QUESTIONS
SECTION A 30MARKS
- Give two positive effects of wind in agriculture. 1mk
- Give a reason why nitrogenous fertilizers should be applied on a wet soil; 1mk
- State two reasons for drying grains before storage. 1mk
- State three disadvantages of planting seeds using broadcasting method. 1 ½ mks
- Differentiate between apiculture and aquaculture. 1mk
- State two excellent adaptations of weeds to their environment. 1mk
- Give three reasons as to why earthing up is done in crop production. 1 ½ mks
- Name four roles played by trees in soil and water conservation. 2mks
- List three methods applied in clearing land before ploughing. 1 ½ mks
- State three advantages of using tissue culture in crop production. 1 ½ mks
- State three factors which influence the efficiency of pesticides. 1/ ½ mks
- Give four disadvantages of land fragmentation in farming. 2mks
- List three characteristics that should be met by plants to be used for green manure making. 1 ½ mks
- State three disadvantages of metallic water pipes. 1 ½ mks
- Name two ways through which overhead irrigation is carried out in the farm. 1mk
- Name three diseases that attack tomato plants. 1 ½ mks
- State three benefits of large scale farming. 1 ½ mks
- List four farm records kept by a dairy cattle farmer. 2mks
- State three reasons why burning of vegetation is not recommended during land preparation. 3mks
- Give three conditions that limit the use of mulch in crop production. 1 ½ mks
SECTION B 20 MARKS
- Below is a diagram of a nursery for raising tomato seedlings.
- Name the part labeled K. 1mk
- State two advantages of part labelled K. 2mks
- Give three management practices that should be carried on the nursery from the time seedlings emerge to the stage of transplanting. 3mks
- The diagram below shows a physiological condition in tomatoes. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the condition. 1mk
- Give three causes of the condition identified in (a). 3mks
- The illustrations labelled S and T below show some structural methods used in soil and water conservation.
- Identify the structures S and T. 1mk
- State the function of the embarkment in the diagram S. 1mk
- State two ways in which structure T help to control soil erosion. 1mk
- State four methods of harvesting water on the farms. 2mks
- The diagram below shows a method of drainage. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the method of drainage shown above. 1mk
- Other than the method shown in (a, list four other methods used in draining farmland. 2mks
- Outline four reasons for draining farmland. 2mks
SECTION C - ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECION. 40 MARKS
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- Discuss maize production under the following sub heading.
- Seedbed preparation . 3mks
- Planting of maize
- Field management practices. 6mks
- Preparation of maize before storage. 2mks
- Discuss three methods used to treat seeds in order to break seed dormancy. 6mks
- Discuss maize production under the following sub heading.
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- State and explain briefly five ways through which soil loses its fertility. 10mks
- Give five main characteristics of nitrogenous fertilizers. 5mks
- Outline five methods that are used in application of inorganic fertilizer. 5mks
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- Discuss the advantages of land consolidation and registration. 8mks
- Discuss the cultural methods of pest control in crops. 12mks
MARKING SCHEME
- Facilitates cross pollination. - brings rain bearing clouds - brings cooling effect on crops. 2 x ½ = 1mk
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- faster absorption before leaching ii. Prevent volatilization 2x ½ = 1mk
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- To prevent germination/sprouting during storage
- to reduce insect/pest attack
- to reduce fungal attack/ rotting. 2 x ½ =1mk
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- uneconomical on seed use.
- uneven germination due to uneven planting depth
- overcrowding in some areas.
- limists the use of machinery for subsequent operation.
- difficult to determine plant population. 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- Apiculture is the keeping/rearing of bees while aquaculture is the rearing of fish.
1x1 =1mk mark as a whole.
- Apiculture is the keeping/rearing of bees while aquaculture is the rearing of fish.
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- Elaborate or extensive root system.
- short life cycle. - are hardy 2x ½ = 1mk
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- improves tuber formation.
- improves drainage around the plant
- improves anchorage/support and prevent lodging
- makes harvesting easier. 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- protect soil from rain drop erosion
- reduce speed of run off
- leaves decay adding humus.
- shade reduces loss of moisture
- acts as wind breakers. 4x ½ = 2mks
- Tree felling - slashing weeds - use of herbicides - burning 3x ½ =1 ½ mks
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- For mass production of propagules
- requires less space - to establish pathogen free plants. 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- weather condition at the time of application.
- concentration
- timing of application
- persistence 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- Difficult to supervise land.
- hinders farm mechanization
- time wastage when moving from one piece of l and to the other.
- difficult for agricultural extension officers to offer other services. 4 x ½ = 2mks
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- they should be highly vegetative.
- they should decompose easily
- they should have a faster growth rate
- they should have a high nitrogen content or be leguminous.
- they should be hardy. 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- They are expensive
- they are subject to rusting
- their installation require skills.
3 ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- use of splinkers
- use of watering cans
- use of hose pipes. 2 x ½ =1mk
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- tomato blight
- bacterial wilt
- blossom end rot 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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- Easy to mechanise operations
- easier to plan and manage
- high quality production due to good husbandry practices.
- cost of production per unit output is low because of economies of scale.
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- breeding record
- production record
- marketing record
- labour record
- feeding record 4 x ½ = 2mks
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- fire kills the useful soil micro organisms
- fire destroys organic matter
- fire leads to loss of soil nutrients.
