History Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 4 Term 2 Opener Exams 2023

QUESTIONS

ANSWER ANY ALL QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION ( 25 MKS)

1. What was the main method used by anthropologists to gather historical data? (1mark)
2. State two ways in which the southern cushite’s influenced the bantu. (2mks)
3. Identify the main political system that existed in kenya during pre-colonial period. (1mk)
4. Who were responsible for finally pushing the portuguese out of kenya coast?(1 mark)
5. Give two evidence which shows that the chinese traders reached the kenyan coast before 1500 ad. (2mks)
6. State one way in which rural-urban migration in kenya contributed to national unity. (1mk)
7. State two main types of responsibilities of a citizen. (2mks)
8. State two rights of marginalized and minorities groups in kenya. (2mks)
9. Give two reasons why africans were not allowed to grow cash groups. (2mks)
10. Give one reason why one country’s constitution may not be adopted by another country. (1mk)
11. State two changes introduced by the Lytleton constitution of 1954 that benefited the africans in the struggle for independence. (2mks)
12. Give one reasons why the trade union movement was concentrated in urban centers during the colonial period.(1 mark)
13. State the main types of democracy exercised in kenya. (1mk)
14. State one provision of chapter one of constitution on sovereignty of the people in kenya.(1mk)
15. Mention one category of correctional facilities in kenya. (1 mark)
16. State two features of african socialism. (2marks)
17. State two principles guiding the electoral process in kenya. (2mks) 

SECTION B (45 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY 3 QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
(answer any three questions)

18.                          
    1. Name three similarities in social organization of the agikuyu and luo during pre-colonial period. (3mks)
    2. Describe the political organization of the kenyan somali during the pre-colonial period (12mks)
19.                        
    1. Identify five causes of the mau- mau uprising in 1952. (5 marks)
    2. Explain five roles of women in the struggle for independence in kenya (10mks)
20.                      
    1. State the three pillars of nyayoism. (3mks)
    2. Explain the contributions of harambee philosophy to kenyan’s development (12marks)
21.                    
    1. Identify three types of land holding in kenya (3 marks)
    2. Discuss the major challenges facing the health sector in kenya since independence (12mks) 

SECTION C ( 30 MARKS)
ANSWER ANY 2 QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

22.                        
    1. Name three members of the country executive (3mks)
    2. Explain six challenges facing the devolved government in kenya. (12mks)
23.                    
    1. List down five sources of public revenue in kenya. (5mks)
    2. Discuss how the national government spends its money under recurrent expenditure. ( 10 mks)

