History Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 4 Term 1 Opener Exams 2023

• This paper consists of three section: A,B and C
• Answer all the questions in sections A,
• Three questions from section B.
• Two questions from section C.
• Answers to all the questions must be written on the foolscaps provided.

SECTION A (25MARKS)     
Answer all the questions in this section.

1. Identify two species of early man whose remains were discovered in Kenya.          (2mks)
2. Give two Kenyan communities which are classified as Western Bantu.                  (2mks)
3. Give two reasons why British used indirect rule in Kenya. (2mks)
4. State the main function of the judiciary in Kenya. (1mk)
5. Name the settler farmer who introduced wheat in Kenya during the colonial period. (1mk)
6. Identify two types of democracy. (2mks)
7. State two functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya. (2mks)
8. Name the basic unit of the political organization among most Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period. (1mk)
9. Identify two independent churches founded in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks)
10. State the type of constitution used in Kenya. (1mk)
11. State two factors that limit national unity in Kenya. (2mks)
12. Give one reason why Omani rulers were interested in establishing their control over the Kenyan coast. (1mk)
13. State two ways in which the Akamba interacted with the Agikuyu during pre-colonial period. (1mk)
14. Name one Agikuyu leader who resisted the British. (1mk)
15. State one reason why Africans were denied equal education opportunities with other races during colonial period. (1mk)
16. Identify two methods the British used to occupy Kenya. (2mks)
17. Who is the head of Judiciary as an arm of government in Kenya?  (1mk)

SECTION B (45marks)     
Answer any three questions from this section

18.  
    1. State three reasons for the Portuguese success in the conquest of the Kenyan coast. (3mks)
    2. Explain six social effects of the Indian Ocean Trade on the people of the Kenyan Coast up to 1500 AD. (12mks)
19.  
    1. State three factors that led to migration and settlement of the Bantu into Kenya before 1800 AD.(3mks)
    2. Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu in the pre-colonial period. (12mks)
20.  
    1. Identify three ordinances that were passed by the colonial government to govern the distribution and use of land in Kenya. (3mks)
    2. Discuss six consequences of colonial land policies in Kenya. (12mks)
21.  
    1. State three communities in Kenya that displayed mixed reactions towards British occupation (3mks)
    2. Explain six reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British (12mks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS)   
Answer any two questions from this section.

22.  
    1. Identify the five causes of conflict among the people of Kenya. (5mks)
    2. Explain five methods of conflict resolution used in Kenya today. (10mks)
23.  
    1. Identify three factors that may lead to limitation of the rights to movement of a Kenyan.(3mks)
    2. Explain six significances of Human Rights in Kenya. (12mks)
24.  
    1. State five characteristics of early political organizations in Kenya. (5mks)
    2. Explain five causes of Mau Mau uprising in 1952. (10mks)

MARKING SCHEME

1. Species of early man discovered in Kenya 
   • Dryopithecusafricanus
   • Kenyapithecus
   • Australapithecus    2 marks
2. Give two Kenyan communities which are classified as Western Bantu.         (2mks)
   • Abaluyhia
   • Abagusii
   • Abakuria
   • Abasuba
3. Natural factors that facilitated contact between the Kenyan coast and the outside (2mks)
   • Accessibility
   • Existence of deep natural harbours
   • The Regular Monsoon
4. State the main function of the judiciary in Kenya.                                                 (1mk)
   • Interpreting the laws 
5. Name the settler farmer who introduced wheat in Kenya during the colonial period.(1mk)
   • Lord Dalamere 
6. Types of democracy
   • Direct /pure Democracy
   • Indirect/Representative Democracy
7. State two functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya. (2mks)
   • Conducting and supervising elections and referenda
   • Continuous registration of voters
   • Settles electoral dispute
   • Conducts voter education
   • Facilitates the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections
   • Appoints election officials
8. Basic Unit of the political organization among most Kenyan communities during  the pre-colonial period.                                     
   • Clan 
9. Examples of independent churches
   • Nomiya Luo mission
   • Christian Universal Evangelist Union
   • Dini ya Msambwa 2mks
   • The African Independent Pentecostal Church (AIPC)
   • African Orthodox Church
10. State the type of constitution used in Kenya.                                                           
    • Written constitution
11. Factors that limit national unit in Kenya 
    • Religious conflicts
    • Ethnicity
      
    • Corruption
    • Economic inequality
    • Cultural conflicts
12. Reasons why Omani rulers were interested in establishing their control
    • To expand the commercial empire 1mk
    • To establish political control over Kenya coast
    • To assist in ending of Portuguese rule
13. How Akamba interacted with Agikuyu
    • Through trade
    • Through warfare
    • Intermarriage
14. Agikuyu leader who resisted the British 
    • Waiyaki wa Hinga
15. Reason why Africans were denied equal education opportunities with other races
    • Fear of competition from educated Africans who may have claimed  their rights 1mk
16. Identify two methods the British used to occupy Kenya
    • Signing of treaties 
    • Military force
    • Collaboration
    • Treachery
    • Construction of administration posts
17. Who is the  head of Judiciary as an arm of governmentin Kenya?  (1mk
    • The Chief Justice 

SECTION B

18.  
    1. Reasons for the Portuguese success 3mks
       • superior weapons
       • Better Naval power
       • Disunity of coastal city states
       • Weakness of River Navies
       • Reinforce from India
       • Lack of resistance from some Towns
    2. Social effects of the Indian Ocean Trade 12mks
       • Arab settlement
       • Inter-city conflicts
       • Spread of Islam
       • Sharia laws
       • Emergence of the Swahili
       • New crops
       • New Administrative  systems
       • Foundation and growth of city states
19.  
    1. Factors that led to migration and settlement of Bantu
       • population increase
       • knowledge of iron working
       • internal conflicts
       • natural calamities
       • external attacks
       • search for land
       • spirit of Adventure
    2. Political organization of Agikuyu
       • smallest political unit was family, headed by the father
       • several families made up a lineage(mbari)
       • a number of  lineages made up a clan
       • clan was the highest political unit headed by a council of elders known as the Kiamba whose chairman was Muthamaki
       • Muthamaki was chosen due to his wisdom and leadership qualities.
       • Council of elders maintained law and order
       • There was also a council of senior elders `KiamakiaNdundu’.
       • The council of senior elders was the highest court of appeal
       • The council also presided over religious leaders      (5 x 2 = 10mks)
20.  
    1. Three ordinances
       • Indian Acquisition Act in 1896
       • Land Regulation Act in 1897
       • The East African lands order in council
       • Crown lands ordinance of 1902
       • Land commission 1924       (3 x 1 = 3mks)
    2. Consequences of colonial land policies
       • Africans lost their land
       • Brought to an end the widespread migrations and settlements of Africans
       • Poverty and misery among Africans
       • Introduction of Kipande system
       • Rise of African nationalism
       • A new system of individual private land ownership with a land certificate was introduced 
       • Land shortage within the reserves
       • Introduction of poll tax
       • No incentive for progressive and enterprising development for the Africans (6 x 2 = 12 marks)
21.  
    1. State three communities in Kenya that displayed mixed reactions towards British occupation
       • Akamba
       • Agikuyu
       • Luo
    2. Explain six reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British
       • Had been weakened by diseases  like Cholera, small pox and rinderpest
       • Prolonged drought abd locust invasion which had destroyed their economic activity/grazing field and lost of several animals
       • Death  of many of them due to famine resulting from numerious natural calamities
       • Emergence of the Nandi as a strong power who raided their villages hence wanted support
       • Long civil wars between the Purko maasai and Kwavi Maasai where most of their animals died
       • Had witnessed the futility of the British especially after the Kedong Massacre where 100 Maasai were killed
       • Wanted to consolidate his power and that of his kingdom 
       • Wanted the British help them bring back their women and children whom had been sold for food to the Agikuyu 
         (2 x 6 = 12 mks)

SECTION C  30 MKS
Answer any two questions

22.  
    1. Causes of conflict
       • Unequal distribution of Resources
       • Religious differences
       • Cultural intolerance between communities
       • Disputes over natural  resources
       • Improper conduct of elections
       • Tribalism, nepotism, racism
       • Denial of citizens rights (5 x 1 = 5mks)
    2. Methods of conflict resolution
       • Arbitration
       • Diplomacy/Negotiation
       • Mediation 
       • Legislation/Court Action/Litigation
       • Use of elders/Use of alternative dispute resolution mechanism/Religious action/Community policing 
       • Use of International Agreement well explained (5 x2= 10mks)
23.  
    1. Factors that lead to limitation of right to movement
       • Trespass to a private property or a protected area e.g state house, barracks
       • if one spreads infectious diseases e.g Corona/when preventing spread of infectious disease
       • if one does not have an entry permit to access some places
       • if one has been served with a Prison sentence/ rehabilitating a drug addict
       • when effecting court order to arrest somebody
       • when one is suspected to have commit a crime or about to commit a crime he/she can be denied right to move
       • when a curfew has been imposed in times of war or insecurity/epidemic        (3X 1 = 3MKS)
    2. Significance of human rights
       • Promote National Unity
       • Ensure equal treatment of all citizens
       • Determine the relationship between the rulers and the ruled.
       • Enable citizens to get proper services from the government
       • Enable people to develop physically and spiritually
       • Facilitate good governance     (6 x 2 = 12 mks)
24.  
    1. Characteristics of early political organization
       • Led by mission – educated Africans
       • Received support from the Asians
       • Confined to specific ethnic groups
       • Their grievances were similar
       • Membership in the association was small
       • They demanded an end to economic exploitation
       • They used non-violence means to express their grievances
    2. Causes of Mau Mau Rebellion/uprising
       • Experience of the ex-servicemen during the second World War
       • Failure of colonial government to compensate African ex-servicemen
       • Widespread unemployment
       • Land alienation
       • Undermining of African cultural practices
       • The brutality and cruelty of the colonial administration
       • Racial discrimination
       • Failure of the colonial government to institute political reforms     (2 x 6 = 12 mks)