Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Mokasa II Joint Mock Exams 2023

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Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Mokasa II Joint Mock Exams 2023

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INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

This paper has two sections A and B
Answer ALL the questions in section A. In section B answer questions 6 and any other TWO questions.

SECTION A: 25 MARKS

Answer ALL questions in this section

1. What is the relationship between Geography and Chemistry. (2 Marks)
2. State the importance of studying Geography. (3 Marks)
1. Give three evidence showing that the interior of the earth is hot. (3 Marks)
2. Define the term solstice. (2 Marks)
The diagram below show intrusive volcanic features.
1. Name the landforms marked E and F. (2 Marks)
2. Describe how the laccolith is formed. (3 Marks)
1. State two factors influencing the rate of wave deposition. (2 Marks)
2. Describe how a spit is formed. (3 Marks)
The diagram below shows an artesian basin.
1. Name the part marked X and the process marked Z. (2 Marks)
2. State three conditions necessary for the formation of artesian basin. (3 Marks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.

1. Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50 000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the Following questions.
  1. Name three physical features found in grid square 0788. (3 marks)
  2. Measure the length of the All Weather Road bound surface B25/3 to the (2 marks) East of Easting's 02. Give your answer in Km.
  3. Give the hemisphere of the area represented by Kisumu East map extract? (1 mark)
2. 1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 100 metres, draw a cross section of Kisumu East from grid reference 960950 to grid reference 020920.
    (4 marks)
  2. On the cross section mark and label the following.
    - Hill (1 mark)
    - River (1 mark)
    - Railway line (1 mark)
    - All weather roads bound surface C543/1 (1 mark)
  3. Determine the intervisibilty of the starting point and end point of your cross section. (1 mark)
3. 1. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5 marks)
  2. Citing evidence from the map, state five functions of Kisumu town. (5 marks)
1. 1. Distinguish between minerals and rocks. (2 marks)
  2. Describe the following characteristics of minerals.
    1. Colour (2 marks)
    2. Hardness (2 marks)
2. 1. What are sedimentary rocks? (2 marks)
  2. Give three sources of the particles which form sediments that form sedimentary rocks. (3 marks)
  3. Describe two ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed. (4 marks)
3. 1. Describe the thermal dynamic process of rock metamorphism? (3 marks)
  2. State two changes that occur in sedimentary rocks, when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure. (2 marks)
4. Give five uses of rocks. (5 marks)
1. 1. Identify three types of folds (3 marks)
  2. Apart from Fold Mountains, identify three other features resulting from folding. (3marks)
2. Identify the countries where each of the following fold mountains is found.
  - Andes (1 mark)
  - Rockies (1 mark)
  - Alps (1 mark)
3. 1. Differentiate between orogeny and orogenesis. (2 marks)
  2. Using well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains are formed (8 marks)
4. Explain the effects of fold mountains on climate. (6 marks)
1. 1. Define river catchment. (2 marks)
  2. Give three importance of measuring river discharge. (3 marks)
2. 1. Identify two types of river erosion. (2 marks)
  2. Explain two ways in which a waterfall may form. (4 marks)
  3. Using well labelled diagrams, describe how an Ox-bow lake is formed. (8 marks)
3. Explain three significance of rivers and resultant features to human activities. (6 marks)
1. 1. What is soil? (2 marks)
  2. Name three components of soil. (3 marks)
2. 1. Describe laterization as a process of leaching. (4 marks)
  2. Describe how the following types of erosion occur.
    - Rill erosion. (3 marks)
    - Sheet erosion (2 marks)
3. 1. Apart from leaching, give three other processes of soil formation. (3 marks)
  2. Explain four measures being taken to conserve soil in Kenya. (8 marks)

MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A: 25 MARKS

Answer ALL questions in this section

1. Explain the relationship between Geography and Chemistry.(2 Marks)
  - Geography applies chemistry in studying chemical composition/properties of rocks and soils that results to the formation of geographic features.
  - Chemistry knowledge helps in understanding chemical processes in physical geography such as carbonation/hydrolysis/solution/hydration/ oxidation.
  - Chemistry knowledge helps in understanding chemical changes in rocks and soils.
2. State the importance of studying Geography. (3 Marks)
  - It helps to develop mental skills.
  - It enables learners understand/appreciate different environmental awareness/cooperation.
  - It encourages international awareness/cooperation.
  - It helps learners appreciate important social values such as time management/responsibility.
  - It promotes positive attitude towards protection/conservation of resources natural
  - It leads to development of career opportunities/
  - It enables learners to explain the origin/formation of the earth/landforms
1. Give three evidences showing that the interior of the earth is hot. (3 Marks)
  - Ejection of hot water
  - Volcanic eruption/vulcaicity.
  - Molten state of most of the interior rocks.
  - High temperatures experienced in deep mining.
2. Define the term solstice. (2 Marks)
  - A solstice is a period of the year when the mid-day sun is overhead at the tropics
The diagram below show intrusive volcanic features.
1. Name the landforms marked E and F. (2 Marks)
  - E - Sill
  - F - Lopolith
2. Describe how the laccolith is formed.
  - Earth movement causes vents/cracks in the crustofrocks
  - Acidic Magma intrudes crustal rocks through the vents/
  - Magma accumulate around the vent, cools and solidifies.
  - This forms a are very large dome-shaped intrusigh of magma which pushes the country rock upwards known as a laccolith
1. State two factors influencing the rate of wave deposition. (2 Marks)
  - Depth of water
  - Configuration of the coastline
  - Gradient of the shore.
  - The strength of the wave.
2. Describe how a spit is formed. (3 Marks)
  - A spit forms on a shallow shore at a point where there is a sudden change in the angle of the coastline.
  - The longshore drift deposits materials that is sand, shingles and pebbles at such point.
  - The deposition continues extending into a bay with one end attached to the land.
  - Eventually a ridge with one end attached to the land and the other projecting into the sea is formed called a spit
The diagram below show an artesian basin.
1. Name the part marked X and the process marked Z. (2 Marks)
  1. X - Impermeable rock
  2. Z - Percolation
2. State three conditions necessary for the formation of artesian basin. (3 Marks)
  - The aquifer must be sandwiched between two impermeable rock layers
  - The aquifer must be exposed in an area of sufficient precipitation.
  - The mouth of the well must be lower than intake area.
  - The rock structure must form a shallow syncline.
  - The margins of the aquifer must be exposed.

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.

