Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 4 End Term 1 Exams 2021

GEOGRAPHY
FORM 4
END TERM EXAMS
TERM 1 2021
PAPER 1
TIME 2¾ hrs

INSTRUCTIONS

This paper has two sections : A and B
Answer all the questions in section A
Answer Question 6 and any other tow questions from Section B

SECTION A.

1. Give three components of the solar system. (3mks)
2. Identify two types of high level clouds. (2mks)
1. Draw a well labeled diagram of a hydrological cycle. (5mks)
2. What is weathering? (1mk)
1. Give three factors that influence the rate of weathering. (3mks)
2. The diagram below shows a composite volcano.
  
  Name the feature marked P,Q and R. (3mks)
1. How is a parasitic cone formed? (3mks)
2. State three characteristics of the outer core in the interior structure of the earth. (3mks)
Name the two layers of discontinuity that are part of the interior structure of the earth. (2mks)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
Use the map of Busia ( 1:50,000) provided to answer the questions that follow

1. 1. Identify three physical features in grid square 2539. (3mks)
  2. Give the six – figure grid reference of the air-photo point at Kisoko along river Sio. (1mk)
  3. Give the approximate height of Nangoma hill in grid square 2838. (2mks)
  4. Measure the distance along the regional boundary from where it intersects, all-weathered road, loose surface number (526 to its intersection with road B8/3) give answer in kilometer. (2mks)
2. 1. Calculate the bearing of Nangina dispensary from the chief’s house in grid square 2531. (2mks)
  2. Calculate the area to the east of road B2/3 and C526 to the south of northing 40 excluding the area covered by thickets vegetation. Give the area in Km². (2mks)
  3. Identify two drainage features along river sio. (2mks)
3. Citing evidence from the map, give three social services provided in the area covered by the map. (6mks)
4. Describe the relief of the area covered by the map. (5mks)
1. 1. What is a mineral? (2mks)
  2. Describe the following characteristics of minerals (6mks)
    1. Luster
    2. Colour
    3. Density
2. 1. Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks. (2mks)
  2. Describe three ways in which sedimentary are classified. (9mks)
3. Explain the significance of rocks to the economy of Kenya under the following sub headings. (6mks)
  1. Tourism
  2. Energy
  3. Water
The maps below show the location of some mountain ranges.
1. Name the ranges marked P,Q,R and S. (4mks)
2. Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding. (3mks)
3. With the aid of labeled diagram, describe how fold mountains are formed. (10mks)
4. Explain the significance of fold mountains to human activities. (8mks)
1. 1. Outline two factors that influence the development of drainage patterns. (2mks)
  2. Outline five characteristics of a river in its youthful stage. (5mks)
2. Describe the following processes of river erosion.
  1. Attrition (2mks)
  2. Corrosion (4mks)
3. Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment. (6mks)
4. Your class is planning to carry out a field study of a river in its old stage.
  1. State three reasons why it would be necessary to pre-visit the area ofstudy. (3mks)
  2. State the three activities you would carry out to determine why deposition occurs at this stage. (3mks)
The diagram below represents a well developed soil profile. Use it to answer question (a)
1. 1. Describe the characteristics of Horizon B. (3mks)
  2. Apart from humus, name three other components of soil. (3mks)
  3. State three ways in which humus contributes to the quality of soil. (3mks)
2. 1. Differentiate between soil structure and soil texture. (2mks)
  2. Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil;
    1. Topography
    2. Time (6mks)
3. Explain how the following farming practices may lead to loss of soil fertility.
  1. Overgrazing (2mks)
  2. Frequent ploughing (2mks)
  3. Continuous irrigation (2mks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A.

1. Give three components of the solar system. (3mks)
  - The sun
  - The planets
  - Asteroids
  - Comets
  - Meteors
2. Identify two types of high level clouds. (2mks)
  - Cirrus
  - Cirro-cumulus
  - Cirro-stratus
1. Draw a well labeled diagram of a hydrological cycle. (5mks)
2. What is weathering? (1mk)
  - weathering is the breaking down/disintegration of rocks at or near the earth’s surface in situ by physical or chemical process.
1. Give three factors that influence the rate of weathering. (3mks)
  - Climate
  - Nature of the rock
  - Topography/angle of the slope
  - Living organism
  - Human activities
  - Time
2. The diagram below shows a composite volcano.
  
