History Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Form 4 Term 1 Opener Exams 2021

HISTORY
PAPER 2
FORM 4 TERM 1 OPENER EXAMS
TIME: 2½ HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C
Answer all the questions in section A, three questions from section B and two questions from section C.
Answer the questions in English.

SECTION A (25 marks)
Answer ALL the questions in this section

Identify two branches of history.(2mks)
Name two areas in Africa where the remains of Australopithecus were first discovered. (2mks)
State one theory that explains how early agriculture developed.(1mk)
Identify two methods of irrigation used in the ancient Egypt.(2mks)
Identify the main item from North Africa in Trans-saharan trade.(1mk)
Give two features of the Roman roads by 300AD. (2mks)
State two disadvantages of horn blowing as a means of communication.(2mks)
What is the main advantage of a cell phone.(1mk)
Identify the main source of energy used in the early stages of industrial Revolution in Europe.(1mk)
Give the name of the scientist who discovered electric magnetic radiation.(1mk)
Name two foreign powers that tried to conquer Cairo in the pre-colonial period.(2mks)
Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece.(2mks)
Identify two European powers that acquired colonies in East Africa.(2mks)
Mention one country in Africa that was not colonized by European powers.(1mk)
Name the chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of colonization. (1mk)
Give one reason why the Burns constitution was rejected by Educated Africans in Ghana. (1mk)
Give one political development in south Africa between 1990 and 1994.(1mk)

SECTION B. (45MKS)
Answer three questions from this section

1. Give five physical changes which occurred in early human beings as they evolved from ape like creature to modern man.(5mks)
2. Explain five effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia.(10mks)
1. Give three methods used to acquire slaves from West Africa during the Trans-Atlantic trade.(3mks)
2. Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade(12mks)
1. Give three developments that have taken place in road transport system since 1750 AD (3mks)
2. Explain six ways through which the invention of the railway speeded up industrialization in Europe.(12mks)
1. State five causes of the chimurenga War of 1896-1897.(5mks)
2. Explain five results of the Chimurenga War.(10mks)

SECTION C(30MKS)
Answer TWO questions from this section

1. Give three social aspects of the Shona during the pre-colonial period.(3mks)
2. Describe the political organization of Shona kingdom during the pre-colonial period.(12mks)
1. State the reasons why the British used direct rule to administer Zimbabwe.(3mks)
2. Explain six reasons for the failure of direct rule in Southern Nigeria.(12mks)
1. Mention five factors that facilitated the growth of nationalism in Ghana.(5mks)
2. Explain five reasons why FRELIMO succeeded in its armed struggle against the Portuguese.(10mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 marks)
Answer ALL the questions in this section

Identify two branches of history.(2mks)
- Political history
- Social history
- Economic history
Name two areas in Africa where the remains of Australopithecus were first discovered. (2mks)
- Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania
- Taung in Botswana
- Lake Natron in Tanzania
State one theory that explains how early agriculture developed.(1mk)
- One area theory/diffusion/centrifugal theory222
- independent theory
Identify two methods of irrigation used in the ancient Egypt.(2mks)
- Basin
- shadoof
- canal
Identify the main item from North Africa in Trans-saharan trade.(1mk)
- Salt( 1 x 1 = 1mk)
Give two features of the Roman roads by 300AD. (2mks)
- They were straight
- they were well drained
- they were durable
- they had bridge/tunnels
State two disadvantages of horn blowing as a means of communication.(2mks)
- horn could be blown when no one is listening
- message was restricted to those who knew the tunes
- message could not travel beyond hills and mountains
- privacy of the message was not assured
What is the main advantage of a cell phone.(1mk)
- It is portable
Identify the main source of energy used in the early stages of industrial Revolution in Europe.(1mk)
- Coal
Give the name of the scientist who discovered electric magnetic radiation.(1mk)
- James Maxwell
Name two foreign powers that tried to conquer Cairo in the pre-colonial period.(2mks)
- The Syrians (12th C)
- The Turks (13th and 16th)
Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece.(2mks)
- it was a cultural centre
- it was a sports centre
- it was a religious centre
- it was an educational centre
Identify two European powers that acquired colonies in East Africa.(2mks)
- Britain
- Germany
Mention one country in Africa that was not colonized by European powers.(1mk)
- Ethiopia
- Liberia
Name the chartered company that administered Zimbabwe during the process of colonization. (1mk)
- The British south Africa company(BSAC)
Give one reason why the Burns constitution was rejected by Educated Africans in Ghana. (1mk)
- It provided for 18 Africans representation to the legislative council 13 of whom were to be chiefs and only 5 were to be popularly elected.
Give one political development in south Africa between 1990 and 1994.(1mk)
- relaxation of Apartheid laws
- release of prominent political prisoners eg Nelson Mandela from Robben island.
- initiation of dialogue between all racial groups by President Fredrick De Klerk.
- holding of multi-racial election April 1994