1. Study the map of Kisumu East 1:50 000 (sheet 116/2) provided and answer the Following questions.
  1. Name three physical features found in grid square 0788. (3 marks)
    - River
    - River valley
    - Seasonal swamp
    - Plain
  2. Measure the length of all-weather road bound surface B25/3 East of Easting's 02. Give your answer in Km. (2 marks)
    - 8.6 Km 0.1 Km (8.5, 8.6, 8.7)
  3. In which hemisphere is Kisumu East? (1 mark)
    - Southern Hemisphere
2. 1. Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 100 metres, draw a cross section of Kisumu East from grid reference 960950 to grid reference 020920. (4 marks)
  2. On the cross section mark and label the following.
    - Hill
    - River
    - Railway line
    - All weather roads bound surface C543/1
  3. Determine the intervisibilty of the end point of your cross section.
    - The two end points are not intervisible
3. 1. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the mThap.
    - The main river is river Nyamasaria/Ombeyi/Luando
    - The area is drained by many permanentrivers by river Luando.
    - The area is drained by seasonal swamp in Kano plain
    - The area is drained by papyrus swamp of Nyalenda.
    - River Luando and its tributaries form dentritic pattern
    - River Luando forms a delta
    - Most rivers flow south westwards
  2. Citing evidence from the map, state five functions of Kisumu town. (5 marks),
    - Communication centre evidenced by post office/ wireless station.
    - Education centre evidence by school
    - Administrative centre evidence by Districy office/police line
    - Recreational centre evidence by stadium
    - Religious centre evidence by church/mission/mosque
    - Medical centre evidence by Hospital
    - Transport centre evidence by rodds/Railway line.
    - Industrial centre evidence by sisal factory
    - Residential Centre evidence by build up area
    - Funeral service for centre
1. 1. Distinguish between minerals to rocks. (2 marks)
    - A mineral is an inorganic homogenous substance which occurs naturally on or beneath the surface of the earth while a rock is a naturally occurring solid matrerial composed of one or more minerals and for the solid part of the earth's crust.
  2. Describe the following characteristics of minerals.
    1. Colour (2 marks)
      - Different minerals display different colours e.g. minerals that have iron are dark in colour.
    2. Hardness (2 marks)
      - Some minerals such as diamond have a high resistance to disintegration while others such as talc are soft.
2. 1. What are sedimentary rocks? (2 marks)
    - These are rocks which are composed of sediments which are laid down in layers in water/land.
  2. Give three sources of the particles which form sediments that form sedimentary rocks. (3 marks)
    - Existing rocks through weathering/erosion.
    - Mineral compounds which were dissolved in water.
    - Remains of millions of organisms which settle on the seabed.
    - Plant remains which were buried on land water.
  3. Describe two ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed. (4 marks)
    1. Mechanically formed.
      - These rocks are formed when eroded rock materials are transported by agents of erosion and deposited in layers on and in sea.
    2. Organically formed
      - These rocks are formed when remains of previously existing plant or animal organisms are accumulated over a long period of time forming layers.
    3. Chemically formed.
      - These are formed when rocks are precipitated or when solutions of salt evaporate and particles accumulate in layers.
3. 1. Describe thermal dynamic process of rock metamorphism?(3 marks)
    - During the mountain building process, edimentary rocks are compressed and due to the pressure hear is generated. The heat modifies the structure of the original rocks.
  2. State two changes that occur in sedimentary rocks, when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
    - New minerals are formed
    - The minerals recrystallize
    - The rocks become compacted/hard
    - The physical appearance of the rock changes
4. Give five uses of rocks. (5 marks)
  - Rocks weather down to formy soil which support agriculture.
  - Some rocks act as reservoirs for water/oil/gas
  - Rocks provides materials for building and construction industry.
  - Some Rocks are sources of minerals.
  - Some rocks act as tourist attraction
  - Some rocks are used in sculpturing/curving industry to make ornaments
  - Study of rocks provides information about the past.
  - Some rocks are sources of food e.g. rock salt
  - Some rocks provide raw materials for manufacturing industries.
1. 1. Identify three types of folds (3marks)
    - Simple symmetrical folds
    - Asymmetrical folds
    - Over folds
    - Isoclinal folds
    - Recumbent folds
    - Nappe/Over thrust fold
    - Anticlinorium and Synclinorium Complex fold.
  2. Apart from Fold Mountains, identify three features resulting from folding
    - Escarpments
    - Depressions
    - Ridge and Valley Jandscape
    - Rolling Plains
    - Inter-montane Plateaus
    - Inter-montane basins
    - Synclinal valleys/Valleys
2. Identify the countries where the following fold mountains are found
  1. Andes.
    - Chile/Peru/Bolivia/Argentina/Ecuador/Colombia
  2. Rockies
    - Canada/ Mexico
  3. Alps
    - Austria/Switzerland/Italy/France
3. 1. Differentiate between an orogeny and orogenesis (2 marks)
    - Orogenesis is the process of fold mountains formation while Orogeny is the fold mountain-building period.
  2. Using well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains were formed (8 marks)
    - The crustal rocks are subjected to compressional forces.
    - The rocks bend upwards and downwards to form an extensive shallow depressions called geosynclines on the earth's surface.
    - The geosyncline is filled with water/
    - Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher grounds.
    - Sediments are deposited in the geosyncline in thick layers.