- raises soil pH due to introduction of potash. 3 x 1 = 3mks
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- light rain showers/ drizzles cannot gain access to the soil.
- can be a fire risk especially during the dry weather.
- mulch is bulky hence expensive to transport.
- dangerous animals e.g snakes may hide under mulch.
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- overhead shade 1x1=1mk
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- prevent loss of moisture through evaporation.
- Protect the seedlings from direct sunshine.
- Protect the seedlings from damage by the rain drops. 2x1=2mks
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- watering of seedling.
- Uprooting weeds.
- Controlling pests by spraying with appropriate pesticides.
- Controlling diseases by spraying with appropriate chemicals/fungiides.
- Pricking out in case seedlings are overcrowded.
- Hardening off. 3x1=3mks
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- Blossom end rot. 1x1=2mks
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- excessive application of nitrogenous fertilizers in the early stages of growth.
- irregular watering.
- calcium deficiency in young fruits.
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- S- cut off drain T gabion 2x ½ =1mk
- hold excess water which overflow over the channel. 1x1 =1mk
- help to trap the soil particles. - they reduce the speed of run off. 2x ½ =1mk
- roof catchment - use of wells - use of weirs and dams - rock catcment - use of ponds 4x ½ = 2mks
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- French drains. 1mk
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- Use of cambered beds
- open ditch method
- underground drain pipes
- pumping
- tree planting. 4 ½ =2mks
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- improves soil aeration
- helps to reduce soil erosion
- raises the soil temperature
- increase soil volume 4x ½ = 2mks
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- seedbed preparation
- clear off the vegetation
- prepare the seedbed early during the dry season to kill weeds
- plough deeper to kill perennial weeds
- harrow the seedbed to a medium tilth
- plough along the contours to reduce soil erosion
- planting of maize
- plant at the beginning of the rains
- dry plantimg can also be done two weeks
- space according to the variety
- plant 1 or 2 seeds per hole
- plant at the depth of 2.5 -10cm depending on the soil moisture content
- plant certified seeds from reliable dealers
- plant by hand on small scale or used tractor drwan planters in large scale farms
- use phosphatic fertilizers at a rate of 120kg/ha
- field management practices
- thin the seedlings to one seedlings per hole at 15 cm height
- gap as soon as possible aftre germination
- keep the field weed free during early stages
- weeding can be done manually or using herbicides
- use selective herbicides such as 2,4-D and MCPA
- weed 2 to 3 times if done manually
- topdress with nitrogen fertilisers at knee high
- control pests such as maize smut, maize streak by rogueing or using approrpiate fungicides
- preparation of maize before storage
- drying done under the sun or by use solar dries
- seed cleaning (winnowing) to remove foreign particles
- dusting - insecticides are applied to prevent attack by storage pests.
- seedbed preparation
- methods used to treat seeds in order to break seed dormancy
- mechanical method
- hot water treatment
- soaking water
- partial burning
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- soil erosion - leads to loss of top fertile soil making soil infertile
- burning vegetation coer - kill soil micro-organisms interfering with decomposition o organic matter abd expose soil to erosive agents
- leaching - dissolved minerals are carried by the infiltrating water to soil horizons beyond the reach of many plant roots
- monocropping - utilises only those nutrients needed by that crop which other nutrients remain unused leading to exhaustion of those particular nutrients
- change in PH - alteration of soil pH affects the activity of soil micro-organisms and availability of soil nutrients
- continuous cropping - when planted crops are harvested large amounts of nutrients are removed from the soil.
- accumulation of salts - it is caused by poor drainage and evaporation of soil moisture leading to salinisation
- characteristics of nitrogeneous fertilisers
- highly solublr in water
- are hydroscopic i.e absorb moisture from the atmosphere
- have short residual effect hence applied frequently
- easily leached hence applied to established crops
- have a scorching or burning effect on crops
- are highly volatile under hot conditions
- methods of applying inorganic fertiliser
- placement method - application in planting holes or drills
- broadcasting - random scattering on ground
- foliar spraying - application of specially formulated solution onto foliage of a crop
- drip method - fertiliser is dissolved in irrigation water and applied to individual plants via perforated pipes
- side dressing - placing nitrogenous fertiliser at side of a perennial crops by band or ring application
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- advantaged of land consolidation
- supervision is easily done since the land is one unit
- farmers acquire a land title deed which can be used to secure loan
- farmers can plan for long term investments
- easy to carry out sound farm planning
- soil conservation can be done easily
- farmers save time that could have been used to travelto different pieces of land
- weeds, pests and diseases control is enhanced
- easier to receive agricultural extension services
- cultural methods of pest control
- trap cropping - attracts pest away from the main crop for easy killing by spraying pesticides
- timely planting - enables crops to establish faster and escape pest attack
- timely harvesting - prevent attack by field pests
- close season - starves pests to death
- crop rotation - break life cycle of pests
- planting resistant crop varieties - have defensive mechanisms so as not to be easily attacked
- field hygiene - rogueing to prevent pest spread
- open pruning - creates unfavourable micro-climate to control pests
- crop nutrition - makes crops to grow strong and increase resistance to pest attack
- use of clean and healthy planting materials - prevents introduction of pests in the field
- proper spacing of crops - makes movement of pests difficult, preventing pest spread.
- irrigation of crops - makes the environment unfavourable for pests
- advantaged of land consolidation
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