SECTION B. (45MKS)
Answer three questions from this section

1. Give five physical changes which occurred in early human beings as they evolved from ape like creature to modern man.(5mks)
  - man became upright
  - His skull size became smaller
  - The jaws and teeth became bigger
  - His body became less hairy
  - he became taller
  - the legs and toes became shorter
  - he had a bigger brain
2. Explain five effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia.(10mks)
  - it enabled the people to settle down and concentrated on farming
  - population increased,due to the increase in food production
  - Food production increased, hence improved standards of living
  - Urban centres develop eg Ur,Babylon etc
  - Trade between communities emerged and increased,due to the production of surplus food
  - specialization of jobs followed.
  - Influenced the development of writing(Cuneiform) and arithmetic to keep records.
  - The invention of the wheel to facilitate the transportation
1. Give three methods used to acquire slaves from West Africa during the Trans-Atlantic trade.(3mks)
  - the slaves were exchanged for European manufactured goods
  - Prisoners of war who had been captured during local wars were sold to the slave dealers.
  - slaves traders kidnapped lonely travelers
  - some local rulers sold their own subjects to the slave traders
  - some people were enticed and eventually sold into slavery
  - debtors were sold to slave traders
2. Explain six factors that led to the decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade(12mks)
  - The industrial revolution in Britain led to the replacement of human labour with machines which were more efficient.
  - The leading economists were against free labour and argued that free labour was more productive than slave labour.
  - Philanthropist/Christian missionaries strongly campaigned against slave trade thus leading to its decline.
  - America attained political independence and abolished slavery and slave trade leaving this Britain with no colonies where she would take slaves to work
  - The development of legitimate trade with subsequently replaced slave trade.
  - Britain abolished slave trade and influenced other European nations to stop the practice by signing anti-slave trade treaties
  - The French revolution of 1789 impacted negatively on slave trade as the ideas of liberty and equality of all people were spread (6 x 2 = 12mks)
1. Give three developments that have taken place in road transport system since 1750 AD (3mks)
  - invention of motorcycle and bicycle
  - Invention of motor vehicle
  - Development of wider and straightened motor ways with flyovers and underpasses
  - Better sources of energy from steam to petrol.
2. Explain six ways through which the invention of the railway speeded up industrialization in Europe.(12mks)
  - It helped in the transportation of raw materials to the factories
  - it helped in the transportation of manufactured goods to the market
  - railway is the fastest intercity means of transport and helped in the movement of workers to the industries
  - they could carry bulky goods hence lowering transportation cost for industries
  - The need for rails and trains led to the development of iron and steel industries which manufactured train wagons.
  - Need for sources of energy to power the train led to development of mining industry and hydroelectric power plants.
  - Railway transport speeded up colonization of African countries by Europeans so they were able to acquire raw materials and market their goods.
  - Railway transport helped in the development of agriculture hence availability of raw materials for industries in Europe.
1. State five causes of the chimurenga War of 1896-1897.(5mks)
  - Loss of the Ndebele independence
  - The Ndebele resented destruction of their tradition monarchy
  - Failure by the British to recognize the authority of the Ndebele chiefs
  - Loss of land, as the Ndebele were pushed into the reserves
  - The shona hated the company’s interference with their trading rights
  - forced labour
  - confiscation of Ndebele cattle by the company
  - Hut tax which was introduced was brutally collected
  - The harsh oppressive and brutal rule of the British was hated.
2. Explain five results of the Chimurenga War.(10mks)
  - Massive loss of live
  - Destruction of property
  - Loss of independence
  - Loss of leaders as they were killed
  - Africans lost their land and were pushed into the reserves
  - The Ndebele indunas were recognized as headmen
  - Starvation and famine
  - Company rule was discredited for poor administration

