Instructions to Candidates
- This paper consists of three sections A, B and C.
- Answer all questions in section A, three from Section B and two from Section C.
- Candidates should answer the questions in English
Section A (25 marks)
Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet attached
- State two ways in which the study of History and Government promotes a sense of patriotism in the learner. (2 marks)
- Give the meaning of the word Homo Erectus. (1 mark)
- Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began. (1 mark)
- Give one disadvantage of currency trade. (1 mark)
- Identify two limitations of using fire and smoke signals as a means of communication. (2 marks)
- State two disadvantages of early forms of water transport. (2 marks)
- Give two ways in which the discovery of iron influenced the growth of kingdoms. (2 marks)
- State one disadvantage of using atomic energy (1 mark)
- Identify the main religion practiced in Kilwa. (1 mark)
- Name the title of the Buganda political leader in the 19th century. (1 mark)
- State two roles of the missionaries in the European colonization of Africa. (2 marks)
- Give one role of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere of Tanzania in the development of nationalism in Mozambique. (1 mark)
- Give two ways in which economic rivalries between European powers contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. (2 marks)
- Where does the International Court of Justice sit? (1 mark)
- Identify two autonomous institutions of the revived East African Community, (2 marks)
- State the main economic blunder committed by President Mobutu Sese Seko in 1993. (1 mark)
- State two sources of the British Constitution. (2 marks)
Section B (45 marks)
Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet attached
-
- State five factors that facilitated the development of agriculture in America before 1800.
(5 marks) - Explain five solutions to food shortage in third world countries. (10 marks)
- State five factors that facilitated the development of agriculture in America before 1800.
-
- State five factors that led to industrial revolution in Britain. (5 marks)
- Explain five social effects of the industrial revolution in Europe. (10 marks)
-
- State five methods used by the British to acquire colonies in Africa. (5 marks)
- Explain five impacts of the partition of Africa on the Africans. (10 marks)
-
- State five reasons why the television is an important means of communication. (5 marks)
- Explain five ways in which telecommunication has negatively affected the society. (10 marks)
Section C (30 marks)
Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet attached
-
- State three official languages used in the United Nations Organization (UNO) General Assembly deliberations. (3 marks)
- Explain six ways through which the United Nations promotes peace in the world. (12 marks)
-
- Identify three principles of the Arusha declaration of 1967. (3 marks)
- Explain six political challenges facing African governments. (12 marks)
-
- Identify three requirements for one to be allowed to contest as a presidential candidate in the United States of America (USA). (3 marks)
- Explain six ways through which the conduct of a president is checked in the United States of America (USA). (12 marks)

Marking Scheme
Section A (25 marks)
Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided
- State two ways in which the study of History and Government promotes a sense of patriotism in the learner. (2 marks)
- It enables one to acquire positive attitude towards their country
- It enables one to be a responsible citizen
- It enables one to be loyal to his/her country
- It enables one to develop positive values
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
- Give the meaning of the word Homo Erectus. (1 mark)
- It means an upright man
1 point @ 1 mark
- It means an upright man
- Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began. (1 mark)
- Broadcasting method/Scattering
1 point @ 1 mark each
- Broadcasting method/Scattering
- Give one disadvantage of currency trade. (1 mark)
- The value of the currency may fluctuate depending on the strength of a county's economy
- Identify two limitations of using fire and smoke signals as a means of communication. (2 marks)
- Could not convey messages over long distances/it can only be used to cover short
distances - Its effectiveness depended on weather
- Was not secretive way of sending a message
- Limited to the sighted/required people to be on the lookout
- Limited range of messages could be sent
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
- Could not convey messages over long distances/it can only be used to cover short
- State two disadvantages of early forms of water transport. (2 marks)
- They could easily sink during strong wind and storms.
- They could only move down stream as their movement relied on water current.
- They carried only a few passengers and goods at a time
- Passengers and goods were exposed to the elements of weather.
