INSTRUCTIONS
- This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.
- Answer ALL the questions in Section A, three questions from Section B and Two questions from Section C.
SECTION A: (25marks)
Answer all the questions in this section
- State two ways in which Kenyan communities interacted with each other in the pre-colonial period. (2mks)
- Name two groups of the Mijikenda community. (2mks)
- State two functions of Fort Jesus during the Portuguese rule. (2mks)
- Identify one economic responsibility of a Kenyan citizen. (1mk)
- Name two national activities that promote national unity in Kenya. (2mks)
- Identify the constitutional amendment that was repealed to revert to a multi-party state in Kenya in 1991. (1mk)
- Name one survival right of a child under the constitution. (1mk)
- Identify the treaty that finalized the partition of East Africa. (1mk)
- Give the main reason why native reserves were created during the colonial period. (1mk)
- State two contributions of the independent schools during colonial period. (2mks)
- Identify the main contribution of Wangari Maathai. (1mk)
- Name two organs of the Kenya Defense Forces. (2mks)
- Identify two pillars of Nyayo philosophy. (2mks)
- Identify two political challenges that Kenya experienced between 1969-1978. (2mks)
- Give the main function of the county assembly. (1mk)
- Give one example of conditional grants given to county government. (1mk)
- Name the government department that collects taxes. (1mk)
SECTION B 45 marks
-
- State five reasons for the migration of the Eastern Bantu. (5mks)
- Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda in the pre-colonial period. (10mks)
-
- State three reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British. (3mks)
- Explain six reasons why Kenyan communities were defeated by the British. (12mks)
-
- State three reasons why the British government invited European settlers in Kenya. (3mks)
- Explain six factors that led to growth of nationalist activities in Kenya between 1945-1963. (12mks)
-
- State five ways in which the government of Kenya has promote health sector since independence. (5mks).
- Explain five challenges facing agricultural sector in Kenya since independence. (10mk)
SECTION C 30 marks
-
- State three ways in which one can become a Kenyan citizen through registration (3mks)
- Explain six factors that undermine national unity. (12mks)
-
- State five functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya. (5mks)
- Explain five ways in which the independence of the Judiciary is guaranteed in Kenya. (10mks)
-
- Identify three sources of revenue for the county government. (3mks)
- Explain six ways in which the national government uses its revenue. (12mks)
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
- State two ways in which Kenyan communities interacted with each other in the pre-colonial period.
- Through trade
- Through warfare
- Through intermarriage
- Through common festivals/ceremonies e.g., wrestling cultural exchange 2x1=2mks
- Name two groups of the Mijikenda community.
- Kauma
- Giriama
- Duruma
- Chonyi
- Jibana
- Kambe
- Ribe
- Rabai
- Digo 2x1=2mks
- State two functions of Fort Jesus during the Portuguese rule.
- To act as hiding place against/ attacks by their enemies.
- To use it as a base of sending expeditions against resisting communities of the coast /administration base.
- Use it for storing armaments/storage of items before transportation.
- Use as a watch tower. 2x1=2mks
- Identify one economic responsibility of a Kenyan citizen.
- Participating in development activities.
- Paying taxes.
- Engaging in income generation.
- Protecting the environment.
- Fighting corruption 1x1=1mk
- Name two national activities that promote national unity in Kenya.
- Agricultural shows/trade fairs.
- Games and sports.
- National holidays. 2x1=2mks
- Identify the constitutional amendment that was repealed to revert to a multi-party state in Kenya in 1991.
- Section 2A of the Constitution. 1x1=1mk
- Name one survival right of a child under the constitution.
- Every child has the right to a name and nationality from birth.
- Every child has the right to basic nutrition, shelter and health care 1X1=1mk
- Identify the treaty that finalized the partition of East Africa.
- The Heligoland Treaty of 1890. 1x1=1mk
- Give the main reason why native reserves were created during the colonial period.
- In order to create room/land for settler farming. 1x1=1mk
- State two contributions of the independent schools during colonial period.
- Created more educational opportunities for Africans
- Provided job opportunities to Africans
- Preserved African cultural heritage
- Natured nationalistic activities 2x1=2mks
- Identify the main contribution of Wangari Maathai.
- Environmental conservation/ Tree planting 1x1=1mk
- Name two organs of the Kenya Defense Forces.
- Kenya Navy
- Kenya Army
- Kenya Airforce 2x1=2mks
- Identify two pillars of Nyayo philosophy.
- Peace
- Love
- Unity 2x1=2mks
- Identify two political challenges that Kenya experienced between 1969-1978.
- Political assassinations
- The attempt to change the constitution by some politicians 2x1=2mks
- Give the main function of the county assembly.
- Legislation 1x1=1mk
- Give one example of conditional grants given to county government.
- The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas.
- The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances 1x1=1mk
- Name the government department that collects taxes.
- Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) 1x1=1mk
SECTION B (45 marks)
-
- State five reasons for the migration of the Eastern Bantu.
