SECTION A (40 MKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
- Name two causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes. 1mk
- Name two diseases of cabbages. 1mk
- Give three reasons for ridging in potato production. 1 ½ mks
- List four systems of farming. 2mks
- What is hybrid vigour as used in breeding? ½ mk
- Give four functions of vitamin A in the body of an animal. 2mks
- Give two maintenance practices carried out as a claw hammer. 1mk
- Give four control measures of liver flukes in livestock production. 2mks
- State three factors that would affect digestibility in livestock 1 ½ mks
- State the uses of each of the following tools and equipment. 2mks
- Garden trowel
- Elastrator
- Plumb bob
- Strip cup
- Name four features of an ideal cereal store. 2mks
- Give four reasons for rearing indigenous cattle in marginal areas of Kenya. 2mks
- State two forms in which nitrogen is taken by plants. 1mk
- Outline four types of information contained in a breeding record. 2mks
- Name two methods of farming considered to be out dated. 1mk
- State three reasons why jersey breed of cattle is better suited for drier areas of Kenya than the Friesian. 1 ½ mks
- How long is the Oestrus cycle? ½ mk
- State four factors that determine the harvesting stage in a crop. 2mks
- State Three causes of seed dormancy. 1 ½ mks
- Give four reasons why farmers are advised to raise tea in polythene sleeves. 2mks
- State four effects of protein deficiency in animals. 2mks
- Give two functions of the reticulum in the digestion of food in cattle. 1mk
- Give the meaning of the following terminology as used in livestock production. 1mk
- Pullet
- Gilt
- A dairy cow is noticed to be showing signs of heat at 6. 00a.m what time should it be inseminated. 1mk
- State THREE ways by which biological agents can enhanced the process of soil formation. 1 ½ mks
- State four advantages of drip irrigation 2mks
- State three advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition. 1 ½ mks
SECTION B (20MKS)
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
- The illustration below shows a physical feature observed in a given cattle breed study the diagram and answer question that follow.
- Name any four exotic breeds with the above feature. 4mks
- Describe two other ideal characteristics of the above breeds of cattle. 2mks
- A farmer intends to prepare 600kg of feed containing 20% DCP using feedstuffs Q which contains 18% DCP and N which contains 40%DCP. Using the Pearson’s square method, calculate how much of Q and N will be required . 5mks
- Below are illustrations of planting materials. Study them and answer questions that follow.
- Identify them 2mks
X
Y - Name the preparation X should be subjected to in readiness our planting. 1mk
- State two precautions taken when harvesting Y. 2mks
- Identify them 2mks
- The diagram below illustrates on internal parasite of livestock.
- Identify the parasite. 1mk
- Name two hosts of the parasites. 2mks
- Name two methods of controlling the parasite. 2mks
SECTION C (40MKS)
SELECT ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
- Discuss importance of irrigation in farming. 10mks
- State and explain five factors that influence spacing of crops. 10mks
- Explain six factors considered when selecting a breeding stock. 12mks
- Describe the functions of four parts of the female reproductive system in poultry. 8mks
- Explain the role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy. 10mks
- Describe the life cycle of a three host tick. 10mks
MARKING SCHEME
- Causes of blossom end-rot in tomatoes
- Irregular watering
- Excess nitrogen
- Lack of calcium 2 x ½ = 1mk - diseases of cabbages
- Black roft
- Damping off
- Downy mildew 2 x ½ = 1mk - Reasons for rdging in potato production
- Facilitate easy harvesting
- For tuber expansion
- Water/soil conservation. 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mk - Farming systems
- Extensive farming
- Intensive farming
- Large scale farming
- Small –scale farming 4 x ½ = 2mks - HYBRID vaguer
- Condition where off spring acquires more superior characteristics than either of the parents. ½ mks - Functions of vitamin A in the body of the animal
- Bone formation
- Prevention of diseases
- Required for proper growth/improves vigour
- Improve vision
- Increases resistance to diseases. 4x1/2 = 2mks - Maintenance practices on a claw hammer
- Replace broken handles
- Fix- the head firmly
- Should be stored properly
- Apply oil on head to prevent rusting
- Use right size of head for desired work. 2 x ½ = 1mk - Control measures of live flukes
-treat with antihelminthics
- Avoid grazing in swampy areas
-drain swamps
-kills snails using molluscides e.g copper III sulphate. 4 x ½ = 2mks - Factors that would affect digestibility of animal feeds
- Chemical composition of the feeds
- The form in which the feed is offered to the animal
- Animal species
- The ratio of energy to protein in the feed
- Amount of food already in the digestive tract . 3x ½ 1 ½ mk - use of the following tools and equipment’s. 2mks
- garden trowel – lifting seedlings during transplanting
- elastrator –expanding rubber rings for castration, docking dehorning etc.
