INSTRUCTIONS
- This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C
- Answer all questions in section A, Three questions in section B, and Two questions in Section C.
- Answers to all questions must be written in the answer booklet provided.
- Candidates should answer the questions in English.
SECTION A 1-17 |
SECTION B
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SECTION C |
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18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
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QUESTIONS
SECTION A (25 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
- State two ways through which archeologists obtain information on the History of Kenya. (2mks)
- State one similarity in the political organization of the Ameru and Abaluyha of Kenya during the 19th century. (1mk)
- Name two important landmarks that were built by the Portuguese along the coast of East Africa. (2mks)
- Give two reasons why the government may limit a person’s freedom of speech.(2mks)
- Identify the constitutional amendment that made Kenya return to a multi-party state. (1mk)
- State the main function of the Kenyan Bill of Rights. (1mk)
- Give two reasons why the British used the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEACo) to administer its possession in Kenya. (2mks)
- Name the body that made laws in Kenya during the colonial period. (1mk)
- Give the main reason why the colonial government created African Reserves in Kenya.(1mk)
- State two grievances raised by the Asians in Kenya that were addressed by the Devonshire white paper of 1923. (2mks)
- Give the main political contribution of Christian missionaries in Kenya during the struggle for independence up to 1939. (1mk)
- State two challenges that the independent schools faced in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks)
- What was the main contribution of Joseph Thomas Mboya to the History of Kenya. (1mk)
- Name two finance committees of Kenyan parliament.(2mks)
- State the military power of the president in Kenya. (1mk)
- Name two superior courts in the Kenyan Judiciary. (2mks
- Name one elective seat in the county government in Kenya. (1mk)
SECTION: B (45 MARKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
-
- State three political functions of the council of elders among the Luo in Pre-Colonial Kenya. (3mks)
- Describe the social organization of the Agikuyu during the Pre-Colonial period. (12mks)
-
- Give three reasons why the British used direct rule in some parts of Kenya during colonial period (3mks)
- Explain six negative effects of the British colonial rule on the people of Kenya (12mks)
-
- Outline five roles played by President Daniel Arap Moi in the development of education sector between 1979-2002 (5mks)
- Explain five factors that promoted the rise of nationalism in Kenya after 1945 (10mks)
-
- Outline five grievances expressed by Kikuyu Central Association presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929 (5mks)
- Describe five political roles played by African Elected Members Organization during the struggle for independence in Kenya (10mks)
SECTION: C (30 MARKS)
ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
-
- State three ways through which direct democracy is exercised in Kenya (3mks)
- Explain six rights of the arrested person in Kenya (12mks)
-
- Name three categories of members of the County Assembly (3mks)
- Explain six functions of a returning officer in the general elections in Kenya (10mks)
-
- Identify five internal sources of revenue for the National Government in Kenya (5mks)
- Explain five ways in which the County Government ensure effective utilization of public finance (10mks)
MARKING SCHEME
- State two ways through which archaeologists obtain information on the History of Kenya. (2mks)
- Locating Pre-Historic sites
- Excavating the Historic sites
- Dating the fossils
- Recording the findings
- State one similarity in the political organization of the Ameru and Abaluyha of Kenya during the 19th century (1mk)
- The clan formed the basic political unit
- The council of elders settled disputes
- Leadership was by the council of elders
- Name two important landmarks that were built by the Portuguese along the coast of East Africa. (2mks)
- Fort Jesus in Mombasa
- Vasco da Gama Pillar in Malindi
- Give two reasons why the government may limit a person’s freedom of speech. (2mks)
- If one makes untrue/malicious utterances about another individual/government.
- If one publishes seditious documents/reveals government secrets.
- If one incites others against government/other people.
- If one talks ill against the president.
- Identify the constitutional amendment that made Kenya return to a multi-party state. (1mk)
- Repeal of section 2A of the constitution
- State the main function of the Kenyan Bill of Rights. (1mk)
- To recognize and protect fundamental human rights and freedom
- Give two reasons why the British used the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA Co) to administer its possession in Kenya. (2mks)
- It was familiar with the weather
- They lacked sufficient funds/inadequate funds
- They lacked a clear policy on the administration of colonial possessions.