  Name the feature marked P,Q and R. (3mks)
  - P – Crater
  - Q – Lava layers
  - R – Dyke
1. How is a parasitic cone formed? (3mks)
  - Pressure is reduced causing the magma from the interior to reach the top of the volcano.
  - The upper parts of the main vent of the volcano is blocked.
  - Pressure pulls up the magma escape through aside vent.
  - The successive out pouring of magma builds alternative layers of ash and lava to form a conelet on the side of the composite volcano.
  - The cone let is the parasitic cone.
2. State three characteristics of the outer core in the interior structure of the earth. (3mks)
  - Outer cone is composed of molten rock material
  - It is made up of iron and nickel
  - It is estimated to be about 2100 km to 2890km
  - It has temperature ranging from 3700ºC
  - It has average density of 10.0gm/cc to 12.3gm/cc
Name the two layers of discontinuity that are part of the interior structure of the earth. (2mks)
- Mohorovicic
- Gutenburg

SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.
Use the map of Busia ( 1:50,000) provided to answer the questions that follow

1. 1. Identify three physical features in grid square 2539. (3mks)
    - Papyrus swamp
    - Plain plateus
    - River Sio
  2. Give the six – figure grid reference of the air-photo point at Kisoko along river Sio. (1mk)
    - 474385 + (1)
  3. Give the approximate height of Nangoma hill in grid square 2838. (2mks)
    - Height of Nangoma hill
    - Between 1321 – 1339 m
  4. Measure the distance along the regional boundary from where it intersects, all-weathered road, loose surface number (526 to its intersection with road B8/3) give answer in kilometer. (2mks)
    - Distance 10.0 – 10.2 km
2. 1. Calculate the bearing of Nangina dispensary from the chief’s house in grid square 2531. (2mks)
    - Bearing 255O, 254O,256O
  2. Calculate the area to the east of road B2/3 and C526 to the south of northing 40 excluding the area covered by thickets vegetation. Give the area in Km². (2mks)
    - area covered
      full squares = 26 = 26km²
      half squares = 19÷ ½ km = 9.5km²
      total = 35.5 km²subtract area covered by thicket.
      Area covered by thicket 4 x ½ km² = 2km235.5 – 2 = 33.5 km
      + 1km = (32.5 – 34.5 km²)
  3. Identify two drainage features along river sio. (2mks)
    - Numerous meanders
    - Papyrus swamp
    - Ox-bow lakes
    - Riverine vegetation
    - Seasonal swamp
3. Citing evidence from the map, give three social services provided in the area covered by the map. (6mks)
  - Provision of education, presence of schools
  - Provision of security , provision of religious services
  - Presence of police post, provision of housing
  - Provision of water, presence of dams.
4. Describe the relief of the area covered by the map. (5mks)
  - There is a ridge in the southern part of the map
  - The south western part of the map is hilly.
  - There are cols on top of samia ridge
  - The highest point of the area covered by the map is 1568m at the apex of odiado hill.
  - The lowest point in 1160m along the valley of river Sio.
  - The rises from the north southwards
  - There are many rivers valley
  - River sio has a flood plain
1. 1. What is a mineral? (2mks)
    - A mineral is an organic substance with a definite chemical composition at a mine beneath the surface of the earth.
  2. Describe the following characteristics of minerals (6mks)
    1. Luster - Mineral differ in the brightness depending on the nature of their reflective surface (smooth surface are shiny whereas rough are dull)
    2. Colour- Different minerals displays different colours
    3. Density- Mineral have different weight per unit volume of water. Minerals have different specific gravity / some minerals are heavy while others are light.
2. 1. Name two examples of extrusive igneous rocks. (2mks)
    - basal
    - pumice
    - tuff
    - rhyolite
    - obsidian
    - andsite
    - tephra
    - phonolite
    - trachite
  2. Describe three ways in which sedimentary rocks are classified. (9mks)
    - Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks – fragments are transported wind/water. They are deposited in layers. Over a long period of time. They are compacted into a hard rock.
    - Organically formed sedimentary rocks dissolved minerals of plants animals are deposited in layers, over are then evaporated along period of time.
    - Chemically formed sedimentary rocks where mineral particles are dissolved from land and are carried in solution from into water bodies such as lakes and seas.
3. Explain the significance of rocks to the economy of Kenya under the following sub headings. (6mks)
  1. Tourism- Some rocks form unique features that attract tourisms earning the country foreign exchange.
  2. Energy- Some sedimentary rocks contains fossils fuels which are source of energy for domestic / industrial use.
  3. Water- Some rocks act as storage for water which can be supplied for domestics /industrial /agricultural.
The maps below show the location of some mountain ranges.
1. Name the ranges marked P,Q,R and S. (4mks)
  - P – Ander
  - Q – Appalachians
  - R – Atlas
  - S - Himalayas
2. Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding. (3mks)
  - Synclinal valley (depression valleys)
  - Ridges
  - Intermontane basins
  - Intermontane plateau
3. With the aid of labeled diagram, describe how fold mountains are formed. (10mks)
  - Extensive shallow depression called geosynline develop on the earth’s surface.