- They moved in search of water and pasture for their livestock
- The outbreak of diseases/ epidemics forced them to move
- Attacks from other communities forced them to move/external attacks
- There was population pressure in their original homeland
- They moved due to drought and famine
- Family/clan dispute/conflicts forced them to migrate/internal conflicts
- Search for land for settlement
- They moved for adventure 5x1=mks
- They moved in search of water and pasture for their livestock
- Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda in the pre-colonial period.
- The Mijikenda had a strong clan system. Administration was based on a strong clan system. 4-6 clans lived in a fortified village known as kaya.
- The existence of a council of elders (Kambi) at clan level to settle disputes and the general administration of the clan
- An age set (riika) system formed by young men after circumcision and which provided the base from which warriors were obtained.
- Social and political unity was strengthened through intermarriage between different clans.
- Judicial matters were handled by the elders’ council which was final court of appeal
- The council of elders declared war on warring neighbors 5x2=10mks
- The Mijikenda had a strong clan system. Administration was based on a strong clan system. 4-6 clans lived in a fortified village known as kaya.
- State five reasons for the migration of the Eastern Bantu.
-
- State three reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British.
- Nandi power had weakened them
- Civil wars between Kwavi & Purko
- Natural calamities e.g. small pox & drought
- Famine
- Kedong massacre which killed many 3x1=3mks
- Nandi power had weakened them
- Explain six reasons why Kenyan communities were defeated by the British
- The communities were not united hence they were easily defeated.
- The communities had inferior weapons as compared to the superior British weapons.
- The soldiers had little knowledge about the British military tactics.
- Their population had been weakened / reduced by catastrophe such as famine and rinder pest and civil strife.
- Their leaders lacked adequate organizational skills to mobilizing the people.
- The British used treachery when dealing with come communities / collaboration.
- The economic base of the communities was destroyed by the British thus making them weak.
- The soldiers were demoralized when many warriors were captured / skilled (e.g. Aembu and Ameru in 1906/ scotched earth policy.
- The Kenya – Uganda Railway facilitated the faster movement of British troops 6x2=12mks
- The communities were not united hence they were easily defeated.
- State three reasons why the Maasai collaborated with the British.
-
- State three reasons why the British government invited European settlers in Kenya.
- The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man’s country by encouraging white settlers to form the back bone of the economy.
- It hoped that the settlers would finance administrative expenses of the colony without involving the British tax payers.
- The settlers’ economic activities would help the colonial government pay for the construction costs of the railway and maintain it.
- The settlers were expected to produce raw materials for British industries.
- The colonial government wanted to prevent Asian influence in Kenya by encouraging European settlement. The Kenyan highlands were suitable for European settlement in terms of climate and soil.
- Wanted to make the colony self-sufficient in terms of foodstuff.
- Administrators wanted to create job opportunities for the unemployed British nationals. 3x1=mks
- The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man’s country by encouraging white settlers to form the back bone of the economy.
- Explain six factors that led to growth of nationalist activities in Kenya between 1945-1963.
- The war experience of the ex-service men made them more informed in world affairs on their return.
- The labor government in Britain was more responsive to the demands of self-rule in their colonies.
- The constitutional changes implemented in Kenya by the labor party promoted nationalist activities e.g., the Lyttleton constitution of 1954 which created a multi-racial council of ministers.
- The U.N.O. recommended for self-determination for the colonized people as a right.
- Granting of independence for India and Ghana showed African nationalists that independence was achievable and made them more determined in their struggle for independence.
- The mau-mau movement consolidated the nationalists struggle and brought it into direct confrontation with the colonial government.
- Lifting of bans on political parties in 1945, 1955 and 1960 by the colonial government enabled the African nationalists to coordinate the nationalists in Kenya.
- The activities of the trade unions promoted the growth of African nationalist activities especially in urban centres. 6x2=12mks
- State three reasons why the British government invited European settlers in Kenya.
-
- State five ways in which the government of Kenya has promote health sector since independence.
- It has established/created the Ministry of Health.
- It has established hospitals/clinics/dispensaries
- It has encouraged NGOs/religious organizations/individuals to provide health services.
- It has established medical training institutions.
- It has recognized the use of herbal medicine.
- It has established National Health Insurance Fund.
- It has established Medical Research Institutes.
- It has employed health workers.
- It has subsidized the cost of healthcare/ free medical services.
- It educates people on health matters. 5x1=5mks
- Explain five challenges facing agricultural sector in Kenya since independence.
- Poor infrastructure in some pans of the country has led to great losses of farm produce thus reducing earnings of farmers.
- The unstable prices of agricultural commodities on the local/world market has discouraged farmers.
- Various parts of the country have been hit by drought/famine thus forcing the government to provide relief food.
- Farmers produce is often destroyed by pests after harvest leading to food shortages/poor storage.
- Poor technology/use of Traditional methods has contributed to low yields.
- Politically instigated ethnic clashes have discouraged farmers from carrying out intense fanning due to insecurity.
- The population of Kenya has been growing faster than gains made in the agricultural sear.
- Corrupt government officials have grabbed/sold research land thereby affecting the operation; of research institutions/mismanagement of funds meant for agricultural development.