- plumb bob- for checking weather a tall wall is vertical.
- strip cup- checking / testing mastitis.
- Features of ideal cereal store
- Raised abt 50cm above the ground
- Well ventilated
- Vermin-proof / has metal deflectors on poles
- Ease to load and off load
- Secure
- Damp- proof 4 x ½ = 2mks - Reasons for rearing indigenous cattle in marginal areas of Kenya
- Can survive on little food/scanty vegetation
- Are good foragers
- Are resistant to diseases
- Can resist high temperatures
- Can survive with little water
- Can walk over long distances in search of food and water without lowering production. 4 x ½ = 2mks - Forms in which N is taken by plants
- Nitrate ions (NO3)
- Ammonium ions (NH4) 2 x ½ = 1mk - Types of information contained in a breeding record:
- Date of service
- Bull/sire number
- Date of parturition
- Breed type 4 x ½ = 2mks - Methods of farming considered to be out dated. 1mk
- Shifting cultivation
- Nomadic pastoralism - Reasons why the Jersey breed of cattle is better suited for dried areas than the Friesian:
- It’s an excellent grazer in poor pastures.
- Requires/can survive on less feed
- More tolerant to heat. 3x ½ 1½mk - Length of estrus cycle in cattle 21 days ½mk
- Factors determining harvesting stage of a crop
- Use or purpose of the crop
- Moisture content of the crop especially cereals
- Degree of ripeness in fruits crops
- Taste and preference of the consumer
- Quality of the product
- Weather condition. 4 x ½ 2mks - Causes of seed dormancy:
- Thick/hard seed coat
- Immature embryo
- Presence of germination inhibitors
- Extreme temperatures during seed maturity. 3 x ½ = 1½mks - Reasons why farmers are advice to raise tea in polythene sleeves:
- For easy transplanting
- Root system is not disturbed during transplanting.
- Can be carried over a long distance
- Seedlings can easily be stored before transplanting. 4 x ½ = 2mks - Effects of protein deficiency in animals 4½mk
- Retarded growth
- Wearing – out of body tissues
- Low production level
- Poor resistance to diseases, - Functions of the reticulum in the digestion. 2 x ½ = 1mk
- Separating/sieving bigger/coarse food particles from fine ones
- Sieving/trapping and region Taking food back to the mouth for further chewing
- Retraining foreign and indigestible food materials. - Meaning of terminologies 2 x ½ = 1mk
Pullet – a young female bird from eight weeks to the point of laying.
Gilt- a young female pig that has not given birth. - Right time for insemination 1mk
- Anytime between 12 noon and mid-night. - Ways in which biological agents cause soil formation 1½mk
- large animals trample on the rocks disintegrating them into small particles
- micro-organisms produce acid which collects the rocks.
- some burrowing animals make tunnels in the rocks disintegrating them
- roots of trees grow through rocks causing them to break into small particles. - Advantages of drip irrigation 4x ½ -= 2mks
- It requires little water
- Very little labour is required after installation
- Does not cause soil version
- It is cheap to install. - Advantage of applying lime 4 x ½ = 2mks
- it adds calcium to the soil
- It raises the soil PH
- It improves the soil structure
SECTION B
-
- Exotic breeds with the above features the above feature
- Aberdeen Angus
- Galloway
- Hereford
- Charolaise
- Beef shorthorns. 4 x 1 = 4mk - Other physical characteristics of the above breeds. 2x1= 2mks
- deep well fleshed bodies
- Good foragers
- Have short legs to support their heavy bodies.
- Heavily fleshed hind quarters.