MARKING SCHEME

1. What was the main method used by anthropologisists to gather historical data?
   • Observation.
2. State two ways in which the southern Cushites influenced the Bantu. (2mks)
   • Bantus acquired age-set system from the cushites.
   • Bantus acquired circumcision from the Cushites.
   • Bantus acquired the taboo against the eating of fish.
   • Introduced animal husbandry.
3. Identify the main political system that existed in Kenya during pre-Colonial period. (1mk)
   • Decentralized.
4. Who were responsible for finally pushing the Portuguese out of Kenya Coast?
   • The Osman Arabs.
5. Give two evidence which shows that the Chinese traders reached the Kenyan coast before 1500 AD. (2mks)
   • Chine pottery
   • Chinese coins
   • Chinese ship wrecks
   • Anthropological- Some Lamu families with Chinese descent.
6. State one way in which rural-urban migration in Kenya contributed to National Unity. (1mk)
   • It promotes inter-ethnic integration.
   • It promotes peaceful co-existence/ harmonious living between different communities.
   • Minimizes suspicion and mistrust.
   • Promotes cultural understanding and respect.
7. State two main types of responsibilities of a citizen. (2mks)
   • Personal/ Responsibility to self and Family.
   • Civic/ Responsibility to the state.
8. State two rights of marginalized and Minorities groups in Kenya. (2mks)
   • Right to participate and be represented in Govt.
   • Provision of special opportunities in education and economic fields.
   • Develop own cultural values, practices, languages.
   • Special opportunities for access to employment.
   • Reasonable access to water, health and infrastructure.
9. Give two reasons why Africans were not allowed to grow cash grops. (2mks)
   • The European feared loss of labor
   • Africans had no knowledge of cash crop growing
   • To control the spread of diseases and pests from African farms.
   • Prevent competition.
10. Give one reason why one country’s constitution may not be adopted by another country. (1mk)
    • Different culture.
    • Different historical experiences
    • Racial and religious competition
    • Geographical reasons.
11. State two changes introduced by the Littleton constitution of 1954 that benefited the Africans in the struggle for independence. (2mks)
    •  It led to the establishment of a multi-racial council of ministers to replace the Governors executive council.
    • The ban of political organizations to operate at district level was lifted.
    • Africans” voting rights were restricted to those with certain incomes, education, property,
12. Give one reasons why the Trade Union movement was concentrated in urban centers during the colonial period.
    • Education Africans were concentrated in urban areas.
    • Wage labor was common in urban areas.
13. State the main types of democracy exercised in Kenya. (1mk)
    • Representative democracy.
14. State one provision of chapter one of constitution on sovereignty of the people in Kenya.
    • Sovereign power rests with the people.
    • People exercise power directly or indirectly
    • Authority under the constitution is delegated to state organs at country and nation Govt.
    • Sovereignty is exercised at national and country level.
15. Mention one category of correctional facilities in Kenya.
    • Borstal institutions
    • Youth training centers
    • Juvenile probation centers.
16. State two features of African Socialism.
    • Assisting an enemy
    • Desertion
    • Drunkenness
    • Insubordination
    • Cowardice
    • Absence without leave.
17. State two principles guiding the electoral process in Kenya. (2mks)
    • Freedom to exercise political rights
    • One third gender rule
    • Fair representation of people with disability
    • Universal suffrage
    • Free and fair electon
    • Body supervising elections to be independent, transparent, efficient,…..
18.                            
    1. Name three similarities in social organization of the Agikuyu and Luo during Pre-colonial period. (3mks)
       • The family was the basic social unit in both
       • Marriage was compulsory and exogamous in both. Also polygamous.
       • Believed in one God and special shrines where they worshipped.
       • Believed and honored special spirits.
       • Had informal education.
       • In both there was division of labour according to gender and age.
       • Practiced initiation of the youth.
    2. describe the political organization of the Kenyan Somali during the Pre-Colonial period (12mks)
       • The clan was the basic political unit.
       • Had a council of elders which was in charge of day to day affairs of the clan.
       • The council maintained law and order and was the final court of ap-peal
       • They had an age set system.
       • The had leaders called sultan whose role was mainly advisory
       • There existed warriors whose main duty was to protect the community againist eternal attacks
       • There existed people with special responsibilities e.g. sheikhs and medicine men
       • Had leaders called Sultans whose role was advisory.
       • The smallest political units was the family
19.              
    1. Identify five causes of the Mau- Mau uprising in 1952.
       • Land alienation
       • Creation of African representation in the legco
       • Poor living and working conditions of African in urban areas and settlers farms
       • Forced labour
       • The upland become factory massacre where the police wounded and killed African strictly workers
       • Closure of karatina megetube factory leading for unemployment.
    2. explain five roles of women in the struggle for independence in Kenya (10mks)
       • They stole guns from the government military officers and gave them to freedom fighters
       • They participated in anti=- colonial demonstrations e.g. many Muthoni wa Nyanjiru
       • They inspired and mobilized their people to resist against the colonial government e.g. mekatilili wa menza qand prophetesses Moraa, Syotune wa kithuki
       • They contributed to establishment of independence churches and schools. E.g. Aoko of Legio Maria
       • They provided food, medicine and clothing to the freedom fighters Otieno during Mau Mau uprising.
20.                      
    1. State the three pillars of Nyayoism. (3mks)
       • Peace
       • Love
       • unity
    2. Explain the contributions of harambee philosophy to kenyan’s development (12marks)
       • Many education institutions have been constructed using funds raised through Harambee effort. Thus enabling many children to attend school.
       • Many students have been assisted to pay school fees/thus it enables the needy to go on learning.