- Farming has become a costly venture for most farmers are not able to meet the high costs of farm inputs
- Overproduction of similar agricultural products leads to wastage due to lack of buyers
- Shortage of agricultural extension officers has made it difficult for farmers to get advice on how to improve yields.
- Mismanagement of cooperatives has impoverished farmers/delayed payments to farmers.
- Competition from COMESA /industrialized nations has frustrated Kenyan farmers. 5x2=10mks
- State five ways in which the government of Kenya has promote health sector since independence.
SECTION C 30 marks
-
- State three ways in which one can become a Kenyan citizen through registration.
- One must lawfully reside in Kenya continuously for at least seven years.
- A child who is not a citizen must be adopted by a Kenyan citizen.
- A person must be married to a Kenyan citizen for at least seven years. 3x1=3mks
- One must lawfully reside in Kenya continuously for at least seven years.
- Explain six factors that undermine national unity.
- Unequal distribution of national resources creates disparity in terms of development leading to the feelings of exclusion
- Tribalism which favours people from one’s ethnic group thereby creating animosity hatred among the people
- Religious conflicts brought about by intolerance to other people’s faiths leading to division of people along religious lines
- Discrimination on the basis of colour creates antagonism among different races/ racism
- Affiliation to different political parties with different ideologies polarizes the country along political lines
- Corruption / greed/ bribery leads to a few people amassing a lot of wealth at the expense of the others
- Poverty among the people creates a state of lawlessness/ high rate of crime in the society
- Terrorism/ radicalization creates a state of anarchy/ fear/ suspicion among people
- Nepotism- this is the practice of favouring relative
- Cultural conflicts- some diverse cultural aspects may be in conflicts among different communities.
- Ignorance- leading to intolerance of other people’s views leading to failure to appreciate developments taking place around them. 6x2=12mks
- Unequal distribution of national resources creates disparity in terms of development leading to the feelings of exclusion
- State five functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission of Kenya.
- It registers prospective citizens who intend to participate in the elections.
- It draws the boundaries of the constituencies/wards in all parts of the country in order to ensure equitable representation of the people.
- It regulates nomination of candidates by political parties so as to ensure proportional nomination of members.
- It settles electoral disputes other than petitions arising from the electoral process in order to ensure smooth/fair elections.
- It registers that all candidates who intend to contest for positions during elections/announces and provides an election timetable.
- It educates voters on their rights/importance of participating in the electoral process so as to make informed decisions.
- It monitors/observes the elections in order to ensure transparency/honesty.
- It regulates the amount of money spent by a candidate/political parties to prevent some candidates from influencing the voters.
- It develops code of conduct for candidates/parties participating in elections with the view of checking malpractices.
- It ensures compliance with the electoral laws by all the parties involved in order to promote free and fair elections.
- It distributes/transports electoral materials to all polling stations.
- It appoints election officials.
- It announces the results and declares the winners. 5x1=5mks
- It registers prospective citizens who intend to participate in the elections.
- Explain five ways in which the independence of the Judiciary is guaranteed in Kenya
- The independence of the judiciary is spelt out in the constitution and the government has to respect it
- The judges and magistrates are appointed by the judicial service commission which is an independent body from the public service commission
- The tenure of office of the judges is longer than that of civil servants (75 years)
- Judges enjoy security of tenure of office
- Judges are bound by oath of office to perform their duties without the favor or fear (oath of allegiance)
- The judiciary has a separate system of command, its head is the chief justice
- Salaries and allowances of judges and magistrate are fixed by statutes and are not discussed in parliament
- Judges and magistrates are not answerable to the executive 5x2=10mks
- The independence of the judiciary is spelt out in the constitution and the government has to respect it
- State three ways in which one can become a Kenyan citizen through registration.
-
- Identify three sources of revenue for the county government.
- Allocation from the national government
- Loans or grants from the national government
- Local taxes such as property rates and entertainment taxes
- Charges and fees such as cess on agriculture produce entry fees to country parks and parking fees
- Foreign loans and grants
- Rent from premises
- Any other grants and donations
- Revenue collected will be deposited into the following funds 3x1=3mks
- Allocation from the national government
- Explain six ways in which the national government uses its revenue.
- Revenue is used to maintain government facilities such as roads and buildings.
- It is used to initiate new developments / projects by the government (e.g. constructing new roads, constructing government offices.
- It is used to subsidize public services (e.g. Health, education)
- It is used to finance recurrent government expenditures such as paying of salaries for civil servants.
- It is used to service loans that have been borrowed by the government for development.
- It is used to pay subscription to international bodies / organizations e.g. OAU, UN and PTA)
- It is used to finances security expenditure by the government such as training soldiers, paying body guards and buying arms.
- It is used to meet any emergency needs that may arise (e.g. due to floods, outbreaks of diseases.)
- It is used to assist countries that may experience emergencies (e.g. natural disasters) 6x2=12mks
- Revenue is used to maintain government facilities such as roads and buildings.
- Identify three sources of revenue for the county government.
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