INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
- Answer ALL the questions
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided
- State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. (1mk)
- Name three types of capital used in Agriculture. (1½mks)
- List four reasons for primary cultivation. (2mks)
- Give four properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. (2mks)
- State two reasons for drying grains before storage. (1mk)
- List four methods of treating water for domestic use. (2mks)
- State four ways by which plant nutrient may be lost from the soil. (2mks)
- State four functions of nitrogen in crops. (2mks)
- State three ways in which organic mulch helps to conserve water in the soil. (1½mks)
- Give four advantages of proper stocking rate in pasture management. (2mks)
- Differentiate between thinning and pricking out as used in crop management (1mk)
- List three books of account used in the farm (1 ½ mks)
- State three cultural measures taken by farmers to control weeds in the field (1 ½ mks)
- State three precautions taken when harvesting pyrethrum (1 ½ mks)
- Mention four advantages of minimum tillage (2mks)
- Name three crop diseases caused by viruses (1 ½ mks)
- Outline three examples of joint products in crop production (1 ½ mks)
- State three advantages of land fragmentation (1 ½ mks)
- Give four advantages of using zero grazing system of grazing (2mks)
SECTION B. (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided
- Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. The illustrations represent a method of crop propagation.
- Name the crops (s) propagated by illustrations: (1mrk)
A:…………………………………………………………………………………..
B:…………………….………………………………………………………….. - Give three factors that promote the rooting of illustration A. (3mrks)
- Name the crops (s) propagated by illustrations: (1mrk)
- The diagram below illustrates an experiment using garden soil. Study it carefully and answer the question that follow.
- What was the aim of the experiment? (1mrk)
- Name the parts labeled C and D. (2mrks)
C:……………………………………………………………………………………………
D:………………………………………………………………………………………………. - Name the property of soil being investigated. (1mrk)
- The illustration below shows a type of soil erosion. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the type of erosion illustrated. (1mrk)
- Give two soil factors that influence the rate of soil erosion. (2mrks)
- Name one agent of soil erosion. (1mrk)
- The illustration below represents a financial document . Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
No: 2004 Date: 26/07/2013
M/S MUHORONI FARMERS STORE
DR………………ACHEGO FARMERS CO-OP UNION
BOX 2, AWASIParticular Quantity Price per unit Amount Layers mash 20 bags 1,200.00 24,000.00 Urea 5 bags 3,000.00 15,000.00 Sorghum seeds 10pkts 300.00 3,000.00 Delivery details Total 42,000.00 Discount - None
Terms of payment: Cash in 30days upon receipt of goods
Official Stamp & signature
- Identify the document illustrated above. (1mrk)
- State two functions of the document. (2mrks)
- The diagram below represent a method of manure preparation. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
- Identify the type of manure being prepared. (1mrk)
- Name the parts labeled E and F. (1mrk)
SECTION C:
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 26.
-
- Outline five activities that may be undertaken in minimum tillage. (5mks)
- State the qualities of a good farmer manager. (5mks)
- Explain five ways in which farmers may overcome risks and uncertainties in farming business. (10mks)
-
- Describe five functions of agricultural marketing. (10mks)
- Explain the four types of water erosion. (4mks)
- Describe the nursery preparation and establishment in rice production. (6mks)
-
- Describe five factors that influence the demand of agricultural products. (10mks)
- Outline the different methods of pasture conservation and utilization. (5mks)
- Give reasons for raising vegetable seedlings through a nursery. (5mks)

MARKING SCHEME
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- Causes physical damage to crops.
- Causes faster spread of pests / weeds / diseases.
- Cold wind cause stress to crops.
- Encourages transpiration hence increased water and mineral uptake.
- Help in pollination. (2 x ½ = 1mk)
-
- Working capital.
- Liquid capital.
- Durable capital / fixed capital. (3 x ½ = 1½mks)
-
- To kill weeds.
- Bury crop residues / organic matter into the soil.
- Loosen the soil / improve soil aeration / easy root penetration.
- To control soil borne pests or diseases.
- To make subsequent operation easier. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
-
- Aeration / porosity.
- Drainage.
- Water holding capacity / permeability / capillarity.
- Stickiness / consistency.
- Cation exchange capacity / availability of nutrients. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
-
- To prevent germination / sprouting during storage.