       • Physical facilities have been constructed/improved through Harambee. This enables learning in a conducive environment.
       • Teaching/learning materials have been purchased/ donated to schools to improve the quality of education.
       • Additional staff/workers in schools have been paid through Harambee contributions by the parents to offset inadequacy.
       • Through Harambee spirit, well-wishers, thus helping the learners to exploit their talents, have supported co-curricular activities
       • Scholl furniture has been bought through Harambee effort thus making learning /teaching comfortable.
       • Parents have contributed funds to supplement the government’s school feeding programmes thus improving enrolment.
21.                  
    1. Identify three types of land holding in Kenya (3 marks)
       • Public land
       • Private land
       • Communal land
    2. discuss the major challenges facing the health sector in Kenya since independence (12mks)
       • Increase in population has posed major challenges to the government in the provision of healthcare services to its citizens. There has been a challenge of inadequate doctors and medical facilities.
       • The cost- sharing policy introduced in the 1980s to help buy medicine and other equipment has prevented the poor from going to the hospitals.
       • The spread of HIV and AIDS and other diseases such as Diabetes and Heart diseases has worsened the situation.
       • Cultural practices like Female mutilation have made provision of medical services more challenging.
       • Pollution of the environment has increased allergy-related ailments, many of which have no cure.
       • Poverty and malnutrition render many people vulnerable to diseases.
       • Illegal abortion and early pregnancies endanger the lives of mothers.
       • High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads.
22.                  
    1. Name three members of the county executive (3mks)
       • Governor
       • Deputy governor
       • County executive committee
    2. Explain six challenges facing the devolved government in Kenya. (12mks)
       • County governments have inadequate funds. Some are located in areas of limited resources. This impedes provision of essential services. Some are too small to operate efficiently.
       • Corruption and misappropriation of funds is common in most counties. This is because those vested with the management powers do not have experience since the appointment of governors is through popular vote.
       • Rural –urban migration is likely to generate population pressure in urban based counties like Nairobi city and Mombasa. urban problems like mushrooming of slums, poor garbage disposal and insufficient sanitary facilities arise.
       • There is likely to be national government interference in the affairs and management of county legislation. This hinders free decision-making.
       • Election of ward members to manage ward affairs may hamper operations of the counties especially in legislation.
23.                
    1. List down five sources of public revenue in Kenya. (5mks)
       • Domestic Revenue Sources.
       • These are the taxes levied on citizens, private and public organizations, foreign investors and business people.
       • There are two main groups of taxes;
         1. Direct taxes.
         2. Indirect taxes.
       • Direct taxes. (Income tax)
         These are taxes derived from people’s salaries in form of income tax.
       • Indirect taxes.
         These are taxes levied on goods and services but with parliamentary approval. They include;
         1. Value-added tax; an indirect sales tax paid on specific goods such as sugar, bread, petroleum products, clothes, electronic equipment and motor vehicles.
         2. Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc.
         3. Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country.
         4. Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee, tea, soda ash and pyrethrum which are exported.
         5. Trading Licenses;
         6. Sales Stamp Duty; on entertainment services, betting, casino and premium bonds.
         7. Traffic Revenue tax; levied on various categories of traffic services. E.g., the Road Maintenance Levy, the driver’s license, Airport tax by air passengers.
         8. Investment Revenue; earned from parastatal and other profit making bodies that remit profits through the treasury.
         9. Loan interest receipts. Collection of taxes from parastatals like AFC, KTDA, KPC, NCPB and KCB.
         10. Land Rates.
         11. House rates.
         12. Fees; paid in terms of timber levies, CO₂ levies and mining fees.
         13. Court Fines
         14. Borrowing (under laid down law or procedure).
         15. Tourism fess
    2. External Revenue Sources
       There are two main sources of external assistance;
       1. Bilateral Aid; where two friendly nations assist each other. E.g. Kenya and Japan
       2. Multilateral Aid; many countries form trading blocs or global institutions like World Bank, IMF, European Union and commonwealth for this purpose. Sources of finance for county governments.
          1. The main source of funding for many counties is their equitable share from 15% of the national budget.
          2. Conditional and unconditional grants. Unconditional Grants are funds allocated by the national government without conditions regarding their use. Conditional grants are the funds allocated by the national government for funding of specific projects and programmes. They include;
             • The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas.
             • The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances
          3. Counties’ own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose.
          4. Borrowing, where the national government guarantees the loan or with the approval of the county assembly.
          5. Grants and donations
    3. Discuss how the national government spends its money under recurrent expenditure. ( 10 mks)
       1. The government remunerates its employees through regular payment of salaries and wages.
       2. The expenditure is also used to maintain public property throughout the country by allocating necessary funds to roads, airports, colleges, school text book provision and bridge maintenance.
       3. The money is also used to service debts from international donor agencies and local financial institutions.
       4. The money is also used to contribute to regional and international organizations like COMESA, AU, UN and Commonwealth.
       5. It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges.
       6. The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad.