INSTRUCTIONS: SECTION A: Answer All Questions in This Section. (25 MKS)
- What is the difference between a Pongidae and a Hominidae? (1 mark)
- Identify the community that displaced the Pokomo from Shungwaya. (1 mark)
- List two roles of warriors among the pre-colonial Miji-Kenda. (2 marks)
- State two roles of the Orkoiyot among the pre-colonial Nandi community. (2 marks)
- Who was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849? (1 mark)
- Name two constitutional amendments which were done in 1982 in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Define the term “Scorched earth policy”. (1 mark)
- Which was the main war method used by Africans in their resistance? (1 mark)
- Identify the agreement signed to end partitioning of East Africa. (1 mark)
- List two ways the Akamba displayed their resistance against the colonial administration. (2 marks)
- Identify the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark)
- Name one political parties that existed in Kenya at Independence. (1 mark)
- Mention two duties of a chief during the colonial administration in Kenya. (2 marks)
- State one group that provided education in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark)
- Name one community in Kenya that showed mixed reaction towards British colonization in Kenya. (1 marks)
- State two methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (2 marks)
- State two development rights of children. (2 marks)
SECTION B: Answer three questions in this section.(45 marks)
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- State five economic activities of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks)
- Describe the political organization of the pre-colonial Somali community. (10 marks)
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- List five reasons for the coming of the missionaries to Kenya. (5 marks)
- Explain five positive results of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast. (10 marks)
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- Identify three terms of the Devonshire Whitepaper 1923. (3 marks)
- Explain six methods used by the colonial government to promote settler farming in Kenya. (12 marks)
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- Identify five reasons for the collaboration of the Maasai. (5 marks)
- Explain five reasons for failure of armed resistance by the Kenyan communities. (10 marks)
SECTION C: Answer any two questions in this section.(30 marks)
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- State three factors that may cause revocation of citizenship by registration in Kenya (3mks)
- Explain six rights that are guaranteed to an arrested person by the Bill of Rights in Kenya. (12 marks)
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- State five non-violent methods of resolving a conflict. (5 marks)
- Explain five factors that promote national unity. (10 marks)
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- State three characteristics of indirect democracy. (3mks)
- Explain six principles of democracy. (12mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- What is the difference between a Pongidae and a Hominidae?
Pongidae belongs to the ape family while hominadae belongs to the human family. 1 mk) - Identify the community that displaced the Pokomo from Shungwaya
Oromo /Galla 1 mk) - List two roles of warriors among the pre-colonial Miji-Kenda.
- Defended the community from external attack.
- Helped in maintenance of law and order. (2 mks)
- State two roles of the Orkoiyot among the pre-colonial Nandi community.
- He was a political leaders.
- He was a religious leader.
- He advised elders on community affairs.
- He advised and blessed warriors before going to war.
- He arbitrated in disputes.
- He was a seer, rainmaker and chief medicine man. (2 mks)
- Who was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849?
Dr Johann Ludwig Krapf ( 1mk ) - Name two constitutional amendments which were done in 1982 in Kenya.
- Position of chief secretary as the head of civil service was created.
- Kenya was made de fecto one party state. (2 mks)
- Define the term “Scorched earth policy”.
Destroying all property in sight that are beneficial to man. ( 1 mk) - Which was the main war method used by Africans in their resistance?
Guerilla warfare. (1 mk) - Identify the agreement signed to end partitioning of East Africa.
Heligoland / Anglo - German Agrement of 1890. (1 mk) - List two ways the Akamba displayed their resistance against the colonial administration.
- Boycott: They refused to sell goods to the IBEAC
- Attacking the British forts / stations / Britons.
- Use of religious leaders to bless the warriors.
- Blockade / cutting off some areas.
- Petitioning for peace.
- Identify the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya during the pre-colonial period.
The clan 1mk (2 mks) - Name one political parties that existed in Kenya at Independence. (1 mks)
- Kenya African National union.(KANU)
- Kenya African democratic Union. (KADU)
- African Peoples Party. (APP)
- Mention two duties of a chief during the colonial administration in Kenya.
- Maintenance of law and order
- Hearing of petty cases
- Tax collection
- Labour recruitment / army conscription 2mks
- State one group that provided education in Kenya during the colonial period.
- Asians
- Missionaries
- Africans themselves
- Colonial government 1mk
- Name one community in Kenya that showed mixed reaction towards British colonisation in Kenya
- Akamba
- Luo
- Agikuyu 1mks
- State two development rights of children. (2 marks)
- Right to education
- Right to leisure /play
- Right to participate in cultural and artistic activities
- Right to express themselves
- Access to information
- Parent love-right to social security
- State two methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (2 marks)
- Diplomacy
- Collaboration/signing of treaties
- Military conquests/expeditions
- Construction of operational bases/forts
SECTION :B
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- State five economic activities of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (5 mks)
- Grew crop / kept livestock / mixed farming.
- Iron - working.
- Traded with their neighbours
- Basketly / cloth making / ornament making / traditional craft.
- Hunting / gathering
- Pottery (5 x 1 = 5 mks)
- Describe the political organization of the pre- colonial Somali community. (10 mks)
- The society was bound together in patrilineal lineage
- Women did not feature in political set up
- The largest political unit was the clan.
- The council of elders controlled the affairs of the clan.
- Had a decentralised political system.
- They had an age-sets system from which they established military organization.
- Adoption of Islam led to introduction of Sheikh.
- Changed system to Islamic sharia. (5 x 2 = 10 mks)
- State five economic activities of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (5 mks)
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- List five reasons for the coming of the missionaries to Kenya.(5 mks)
- Wanted to spread Christianity.
- Missionaries wanted to civilize the Africans.
- They wanted to end slavery and slave trade.
