Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers - Form 4 End Term 2 Exams 2023

Share via Whatsapp

« Previous Topic
Biology Paper 3 Questions and Answers with Confidential - Form 4 End Term 2 Exams 2023

Next Topic »
Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers - Form 4 End Term 2 Exams 2023

Download PDF for future reference Get on Whatsapp for 50/-

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

This paper consists of two sections A and B answer all questions in section A
In section B answer question 6 and any other two questions.

SECTION A

Answer all the questions in this section

1. Name two planets without satellites. (2mks)
2. State three characteristics of the inner core. (3mks)
1. Give two local winds that are found in Kenya. (2mks
2. State three conditions necessary for formation of dew. (3mks)
1. Define a lake. (2mks)
2. State three reasons why some rift valley lakes have fresh water. (3mks)
1. Give two main components of soil. (2mks)
2. State three factors that favour soil erosion. (3mks)
The diagram below shows a river and its tributaries. Use it to answer question 5(a)
1. Name the parts marked L and M. (2mks)
2. State three factors that influence river deposition. (3mks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two in this section

Study the map of Kijabe provided (1:50,000) and use it to answer the questions that follow.
1. 1. State one method of representing relief used in the map extract.
  2. Give the six figure grid reference of the cattle dip near Kenton. (2mks)
  3. Give the longitudinal extent of the map extract. (2mks)
2. 1. Calculate the area to the south of the power line giving your answer in Km2 (2mks)
  2. Describe the settlement distribution in the area covered by the map extract. (5mks)
3. Explain three factors favouring cattle rearing in the area covered by the map. (6mks)
4. Draw a cross section from grid reference 270900 to 300960 using a scale of 1cm rep 20 Metres. On your cross section label and name
  - Tarmac road
  - Power line
  - R. Tongitongi (8mks)
1. 1. Differentiate between weathering and mass wasting. (2mks)
  2. Name two types of landslides. (2mks)
  3. Other than water, identify three other weathering agents. (3mks)
2. 1. Explain how the following process of weathering take place.
    1. Exfoliation (3mks)
    2. Carbonation (3mks)
  2. Explain how the following factors influence mass wasting.
    1. Climate (2mks)
    2. Slope (2mks)
3. 1. Describe the process of solifluction. (3mks)
  2. State two causes of soil creep. (2mks)
4. Students of Makuyu Boys carried out a field study on weathering in a limestone area.
  1. Name two surface features they may have identified. (2mks)
  2. State one effect of weathering on human activities (1mk)
1. 1. What is a piedmont glacier. (2mks)
  2. State two conditions favouring the formation of glaciers (2 mks)
2. Explain the following ways of ice movement.
  1. Basal slip (2mks)
  2. Plastic flowage (2mks)
3. 1. State two processes of glacier erosion. (2mks)
  2. Using a well labeled diagram describe the formation of crag and tail. (7mks)
  3. Apart from crag and tail state two glacial depositional features. (2mks)
4. Explain three positive effects of glaciations to human activities. (6mks)
1. 1. Differentiate between orogenic and epeirogenic earth movement. (2mks)
  2. Describe the origin of continents according to the theory of plate tectonics. (4mks)
2. 1. Apart from an over thrust fold, name three other types of folds. (3mks)
  2. Using well labeled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains are formed. (8mks)
3. Explain two negative effects of folding to human activities. (4mks)
4. Students from your school intend to carry out a field study of a folded area.
  1. State two preparations you need to do. (2mks)
  2. State two problems you are likely to encounter. (2mks)
1. 1. Apart from stalagmites identify two underground features in a Karst scenery. (2mks)
  2. State three conditions necessary for the formation of a Karst landscape. (3mks)
  3. Describe the formation of a stalagmite. (5mks)
2. 1. Name two water erosional features on a desert. (2mks)
  2. Describe the formation of a rock pedestal. (5mks)
3. Explain four significance of desert land forms to human activities. (8mks)