- Name the body that made laws in Kenya during the colonial period. (1mk)
- Legislative Council (Leg Co)
- Give the main reason why the colonial government created African Reserves in Kenya. (1mk)
- To create room for European farming settlement.
- State two grievances raised by the Asians in Kenya that were addressed by the Devonshire white paper of 1923. (2mks)
- They demanded equal rights with the whites
- They wanted to own land in the Kenyan highlands
- They opposed restrictions on their migration into Kenya.
- Give the main Political contribution of Christian missionaries in Kenya during the struggle for independence up to 1939. (1mk)
- They represented the Africans in the legislative council
- State two challenges that the independent schools faced in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks)
- They lacked trained teachers
- Inadequate funds/Lack of facilities
- Leadership squabbles
- Completion from mission schools
- They were constantly threatened with closure by the colonial government
- What was the main contribution of Joseph Thomas Mboya to the History of Kenya. (1mk)
- He led/ organized the trade union movement
- Name two finance committees of the Kenyan parliament. (2mks)
- Public Accounts Committee
- Public Investment Committee
- State the military power of the president in Kenya. (2mks)
- Commander in Chief of the armed forces
- Name two superior courts in the Kenyan Judiciary. (2mks)
- Supreme Court
- Court of Appeal
- High Court
- Name one elective seat in the county government in Kenya. (1mk)
- Governor
- Members of County Assembly
-
- State three political functions of the council of elders among the Luo in Pre-Colonial Kenya. (3mks)
- Settling disputes on murder, theft, etc
- Admitting strangers to the community and expelling undesirable individuals.
- Elders carried out ritual ceremonies
- The council declared war or negotiated for peace
- It was the custodian of land
- Describe the Social Organization of the Agikuyu during the Pre-Colonial period. (12mks)
- The smallest social unit was the Family.
- Several related families formed a clan (Mbari) which lived in a defined area (ridge).
- The Agikuyu practiced circumsion for boys and clitoridectomy for girls.
- Members of the age set system (riika) worked together and considered each other as brothers and sisters.
- Marriage was highly regarded among the Agikuyu as one would raise a family and also own property.
- The Agikuyu believed in the existence of a supreme God called Ngai who was believed to live on Mount Kenya (Kirinyaga).
- The Agikuyu prayed and offered sacrifices to God in various occasions.
- They had sacred places of worship like the mugumo tree.
- The Agikuyu also believed in the existence of Ancestral spirits who acted as intermediaries between God and the people.
- The Agikuyu had some specialists like prophets, medicine men, and rainmakers who were consulted in time of need.
- State three political functions of the council of elders among the Luo in Pre-Colonial Kenya. (3mks)
-
- Give three reasons why the British used direct rule in some parts of Kenya during colonial period (3mks)
- Many communities did not have an elaborate system of government
- Most communities resisted the British rule so they had to be controlled directly
- It had been successfully used elsewhere
- They wanted to establish full control of the people
- They had enough personnel
- Most of the communities had been weakened by civil wars/famine
- Explain six negative effects of the British colonial rule on the people of Kenya (12mks)
- Africans lost their independence
- Africans lost their land to the European settlers leading to landlessness
- Led to creation of African reserves and squatter system
- Creation of colonial boundaries split African communities that affected social cohesion
- It undermined African cultural practices due to influence of the missionaries activities
- It destroyed traditional African political systems replacing traditional chiefs with appointed leaders
- The use of divide and rule bred ethnicity in Kenya
- Led to introduction of taxation on Africans in Kenya
- Give three reasons why the British used direct rule in some parts of Kenya during colonial period (3mks)
-
- Outline five roles played by President Daniel Arap Moi in the development of education sector between 1979-2002 (5mks)
- He introduced 8-4-4 system of education
- Initiated development and expansion of schools, colleges and universities
- Introduced Nyayo Milk Programme to motivate students to attend schools
- He gave scholarship to students from poor families
- Organized harambee to develop learning institutions
- Explain five factors that promoted the rise of nationalism in Kenya after 1945 (10mks)
- Many Africans had acquired western education that enabled them to articulate their grievances
- The experience of African ex-soldiers after the Second World War
- The granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 motivated the African nationalists
- The signing of Atlantic Charter in 1941 that declared that all people should enjoy their rights and freedoms
- The coming to power of Labour Party in Britain. The party was sympathetic to the plight of Africans in the colonies
- The activities of Pan African Movement inspired African nationalist to demand for political independence
- Formation of the United Nations Organization which advocated for granting of political freedom for African countries
- Outline five roles played by President Daniel Arap Moi in the development of education sector between 1979-2002 (5mks)
-
- Outline five grievances expressed by Kikuyu Central Association presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929
- Land alienation
- High taxation of Africans
- Release of Harry Thuku
- Lack of African representation in the Legco
- Forced labour
- Abolition of Kipande system
- Lack of quality education for Africans
- Explain five political roles played by the African Election Members of the Legislative council during the struggle for independence in Kenya. (15mks)
- They demanded for the release of detained/imprisoned African nationalists.