    - The great weight of the sediments cause the subsidence of the geosyncline leading to accumulation of more sediments to great thickness
    - Further subsidence of the geosyncline triggers off compressional forces which causes the sediments to fold
      Text-5
      Diag-3
4. Explain the effects of fold mountains on climate (6 marks)
  - The slopes of fold mountains facing the sun receive direct sunshine hence are warmer than those facing away from the sun.
  - Fold Mountains cause the development of anabatic and katabatic winds which have a cooling effect on the slopes.
  - The windward slopes of Fold Mountains generally receive heavy rainfall while the leeward slopes receive low rainfall due to orographic effect.
  - Fold Mountains due to their high altitudes have an effect on reduction of pressure with increasing altitude.
1. 1. Define river catchment. (2 marks)
    - Is the area that drains all the rain water that falls in it into the river
  2. Give three importance of measuring river discharge.
    - Use to predict floods
    - Use to predict periods of low and normal flow
    - Used to determine suitability for irrigation
    - Use in establishing H.E.P Production
2. 1. Identify two types of river erosion.
    - Head ward erosion
    - Vertical grosion
    - Lateral erosion
  2. Explain two ways in which a waterfall may form. (4 marks)
    - When a layer of more resistant rock lies across a rivers courses the less resistant rock downstream is elded faster steeping river bed leading to formation of a waterfall.
    - Where a river descends a sharp edge of plateau.
    - Where a river descends a fault scarp
    - Where a river descends a lifted coast/cliff into an ocean
  3. Using well labelled diagrams, describe the formation of an Ox-bow lake. (8 marks)
    - When a river begin to meander in the flood plain, intense lateral erosion and undercutting of its outer bank takes place forming a bluff.
    - On the inner bank the currents are weak causing more deposition to take place.
    - Continued erosion leads to narrowing of the land that separate the two concave banks.
    - Continued erosion of the outer bank the meanders grows out wards and deposition on inner bank.
    - Evenly the two concave banks join causing the river to take a short cut.
    - When the meander is cut off it forms a meander loop known as an ox-bow lake
    - It forms when a river starts to meander an a flood plain
    - Lateral erosion dominates the outer bank of the meander (convex)
    - Deposition takes place an the inner bank of the meander (convex)
    - Lateral erosion leads to redirection of the narrow piece of land or neck separation bends and eventually its worn out
    - Deposition on the meander side during floods blocks off the meander.
    - The river abadons the meander and takes a short cut
    - The cut off meander form an ox-bow Lake
      Text - 5 marks
      Dig - 3 marks
3. Explain three significance of rivers and resultant features to human activities. (6 marks)
  - Waterfalls along river Channel provide sites for hydro-electric power generation used in homes/Industries.
  - Some rivers provide fresh water for Irrigation
  - Some rivers supply water for domestic and Industrial use.
  - Some rivers are fishing grounds providing fish
  - River valleys are source of building material such as sand and stones
  - Some rivers channels plain vulnerable minerals such as alluvial gold and diamond which mato earn income.
  - some navigable rivers are used in transport
  - Some flood plains form fertile soils suitable for agriculture.
1. 1. Define the term soil.
    - Soil is a Maturally occurring thin layer of loos/unconsolidated matena which overlies the crustal rock and on which plants It is the superficial layer of loose unconsolidated rock material overlaying the crustal rock and on which plants grow.
  2. Name three components of soil. (3 marks)
    - Soil air/gases
    - Soil water/moisture
    - Soil organic matter/humans
    - Soil inorganic matter/minerals
2. 1. Describe laterization as a process of leaching (4 marks)
    - During the wet season, mineral salts in the top layer of the soil dissolve in rain water.
    - The dissolved minerals percolate/seep downwards from the top soil to the sub-sel (silica and bases)
    - The dissolved mineral move/are deposited further downwards to the lower layer.
    - Insoluble minerals such as iron and aluminium accumulate on the top layer to form a crust of laterites hence laterization
  2. Describe how the following types of erosion occur.
    1. Rill erosion. (3 marks)
      - Occurs on gentle/moderate slopes which have bear with scanty vegetation
      - Heavy rain falls and the water in form of runoff drains off the slope through small channels called rills.
      - Soil particles within the channel are detached through hydraulic action and abrasion and washed downstream through a process call rill erosion.
    2. Sheet erosion
      - Occurs on gentle slopes which are bare
      - When rain falls, water spreads over a large area
      - As water moves, it removes the top layer evenly over the area. This sheet erosion
3. 1. Apart from leaching, give three other processes that contribute to soil formation. (3 marks)
    - Through weathering
    - Through decomposition of organic matter
    - Through burrowing of animals
  2. Explain four measures being taken to conserve soil in Kenya. (8 marks)
    - By mulching the soil to provide nutrients after the plant materials decay.
    - By practicing mixed farming so that the animals can feed on plants while providing manure to maintain fertility
    - By practicing crop rotation to reduce over use of some minerals, thus maintaining fertility.
    - By proper application of fertilizers/manure that provide plants with food.
    - By controlling soil erosion which carries the top soil, thus reducing fertility.
    - By practicing land fallowing to allow the land to rest thus regaining fertility naturally
    - Afforestation / reafforestation | agroforestry.