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
- Give two ways in which the discovery of iron influenced the growth of kingdoms. (2 marks)
- It enabled manufacture of weapons for defense
- Iron tools ensured food production to sustain the kingdom
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
- State one disadvantage of using atomic energy. (1 mark)
- The use in weapons leads to massive destruction of property
- It causes air pollution /radiations
- It is expensive form of energy
Any 2 point @ 1 mark each
- Identify the main religion practiced in Kilwa. (1 mark)
- Islam
1 point @ 1 mark
- Islam
- Name the title of the Buganda political leader in the 19th century. (1 mark)
- Kabaka
1 point @ 1 mark
- Kabaka
- State two roles of the missionaries in the European colonization of Africa. (2 marks)
- They sent back information on Africa to their mother countries
- They encouraged African rulers to sign treaties e.g. Lawanika
- Their mission stations were used as initial operational bases for the colonizers as well as proof of effective occupation
- They created rapport/mutual trust with the local who then welcomed the colonizers who they thought were like missionaries
- They asked protection from their home government
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
- Give one role of Mwalimu Julius Nyerere of Tanzania in the development of nationalism in Mozambique.
- He offered them political recognition and support.
- He allowed them to open their offices in Tanzania.
- Nyerere was instrumental in uniting the different factions of the liberation movement/FRELIMO.
- He opened the border for asylum seekers from Mozambique.
- He allowed FRELIMO fighters to train on Tanzania soil.
- He was vocal in condemning colonialism in Mozambique in various forums like
UN, OAU and Commonwealth. - He supplied the fighters with arms and gave them military aid.
- He allowed Tanzania border with Mozambique to be used as bases to launch
attacks on enemy installations. - He allowed the movement to have total freedom to establish organize bases on Tanzanian soil
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each
- Give two ways in which economic rivalries between European powers contributed to the outbreak of the First World War. (2 marks)
- Competition for overseas market caused tension/friction
- Competition for sources of raw materials fueled tension
- Tariff wars among them created tension/suspicion
- Competition for areas to invest surplus capital caused tension
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
- Where does the International Court of Justice sit? (1 mark) )
- The Hague
1 point @ 1 mark
- The Hague
- Identify two autonomous institutions of the revived East African Community. (2 marks)
- The Lake Victoria Development Programme
- The East African Development Bank
- The Inter University Council of East Africa
- The East African Community Customs Union
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
- State the main economic blunder committed by President Mobutu Sese Seko in 1993. (1 mark)
- The printing of new notes to pay salaries
1 point @ 1 mark
- The printing of new notes to pay salaries
- State two sources of the British Constitution. (2 marks)
- Act of parliament e.g. the Magna Carta 1215, the parliament Act of 1911
- The British conventions which have been used from generations to generation over a long period of time. For example those which - the British citizens against the excess of the executive.
- The courts of Britain established decision made by the British law courts from time to time become part of the British Constitution e.g. in 1884 the Supremacy of parliament.
- Legal publications by reputable authorities e.g. scholars lawyers statesman, political thinkers.
- From the Hansard- official of the proceedings of parliament
- Royal prerogatives e.g. declaring war and making peace
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each
Section B (45 marks)
-
- State five factors that facilitated the development of agriculture in America before 1800.
(5 marks)- European immigration into the region led to population increase and demand for
food. - European immigration introduced new methods of farming
- Introduction of new crops
- Availability of slave labour to clear forests and to farm
- Suitability of climate for agriculture
- presence of suitable soils for different types of crops
- Settlement of enterprising European emigrants who wished to make a living through agriculture.