- Some missionaries wanted to explore the interior of East Africa so that it could be opened.
- To check against the spread of Islam in East Africa. (5 x 1 = 5 mks)
- Explain five positive results of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast.10 mks)
- Plantation agriculture developed.
- Local trade and long distance trade expanded.
- Caravan routes opened up the interior.
- Expansion and starting of urban areas e.g Mombasa
- Caravan routes became basis of both roads and railways.
- Emergence of wealthy members.
- Introduction currency e.g Indian rupee.
- Expansion of some kingdom e.g Wanga and Buganda.
- List five reasons for the coming of the missionaries to Kenya.(5 mks)
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- Identify three terms of the Devonshire Whitepaper 1923. (3 mks)
- There was to be no racial segregation in all residential areas.
- Restriction on immigration was to be lifted.
- A missionary was to be nominated to represent African interests.
- The highlands were reserved for European settlement only.
- Indians were to elect five members to legco and to have representative to municipal councils.
- European settlers demand for self government was rejected.
- Interest of Africans were to be given priority as Kenya was an African country.
- The colonial office was to exercise close control of the country. (5 x 1 = 5 mks)
- Explain six methods used by the colonial government to promote settler farming in Kenya. (10 mks)
- Acquiring land for them.
- Forcing Africans to provide labour for the settlers.
- Offering settlers technical assistance by providing them with agricultural extension officers in field.
- Developing transport network to enable settlers transport farm inputs and output.
- Ensuring there was security for the settlers.
- Encouraging formation of co-operatives for marketing produce and establishment of financial institution to offer settlers financial (credit) facilities. (12 mks)
- Identify three terms of the Devonshire Whitepaper 1923. (3 mks)
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- Identify five reasons for the collaboration of the Maasai.(5 mks)
- Maasai people and livestock were weakened by natural calamities.
- Famine towards the end of the 19th Century weakened the community.
- Civil wars between 1850 - 1870 weakened the Maasai.
- Succession disputes / internal feud between Lenana and Sendeyo.
- The Nandi raid weakened the Maasai.
- Lenana realised the British were too powerful to resist
- The prophesy of Mbatian about coming of superior whiterman. ( 5 mks)
- Explain five reasons for failure of armed resistance by the Kenyan communities. (10 mks)
- Kenyan communities lacked unity.
- They lacked modern weapons.
- The African warriors were not trained prior to military encounters with the British.
- Epidemics, civil strife and other natural calamities had reduced the population of some communities.
- Lack of effective leadership as some collaborated
- The British used treacheary to make some African leaders sign treaties.
- The killing of resisting leaders demoralised some communities.
- The British troops used ruthless war tactic to force Africans to surrender.
- Destructions of economic based of Africans due to scorched earth policy. (10 mks)
- Identify five reasons for the collaboration of the Maasai.(5 mks)
SECTION : C
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- State three factors that may cause revocation of citizenship by registration in Kenya. (3 mks)
- If a person acquired it by fraud and false representation.
- If the person supports enemy country in war with Kenya.
- If within 5 years after registration the person is found guilty of a crime and convicted to jail term of 3 or more years.
- If at any time after registration, the person is convicted of treason or an offence whose penalty is 7 or more years. (3 mks)
- Explain six rights that are guaranteed to an arrested person by the Bill of Right in Kenya (12 mks)
- Right to be informed promptly the reason for the arrest and that the person has right to remain silent.
- Right to communicate with an advocate / other persons of assistance.
- Right to remain silent.
- Right to be held separately from persons serving a jail term.
- To be brought and charged in court as soon as possible (within the time stipulated by the law)
- When brought to court be charged / or if detention is to continue be informed the reasons for this continuation.
- To be released on bond or bail on reasonable terms as the trial continues.
- Not to be remanded in custody for an offence which is punishable by a jail term of not more than 6 months or by fine only. (6 x 2 = 12 mks)
- State three factors that may cause revocation of citizenship by registration in Kenya. (3 mks)
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- State five non-violent methods of resolving a conflict.
- Litigation (court process)
- Arbitration
- Negotiation
- Mediation
- Problem solving workshops
- Policing
- Religious action
- Fact finding missions
- Conciliation any 5 x 1 = 5mks
- Explain five factors that promote national unity.
- The constitution gives all Kenyans equal rights hence fostering a sense of equality promoting national unity
- The presidency - it’s a symbol of national unity
- Education - children form all races and tribes learn freely and use a common curriculum
- National language - enables people of different communities to communicate
- Trade - use of a common currency has promoted interactions among different groups
- Intermarriages - enhance cooperation
- Fair distribution of national resources
- Co-curricular activities / sports / games / music festivals bring people together
- National symbols - give people a sense of belonging
- National philosophies - enable people from ethnic groups to put their resources together 5 x 2 = 10mks
- State five non-violent methods of resolving a conflict.
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- Three characteristics of indirect democracy.
- Universal suffrage
- Free and fair elections.
- People supremacy. (3 x 1 = 3mks)
- Explain six principles of democracy.
- Consent of the people: Democracy is founded on a government based on the consent of the people.
- Democracy recognizes equality among the people regardless of colour, sex or creed.
- The rule of law; Democracy recognises equality of everyone before the law.
- Democracy balances the liberty of the individual with the power of the state.
- Transparency and accountability; which gives the citizens the confidence to trust their institutions.
- Competition: In democracy, different ideas compete for the citizens, attention and opinion.
- Free press: A responsible free independent and objective press is one of the pillars of democracy.
- Regular free and fair elections.
- In a democracy, there are many political parties (multi-partysm).
- Economic freedom: through private ownership of property and a free market economy.
- In a democracy, the rights and freedom of the individuals are spelt out in the bill of rights, which forms part of the constitution. (6 x 2 = 12mks)
- Three characteristics of indirect democracy.
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