- To reduce insect / pest attack rej. rodent / rat attack.
- To reduce fungal attack / rotting / bacterial attack. (2 x ½ = 1mk)
-
- Boiling water.
- Chemical treatment / chlorination.
- Filtration.
- Storage over a period of time / sedimentation.
- Passing air through water. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
-
- Leaching.
- Soil erosion.
- Plant uptake / absorption by crops.
- Volatilization / burning / denitrification. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
-
- Promotes rapid vegetative growth.
- Facilitates efficient utilization of P & K.
- Constituent of chlorophyll molecule.
- Protein synthesis in growing cops.
- Improve quality of leaf. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
-
- Reduce run off thus increase water infiltration in the soil.
- Reduce loss of water through evaporation.
- Increase amount of water retained in the soil. (3 x ½ = 1½mks)
-
- Allows adequate time for pasture regeneration.
- Ensure sufficient supply of pasture.
- Soil erosion is controlled / soil structure is maintained.
- Discourages parasite / disease spread. (4 x ½ = 2mks)
- Thinning is the removal of excess seedlings from a seedbed while pricking out is the removal of excess seedlings from a nursery bed then transferring them to another nursery bed.
1 x1=1mk -
- Books of account
- Cash book
- Ledger
- Journal
- Inventory ½ x3 =1 ½ mks
- Cultural methods of weed control
- Early planting
- Mulching
- Deep ploughing
- Crop rotation
- Use of clean implements
- Use of cover crops
- Use of clean planting materials ½ x3 =1 ½ mks
- Precautions observed when harvesting pyrethrum
- Do not compact flowers
- Put flowers in wooden baskets
- Do not pick wet flowers
- Pick flowers with 2-3 rows of disc florets fully open
- Deliver flowers to factory within 24hrs of harvesting ½ x3 =1 ½ mks
- Advantages of minimum tillage
- Conserves soil moisture
- Cheaper
- Maintains soil fertility
- Saves labour
- Saves time
- Maintains soil structure
- Reduces soil erosion
- Preserves useful soil organisms ½ x4 =1 2mks
- Diseases caused by viruses to crop
- Maize streak
- Cassava mosaic
- Tobacco mosaic
- Ratoon stunting
- Citrus tristeza/Greening diseases ½ x3 =1 ½ mks
- Examples of joint products in crop production
- Wheat and straw
- Sugar and molasses
- Pyrethrum and pyrethrum marc
- Cotton limit and cotton seeds
- Copra and coir ½ x3 =1 ½ mks
- Advantages of land fragmentation
- Allows diversification of production
- Spreads production throughout
- Eases crop rotation
- Reduces disputes over traditional land ½ x3 =1 ½ mks
- Advantages of zero grazing
- Requires small piece of land
- Reduces wastage of feeds
- Higher production
- Reduces destruction of properties by livestock
- Quicker accumulation of manure
- Easy control of parasites and diseases
- Allows higher stocking rate. ½ x4 =1 ½ mks
SECTION B
-
- A = Tea
B = sugarcane
2 x ½ = (1mk) -
- Oxygen supply
- Rooting medium
- Correct relative humidity
- Suitable temperature
- Suitable light intensive
- Leaf area
3 x 1 = (3mks)
- A = Tea
-
- To show that soil is made of different sized particles (1 x 1= 1mk)
- C= Humus / organic matter.
D = Gravel.
2 x 1 = (2mks) - Texture 1x1 = (1mk)
-
- Splash / Rain drop 1 x1 = 1mk
-
- soil depth / profile
- Soil type 2 x 1 = (2mks)
-
- Wind
- Water
- Human beings
- Animals
-
- invoice 1 x 1 = (1mk)
- Functions of the invoice
- Written by sellers to show the buyer of goods bought on credit
- Confirm to the buyer the goods delivered
- Reminds the buyer of date due for payments 2x1 = 2mks
-
- Compost manure 1x1 =(1mk)
- E = Dry leaves
F = Maize stalk 2 x ½ = ( 1mk)
SECTION C:
-
- Activities undertaken in minimum tillage.
- Use of herbicides to control weeds
- Mulching
- Establishment of cover crops weeds in the field to smoother weeds.
- Uprooting and slashing of weeds
- Selective cultivation restricting cultivation
- Area when seeds are to be planted
- Timing cultivation
- Qualities of a good farm manager.