- Availability of indigenous crops
- Use of river for irrigation availability of water for irrigation from rivers like Hudson and Colorado
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each
- European immigration into the region led to population increase and demand for
- Explain five solutions to food shortage in third world countries. (10 märks)
- Reclaiming more land would increase the area for farming thereby producing more food
- Adopting irrigation which would ensure food production throughout the year
- Government should adopt/formulate food policies which would give strategies of achieving food security the countries
- Encouraging farmers to grow food crops that are drought resistant/require little
rainfall - Farm inputs/seeds/fertilizers pesticides should be highly subsidized in order to make them affordable to the farmers/low cost of farm inputs
- Storage facilities should be improved to minimize loss/storage before and after the
harvest - Modern/scientific farming methods such as artificial insemination should be practiced in order to improve agricultural yields/extension services
- Transport infrastructure should be improved constructed for efficient movement of
farm inputs/produce to and from markets - Encouraging agro forestry which would ensure food production alongside forestry Promoting peaceful co-existence among communities to enable farming activities to prosper
- Encouraging the growing of food crops instead of cash crops
- Giving loans/credit facilities to the farmers
- Diversificaiion of eating habits by encouraging people to eat a variety of foods
- Encouraging family planning so that families have only the number of children whom they can feed and provide for.
- Encouraging soil conservation measures e.g. terracing, construction of gabions
and afforestation. - Encouraging the forming of co-operative societies to market their produce
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each
- State five factors that facilitated the development of agriculture in America before 1800.
-
- State five factors that led to industrial revolution in Britain. (5 marks)
- She had a ready market for her industrial products within the British Empire.
- The Empire was also a source of industrial raw materials like coal and iron ore.
- She had large deposits of coal for industrial energy.
- Existence of well-established cottage industries/home industries which provided a base for industrial development.
- She had accumulated a lot of wealth from her trade with other countries.
- Some of the inventions that accelerated industrialization were made in the country like the steam engines.
- There existed a class of rich entrepreneurs who were keen and willing to invest in
industries. - Availability of labour following displacement of peasants following land consolidation.
- Agrarian revolution led to production of adequate food for industrial workers.
- Existence of well-developed banking and insurance services in the country.
- Protection of her trading ships from piracy by her strong navy.
- Well established transport networks like railways, roads and water.
- Availability of skilled labour in the country.
- The country was relatively peaceful due to strong leadership.
- She practiced the policy of free trade.
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each
- Explain five social effects of the industrial revolution in Europe. (10 marks)
- Many people migrated to towns to look for jobs leading to overcrowding
- Increased population in towns led to shortage of houses thus the development of slums
- There was poor sanitation which made people to suffer from various diseases
- The factories emitted pollutants into the air, water and land thus affecting in people health
- Those who did not secure employment in the industrial town engaged in crime and other social evils.
- Industrial revolution led to social stratification where the poor were discriminated by the rich
- Women and children were exploited because they worked for long hours for little pay.
- Trade unions developed in order to fight for the rights of industrial workers to settle industrial disputes.
- Due to long working schedules, some industrial workers neglected their homes
leading to family breakups
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each
- State five factors that led to industrial revolution in Britain. (5 marks)
-
- State five methods used by the British to acquire colonies in Africa. (5 marks)
- Signing of treaties
- Military conquest/force
- Company rule
- Diplomacy/collaboration
- Treachery/trickery
- Divide and rule/playing off communities against each other.
- Enticing/luring of chiefs with gifts e.g. with clothes and weapons
- Construction of operation bases/transport networks
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each
- Explain five impacts of the partition of Africa on the Africans. (10 marks)
- Africans lost their independence as Europeans established colonies.
- African economies were weakened through European exploitation of their resources.
- African systems of government were replaced by European systems.
- Africans adopted European languages which became official languages in the colonies.
- Modern African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition.
- Some African communities were split by the boundaries drawn during partition.
- Africans lost their land as Europeans established permanent settlements.
- Africans lost their lives and property as they resisted occupation.
- African cultures were undermined through introduction of western education, Christianity and health services.
- Closer ties were forged between Africans and Europeans which created overdependence on Europe.
- It intensified warfare among African communities.
- Infrastructure was developed to link agriculture and major mining areas.
- Introduction of new policies like taxation and forced labour which were unpopular among African communities.
- Introduction of new crops together with new farming methods.
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each
- State five methods used by the British to acquire colonies in Africa. (5 marks)
-
- State five reasons why the television is an important means of communication. (5 marks)
- They convey information more vividly than other forms.
- They are used for entertainment.
- They are used to pass educational programmes.
- They are used in advertisements/marketing
- They are effective in transmitting ideas since it commands attention.