  - Prolong and extensive erosion occurs in the surrounding higher grounds.
  - Sediments are deposited in the geosynclines forming thick layers.
  - The weight of the sediments cause subsidence of the geosyncline leading o accumulation of more sediments to greater thickness.
  - Further subsidence of the geosynclines triggers off compressional forces which cause the sediments to fold.
  - The folded layers of sediments in the geosynclines are thrust upwards to form fold mountains along the edges of the geosynclines due to closeness of the source of the forces.
4. Explain the significance of fold mountains to human activities. (8mks)
  - Fold mountains are sources of rivers that provide water for generation of H.E.P.
  - Fold mountains are often forested and provide timber which is used in the building and construction industry.
  - Some fold mountains have exposed valuable minerals deposits which are mined.
  - Fold mountains are tourist attraction / snow covered slopes encourage, sporting activities .
  - The wind ward slopes of fold mountain receive heavy precipitation which enhance agricultural activities.
  - The rugged nature of some fold mountains created rain shadow effect which results into aridity discouraging crop farming.
1. 1. Outline two factors that influence the development of drainage patterns. (2mks)
    - direction of the slope of the land.
    - Difference in rock resistance hardness
    - The arrangement of rocks layers
    - Rock structure
    - Faulting / fault guided.
  2. Outline five characteristics of a river in its youthful stage. (5mks)
    - The river has a sleep river gradient
    - The river channel is narrow
    - The river has deep/steep – sided v-shaped valley
    - The river flows as a high speed high stream velocity
    - The ventricle erosion / down cutting is dominant
    - The river channel is generally winding
    - The river has a small load
    - The river has a small volume of water
2. Describe the following processes of river erosion.
  1. Attrition (2mks)- As rock materials are transported down stream. They constantly collide against each other. The material gradually wear down/reduce in size.
  2. Corrosion (4mks)- As solid rock material are transported down stream, they are hurled against the bank and dragged along the river bed.
3. Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment. (6mks)
  - When rivers flood, they destroy a lot of property/crops may displace people and may lead to loss of human life
  - Wide/deep rivers are a barrier to transport especially where bridges have not been constructed.
  - River water can be medium of spreading water born diseases, since flood water
4. Your class is planning to carry out a field study of a river in its old stage.
  1. State three reasons why it would be necessary to pre-visit the area of study. (3mks)
    - Help to asses the suitability of study area.
    - Help to draw up objective/ hypothesis for the study
    - It help to prepare route map
    - It help to design a working schedule
    - It help to estimate the cost of field study.
    - Help to identify suitable data collection meeting
    - Appropriate equipment to be used during the field study.
  2. State the three activities you would carry out to determine why deposition occurs at this stage. (3mks)
    - Measuring out the nature of the load.
    - Finding out the amount of the load
    - Establishing the velocity of the river
    - Observing obstacles in the stream channel
    - Measuring of the width, depth of the river.
The diagram below represents a well developed soil profile. Use it to answer question (a)
1. 1. Describe the characteristics of Horizon B. (3mks)
    - It is accumulation zone for leaching minerals from horion A.
    - The soil texture is clay in nature
    - The zone sometime forms the hard pan/marram/lateric duri crust
  2. Apart from humus, name three other components of soil. (3mks)
    - Water/soil water
    - Rock particles/weathered materials
    - Living organisms
  3. State three ways in which humus contributes to the quality of soil. (3mks)
    - It helps improve soil texture
    - It provide essential mineral to the soils from the decomposed plant matters.
    - It enables soil to retain moisture
    - It facilitate aeration of the soil
    - Humus is a source of food for micro-organisms.
2. 1. Differentiate between soil structure and soil texture. (2mks)
    - Soil structure is the way the individual soil particles are arranged into aggregate. Compound particles while soil texture is the degree of fineness or coarseness of the soil particles
  2. Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil;
    1. Topography- Sleep slope encourages formation of deep fertile due to depositional. Valley bottoms encourages formation of deep fertile.
    2. Time (6mks)- Where soil formation processes takes a short duration the soils are generally immature / where the process has taken a long period of time soils are generally well developed/ mature.
3. Explain how the following farming practices may lead to loss of soil fertility.
  1. Overgrazing (2mks)- It leads to removal of vegetation cover thereby imposing soil to agents of erosion.
  2. Frequent ploughing (2mks)- This weakness soil structure making it easy for agents of soil erosion to carry it away.It increases oxidation which results in loss of organic matter.
  3. Continuous irrigation (2mks)- It causes leaching of soil nutrients making the top soil deficient of soluble minerals / cause salinity.