- They networked with other Pan-Africanists to hasten the achievements of independence.
- They presented African grievances in international Fora.
- They formed political parties /improvements to demand for independence /African’s rights.
- They popularized Kenyatta thereby making him acceptable as a National leader.
- They took part in writing of the independence constitution.
- They advocated for an increase in African representation in Legco
- Outline five grievances expressed by Kikuyu Central Association presented by Jomo Kenyatta to the colonial secretary in 1929
-
- State three ways through which direct democracy is exercised in Kenya (3mks)
- Referendum
- Recall
- Initiative
- Plebiscite /consensus
- Explain six rights of the arrested person in Kenya (12mks)
- To be informed promptly, in language that the person understands of reasons for the arrest.
- The right to remain silent.
- To communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary
- Not to be compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person.
- To be held separately from persons who are serving a sentence.
- To be brought before a court as soon as reasonably possible, but not later than 24 hours
- To be charged or informed of the reasons for the detention continuing or to be released.
- To be released on bond or bail on reasonable condition.
- State three ways through which direct democracy is exercised in Kenya (3mks)
-
- Name three categories of members of the County Assembly (3mks)
- Elected members of the wards in a general election
- Nominated members
- The speaker
- Explain six functions of a returning officer in the general elections in Kenya (10mks)
- Distributes election materials to various polling stations
- Receives nomination papers from candidates
- Receives poll results from polling stations
- They supervise the voting process and counting of votes in the constituency
- They appoint presiding officers in each polling station
- Announces results of the parliamentary elections
- Sets up polling booths in each polling station
- Tallies and relays presidential results to national tallying center
- Name three categories of members of the County Assembly (3mks)
-
- Identify five internal sources of revenue for the National Government in Kenya (5mks)
- Profits from parastatals and government shares in companies
- Fines charged in courts
- Issuance of licenses such as trading licenses, driving license
- Domestic borrowing/sales of government bonds and Treasury Bills
- Charges on services offered by the government e.g. electricity and water,
- Taxes
- External borrowing from financial institutions such as International Monetary Fund
- Grants from friendly countries
- Explain five ways in which the County Government ensure effective utilization of public finance
- Each county government prepares its own budget at the beginning of each financial year
- The county assembly approves the use of funds by the county government
- The cabinet secretary for may temporarily stop money due to county government in the to prevent mismanagement
- County government adhere to mechanism of open tendering of procurement and disposal of public goods and services under national legislation
- The Controller of Budget supervises the implementation of county budget and submits reports to parliament every four months
- County revenue and expenditure is audited by Auditor General and submits a report after every four months
- The Governor is accountable to the County Assembly for financial management within the county and reports matters pertaining to finance
- Kenya Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission investigates and recommends for prosecution of public officers who misappropriate funds
- Identify five internal sources of revenue for the National Government in Kenya (5mks)
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