be heavy rains (high temperatures which might hinder data collection.
  5.      
    1.      
      1. Distinguish between secondary vegetation and planted vegetation.(2 mks)
        Secondary vegetation is the plant cover growing naturally in a place but has been interfered with by people while planted vegetation comprise of plants that were grown by people.
      2. Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation. (4 mks)
        • Precipitation
        • Amount of rain a region receives determines the type of plants that would grow there
        • Areas of heavy rainfall support forest growth and areas with little rainfall has scanty and stunted vegetation
        • Soil
        • Rich soils support a variety and luxuriant plants while infertile soils have scanty vegetation
        • Soil pH determines the type of plants.
      3. State four ways in which vegetation is of significance to the physical and human environment. (4 mks)
        • It adds beauty to the landscape
        • It binds soil together hence protects it from soil erosion
        • Plants remains decay and adds humus to the soil
        • Some plants have medicinal value
        • Some trees are used to manufacture paper and other products.
        • Used as fuel
        • For construction
    2. Explain three factors that led to the decline of natural vegetation in Kenya. (6 mks)
      • Bushfire – Destroy grass and retard its regeneration
      • Human activities – Encroach into grasslands and vegetation
      • Wild animals – Like elephants destroy young and growing vegetation
      • Pests: - Destroy plants reducing their growth rate
      • Frequent draughts – Destroy grass leading to semi-desert conditions
      • Overgrazing: - By both domestic and wild animals.
    3. State three ways in which savanna type of vegetation is adapted to the climatic conditions. (3 mks)
      • Trees have long roots that reach water table
      • Have small leaves to reduce rate of transpiration
      • Trees are umbrella shaped to provide shade and prevent excessive loss of moisture.
      • Trees have thick and green stems to prevent moisture loss e.g. Baobab.
      • The stems function like leaves.
    4. Students from Anestar secondary school carried out field study across the slope.
      1. State the methods they are likely to have used to collect data. (6 mks)
        • Observation
        • Sampling
        • Measuring or estimating height
        • Counting
        • Tape recording
        • Taking photographs
        • Use of questionnaires
        • Interviewing local people
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