SECTION C(30MKS)
Answer TWO questions from this section

1. Give three social aspects of the Shona during the pre-colonial period.(3mks)
  - Mwene mutapa was the chief priest and he was regarded as a semi-divine king.
  - They believed in a supreme creator God whom they called Mwari
  - They believed in spirits,vadzimu(family spirits) Mnondoro(clan spirit) and chamunika(National spirit)
  - Rozwi clan provided priests who presided over religious ceremonies and sacrifices
  - they lived in circular stone buildings
  - they had sacred places for worship eg shrines,where sacrifices were offered.
2. Describe the political organization of Shona kingdom during the pre-colonial period.(12mks)
  - They were ruled by a king(Mwene Mutapa) who had absolute authority over the subjects
  - The King’s position was hereditary so as to reduce succession disputes.
  - Their king was assisted by several people eg the court steward.
  - There was an advisory council whose work was to advise the king.
  - The kingdom was divided into provinces under provincial/lesser chief who were directly answerable to the king.
  - The provinces were divided into chiefdoms ruled by chiefs
  - Under the chiefs there were headmen who were in charge of the villages
  - They had a standing army whose main duty was to defend and expand the empires
  - The royal fire was a symbol of unity as he was semi-divine
  - There existed priests who acted as spies for the King.
1. State the reasons why the British used direct rule to administer Zimbabwe.(3mks)
  - they had enough personnel who were familiar with the area as well as the British administration
  - The British South Africa Company had enough finance to pay the administrators
  - They aimed at controlling the economy of Zimbabwe to maximize profit
  - They wanted to ensure complete control of the Africans to avoid resistance.
  - Zimbabwe lacked a centralized system of government/The traditional system and indigenous political institutions since they had been destroyed during the British wars of conquest.
  - the 1896 – 1897 Shona-Ndebele uprising shook European confidence in local administrators.
  - The British aimed at establishing a British dominion settlement
  - The British found the Zimbabweans uncooperative.
2. Explain six reasons for the failure of direct rule in Southern Nigeria.(12mks)
  - Did not have a centralized indigenous system of administration
  - lack of homogeneity in the south because there were many tribes and hence many languages
  - The British introduced new ideas eg forced labour and taxation for which they were opposed
  - The failure of the British administrators to understand the socio-economic and political system of Southern Nigeria which was based on the office of the Oba made them give up easily.
  - Opposition from the educated elite who felt left out of administration of their own coutry/leadership.
  - Obas of Southern Nigeria had defined powers so when they were given wide ranging the people became disunited/excessive powers made them unpopular.
  - Misuse of power by the warrant chiefs who raised taxes for their benefit.
1. Mention five factors that facilitated the growth of nationalism in Ghana.(5mks)
  - inadequate African representation in the legislative council caused discontent among the Ghananians(political)
  - Loss of power by the traditional African chiefs created discontent against the colonial government(political)
  - the need to guard against possible land alienation by the British United the Africans
  - Introduction of taxation by the colonial government made the Ghananians to resent
  - The meager earnings by Africans from the sale of cocoa to Europeans created discontent among them.
  - The involvement of ex-servicemen in the 2nd World War inspired them to fight for their independence
  - The existence of the young educated Ghananians who had understood the ideas of democracy/freedom,who inspired the masses towards a worthy cause.
  - The charismatic leadership by Kwame Nkurumah
2. Explain five reasons why FRELIMO succeeded in its armed struggle against the Portuguese.(10mks)
  - Support from the Africans since they wanted to liberate the county
  - The country was ideal for guerilla warfare
  - They attacked the Portuguese from different points
  - They fought on a terrain to which they were familiar
  - Constant supply of information from the Africans
  - Support from the communist countries eg USSR and China for the basics eg medicine
  - They incorporated women who mobilized Africans in the country
  - They collaborated with fighters from Southern Rhodesia
  - Unity through mingling of people from different ethnic communities.