- Exotic breeds with the above features the above feature
-
Amount of Q = 20 x 600KG = 545.45KG 1mk
22
Amount of N 2 x 600kg = 54.54kg 1mk
22 -
- X – Irish potato tuber/sett 1mk
Y – sugar cane cutting / sett 1mk - chitting 1mk
- Precautions taken when harvesting Y
- Burn sugar cane fields to chase away shakes
- deliver the cane within 24hrs to maintain quality. 2 x 1 = 2mks
- X – Irish potato tuber/sett 1mk
-
- Tapeworm 1mk
- pig, cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. 2x1 = 2mks
- - proper cocking of meat
- proper meat inspection
- use latrines by farm work
- rotational graze
- drenching with anthelminthic (any 2 = 1mk each = 2mks
SECTION C: 40mks
-
- Importance of irrigation in farming
- To regulate soil temperature/ crop temperature
- To soften the soil
- To remove toxic substances in the soil
- Regulate soil pH
- to supplement rainfall in dry spells
- continue supply of crop throughout the year 5x2 = 10mks - Factors influencing spacing of crops:
- purpose of the crop close, spacing for maize for silage wider spacing for maize for grains.
- The soil moisture-close spacing in heavy rainfall areas/where soil has a high mic
- Growth habit – wide spacing for wide spreading crops.
- Control of pests and diseases – no set of groundnuts controlled by close spacing
- Soil fertility – close spacing in fertile soils.
- Machinery to be used – wide spacing where machinery is to be used. 5 x 2 = 10mks
- Importance of irrigation in farming
-
- Factors considered when selecting the breeding stock:
- Age- select young animals-those that have not parturated for more than three times. This because they have a longer lifespan
- old animals are low producers.
- production and breeding efficiency declines with age - level of production- select high producers/performers.
- Physical fitness- selected animals should be free from physical defects e.g mooceyed, scrotal hernia, limping, irregular number of teats, defective and weak backline
- Health- the selected animals should be health to avoid transmitting diseases to offspring.
- Sick animals do not breed well and are expensive to keep. - Body conformation- animals for different purposes have different conformation e.g. dairy cattle are wedge-shaped while beef cattle are blocky – section should be based on purpose.
- Temperament/behavior – Avoid animals with bad behavior/habits e.g. kicking, fighting cannibalism, egg eating, aggressiveness etc.
- Select docile animals. - Quality of products- select animals that give high quality products e.g breed of sheep which produce fine, long, while cool.
- Mothering ability- select animals with good maternal instinct
- Fertility select those width high fertility.
- Adaptability- select animals that are suited to the environment- consider climate of the area.
- Prolificacy- select highly prolific animals. (6x2 = 12hrs
- Age- select young animals-those that have not parturated for more than three times. This because they have a longer lifespan
- Function of parts of the female reproductive system in poultry
- Ovary- produces ova/eggs
- Secretes female hormones –responsible for the size and colour of combs.
- Magnium-thick albumen is added.
- Tunnel/intrundiblum-challazae added
- Isthmus- shell membranes added
- Water and mineral salts added
- Thin albumen added.
- Uterus(shelling gland-shell added
- Shell pigment added
- Addition of albumen is completed
- Vagina-virginal fluid secreted- to reduce friction during laying.
- Cloaca-used for copulation/sperms are deposited.
- Exit for egg. Any correct 4x2 = 8mks
- Factors considered when selecting the breeding stock:
-
- The role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy
- Provision food-livestock products e.g meat, milk, eggs, honey are used as food.
- Source of power- some animals are used to provide power for carrying out various activities e.g donkeys, oxen, camels etc. .
- Provides employment-several people are employed in the livestock industry directly or indirectly e.g in K.M.C
- Social –cultural uses e.g payment of dowry, status symbol, sacrifices etc.
- Sources of income-animals and animal products sold to earn the farmer income.
- Source of foreign exchange-livestock products exported to earn the country foreign exchange
- Provides raw materials to industries- boosts industrialization.
- A market for industrial goods any correct t 5x2 -= 10mks - life cycle of a three host tick
- The adult tick lays eggs on the ground
- Egg hatch into larvae
- Larvae attach themselves to the first host
- Larvae fee, suck blood + become engorged and drop on the ground.
- On the ground larvae moults into nymph.
- Nymph climbs onto the second host
- Larvae feed on second host, become engorged and drops on the ground.
- Engorged nymph moults into adult
- Adult attach on third host
- On third host the adults feed, mate
- Adult drops to the ground to lay eggs. 10 x1 = 10mks
- The role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy
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