- They have created job opportunities.
- lt bridges the limitation of real-time communication.
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each
- Explain five ways in which telecommunication has negatively affected the society. (10 marks)
- Some have promoted immorality through watching of pornographic films.
- They have promoted international crime/terrorism and drug abuse.
- It has encouraged idleness and addiction to programmes by viewers.
- The disposal of telecommunication gadgets may result in environmental pollution.
- Continuous use of some means of telecommunication may be a health hazard/radiations
- Prolonged exposure to computer screen affect the eyes
- Some telecommunication devices cannot be accessed by many people due to the expense of acquisition and installation.
- Some programmes promote violence in the society
- Some can cause pollution if not properly controlled e.g. radio
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each
- State five reasons why the television is an important means of communication. (5 marks)
Section C (30 marks)
-
- State three official languages used in the United Nations Organization (UNO) General Assembly deliberations. (3 marks)
- English
- French
- Spanish
- Chinese
- Russian
- Arabic
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each
- Explain six ways through which the United Nations promotes peace in the world. (12 marks)
- Through encouraging the peaceful settlement of disputes between member states/sending peace messengers
- By imposing mandatory sanctions against countries that are seen as a threat to World peace in an effort to bring them to line.
- It hears cases between states through international Court of Justice
- By sending peace keeping forces to areas ravaged by war and conflict.
- by encouraging disarmament through its disarmament commission and numerous
conferences on disarmament that is sponsored by it. - It provides humanitarian assistance to the needy by giving them protection
- By encouraging the social and economic development of the third world through the work of numerous specialized agencies.
- By promoting general awareness in the world about peace through publishing journals.
- Through the promotion of regional cooperation in different areas between different countries.
- By promotes human rights by enforcing application of international law.
- By authorizing the use of force to restore peace in different regions.
- It condemns all forms of terrorism
- It promotes democracy and good governance
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each
- State three official languages used in the United Nations Organization (UNO) General Assembly deliberations. (3 marks)
-
- Identify three principles of the Arusha declaration of 1967. (3 marks)
- Self-reliance
- Nationalization of main means of production
- Ujamaa/socialism policy
- Human equality/non-discrimination
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each
- Explain six political challenges facing African governments. (12 marks)
- Ideological difference among leaders thus civil wars
- They were affected by the cold war while it existed
- Occurrence of coups and counter coups in some nations
- Strained relationship among neighbouring countries
- Overdependence on former colonial masters for decision making/ neocolonialism.
- Strained international relations
- Conflicting interest like being members of different regional and international groupings
- Ethnicity in many countries resulting from divide and rule policies of colonialists
- Internal civil wars in some countries resulting from maladministration
- Refugee problems/hosting resulting from conflicts in other countries
- Global wind of change geared towards adoption of multi partysm
- Increased terrorism and terrorist activities.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each
- Identify three principles of the Arusha declaration of 1967. (3 marks)
-
- Identify three requirements for one to be allowed to contest as a presidential candidate in the United States of America (USA). (3 marks)
- Should have been born in the USA.
- Should not be less than 35 years of age.
- Must have been a resident of the USA for not less than 14 years.
- One should be morally upright
- Should not have been president for two-four year terms
- He or she must be nominated by a political party unless he or she is an independent candidate.
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each
- Explain six ways through which the conduct of a president is checked in the United States of America. (12 marks)
- The congress acts as a check on the powers of the president as the people he appoints to positions must he approved vetted.
- The congress can refuse to approve the use of government money to fund foreign policy the congress disagrees with.
- The congress can impeach a sitting president if his behaviour is not satisfactory.
- The Supreme Court may declare the president to have acted "unconstitutionally".
- Pressure groups can also check presidential actions and he or she may be morally obliged to reconsider his decisions.
- Public opinion sometimes play a vital role in limiting presidential actions as it reflects the wishes and feelings of the American people.
- The constitution limits an individual to two four year terms in office.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each
- Identify three requirements for one to be allowed to contest as a presidential candidate in the United States of America (USA). (3 marks)
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