- Has knowledge about specific agricultural principles, marketing and accounting
- Hardworking and time conscious
- Has practical farming skills
- Flexible in decision making
- Should be responsible/ dynamic /prudent/ competent / ambitious.
(any 5x1 =5mks)
- Ways in which farmers may overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business.
- Diversification: having various enterprise so that if one falls, the farmer has something to rely on.
- Contract production: growing crops on contract with the consumer with assurance of the market.
- Input rationing: use of inputs sparingly to avoid wastage/ incurring unnecessary expenses.
- Flexibility in production: being able to make alternatives in farming schedules
- Selecting more certain enterprises: embarking on enterprise with less risk.
- Insurance: insuring the enterprise that in case
- Adopting modern methods of farming i.e : irrigation crop rotation & animal husbandry practice.
- Use of government price stabilization policies.
(any 5x2 =10mks)
- Activities undertaken in minimum tillage.
-
- Functions of agricultural marketing
- Processing: processing raw materials to add value, utility and improves shelf life.
- Transportation: provide transport of agricultural products from farmers to the market
- Financing : provide capital to carry out agricultural activities
- Advertising: advertise farm products in order to increase demand
- Buying: getting from farmers/ producers
- Gathering market information: to determine the appropriate market and price.
- Selling: sell on behalf of the farmer
- Insurance: bearing risk by protecting from damage.
- Standardization / grading: putting into grades so as to provide uniform standards and cater for various consumers.
- Packing: pack the farm produce storage space and make transport and selling easier.
- Storage: store farm produce after harvest in order to minimize losses/ store a marketing strategy/ to ensure continuous supply.
- Displaying the produce for consumers to buy. (any 5x2=10mks)
- Types of water erosion.
- Splash /raindrop: results from impact of raindrops on the soil.
- Sheet erosion ; - uniform removal of soil in thin layers from a flat or gently sloping land.
- Rillerosion: removal of soil from small but well defined channels.
- Gully erosion: - an advanced stage of rill erosion characterized by deep long ditches made by running water .
(any 4x1 =4mks)
- Nursery preparation and establishment in price production.
- Measure out an area of 18.5m enough to produce materials for one hectare.
- Clear plough and harrow to a fine tilth.
- Construct bunds around the nursery to retain water.
- Prepare channels to facilitate watering and drainage
- Flood the nursery to depth of 10cm
- Puddle the field to obtained fine mud
- Seeds are pre- germinated soaking in water in a bag for 24hours
- Remove the seed and cover with grass for 24-48 hours to allow sprouting
- Broadcast sprouted seed at a rate of 45kg/ha.
- Seedlings are allowed to grow to a height of 15cm before transplanting.
(any 6x1=6mks)
- Functions of agricultural marketing
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- Factors influencing the demand of agricultural products.
- Price of related goods: demand of commodity increase with an increase in the price of a substitute
- Population: the higher the population the higher the demand.
- Income: income determine the purchasing power of buyers thus demand increases
- Preferences and faster: consumers will buy more for what they liked/ preferred and low demand for what is substituted for.
- Price expectation: demand for a certain good goes up if its price is expected to go up in future.
- Advertisement: create awareness / increase sales hence increase in demand.
- Belief, customs and taboos : -may forbid consumption of certain items e.g. fork for Muslims.
- Level of taxation: highly taxed goods have price resulting to low demand.
- Future expectation: fear of future shortage increase of commodities.
(any 5x2=10)
- Methods of pasture conservation and utilization
- Hay making i.e dried forage.
- Silage making: - anaerobic fermenting of succulent fodders.
- Standing forage: set a side for seasons feeds
- Pad docking: rotational grazing
- Strip grazing
- Tethering
- Continuous grazing – pasture not allowed any resting period
- Zero grazing: defoliation and feed directly to animals.
- Reasons for raising vegetable seedling through nursery
- Many seedlings are produced in a small area
- Easier to carry out management practices
- Enables establishment of tiny seeds to become strong seedlings before transplanting
- To provide optimum conditions for growth
- Allows transplanting of seedlings that are strong and healthy
- Reduce time taken by crop in the field
- Extra seedlings can be sold to earn income.
(any 5x2=10mks)
- Factors influencing the demand of agricultural products.
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