MARKING SCHEME

1. Name two planets without satellites. (2mks)
  - mercury
  - venus (2×1=2mks)
2. State three characteristics of the inner core. (3mks)
  - it is made up of iron
  - it has very high temperatures estimated to be between 4500°C
  - it has average density of between 16-17gm/cc/has very high density
    it is solid in nature (any 3×1mk=3mks)
1. Give two local winds that are found in Kenya. (2mks)
  - anabatic winds
  - katabatic winds
  - sea breeze
  - land breeze (Any 2×1mk=2mks)
2. State three conditions necessary for formation of dew. (3mks)
  - day time should be warm to facilitate evaporation
  - the air should be calm
  - the temperatures should be low below dew point
  - the sky should be clear/cloudless at night. (Any 3×1mk=3mks)
1. Define a lake. (2mks)
  - It is a body of water which occupies a basin, depression or hollow on the earth’s surface. (1×2=2mks)
2. State three reasons why some rift valley lakes have fresh water. (3mks)
  - They have surface and subterranean outlets through which excess salts deposits are carried away.
  - They have regular inflow of fresh water from rivers which dilute the salts, keeping the water fresh.
  - They are situated in areas of high rainfall, which keep this water fresh
  - They are isolated in areas of low temperatures, resulting in low rates of evaporation, therefore low salt concentration.
    (Any 3×1=3mks)
1. Give two main components of soil. (2mks)
  - inorganic matter
  - organic matter
  - soil water/moisture
  - soil/air (Any 2×1=2mks)
2. State three factors that favour soil erosion.
  - Steep slope
  - Fine textured soil e.g. volcanic ash
  - Absence of vegetation cover
  - High rainfall (Any 3×1=3mks)
The diagram below shows a river and its tributaries. Use it to answer question 5(a)
1. Name the parts marked L and M. (2mks)
  - L – Tributary
  - M – Confluence (2×1mk=2mks)
2. State three factors that influence river deposition. (3mks)
  - Reduction/reduced gradient/velocity
  - Decrease in river volume
  - Nature and amount of load
  - Presence of obstacles in the river channel
  - Widening of the river channel
  - River entering into a calm water body/lake/sea
  - Freezing of river water. (Any 3×1mk=3mks)

SECTION B

Answer question 6 and any other two in this section

Study the map of Kijabe provided (1:50,000) and use it to answer the questions that follow.
1. 1. State one method of representing relief used in the map extract.
    - Contours
    - Trigonometrical station and spot height. (1×1mk=1mk)
  2. Give the six figure grid reference of the cattle dip near Kenton. (2mks)
    - 279014 (1×2mks=2mks)
  3. Give the longitudinal extent of the map extract. (2mks)
    - From 36° 30°E to 36° 451E (1×2mks=2mks)
2. 1. Calculate the area to the south of the power line giving your answer in Km2 (2mks)
    Full squares =16
    Half squares =28 = ²⁸/₂ =14 full squares.
    Total area = 16+14 = 30km² (+ 0.5km²) (1×2mks=2mks)
  2. Describe the settlement distribution in the area covered by the map extract. (5mks)
    - There are no settlements within the Ewaso Kadong valley
    - There are nucleated settlements in the markets/shopping centres/villages
    - Some areas with steep slopes/ridges/river valleys/kijabe hill have fewer or no settlement
    - There are fewer settlement within the forest
    - Kinale/Kinari forest station has dense settlement.
    - There are no settlements within the plantations
    - There are few settlements to the west of Naivasha-Narok road.
    - The area covered by the map is generally sparsely settled.
    - There are linear settlements along some roads.
      (Any 5×1mk=5mks)
3. Explain three factors favouring cattle rearing in the area covered by the map. (6mks)
  - The presence of scrub and scattered trees show that there is natural pasture for cattle.
  - The presence of many rivers/sources of water show that there is adequate water for cattle.
  - The area has high attitude/above 1000m which provide cool conditions suitable for cattle rearing.
  - The many cattle dips for controlling ticks/parasites which attack cattle show that there is access to veterinary services.
  - There are large tracks of land with few settlements ensuring extensive areas available for grazing.
  - Availability of transport as evidenced by roads/railway line for movement of cattle/cattle products.
  - Dense settlements in some areas provide market for cattle/cattle products
    (Any 3×2mks=6mks)
4. Draw a cross section from grid reference 270900 to 300960. On your cross section label and name
  - Tarmac rod
  - Power line
  - River Tongitongi
    
    T- Title ,V.S- vertical scale, H.D- Horizontal distance, ST/EP- Starting point(1780- 1800m) And End point ( 2000m), Rv- River, Rd- road( Any road), PL- Power line
1. 1. Differentiate between weathering and mass wasting. (2mks)
    - Weathering is the mechanical breakdown or chemical decay of rocks in situ while mass wasting is the movement of weather rock materials down a slope under the influence of gravity. (2mks)
  2. Name two types of landslides. (2mks)
    - slump
    - debris slide
    - debris fall
    - rock fall
    - rock slide (Any 2×1mk=2mks)
  3. Other than water, identify three other weathering agents. (3mks)
    - heat
    - dissolved substances
    - plants
    - animals
    - people
    - gases eg. CO₂, O₂ (Any 3×1mk=3mks)
2. 1. Explain how the following process of weathering take place.
    1. Exfoliation
      - During the day, the rock surface is heated more than the inner layers because rocks are bad conductor of heat. The surface expands more than inner layers creating a strain between the two layers.
      - At night the surface cools faster than the inner layers.
      - With time the outer layer develops cracks and later frees off and pieces of rock fall down by gravity. (3mks)
    2. Carbonation
      - Rain water mixes with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form a weak carbonic acid.
      - The carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate in calcareous rocks (limestone, dolomite, chalk) to form calcium bicarbonate.
      - Calcium carbonate is soluble and it is removed from the rock in solution. (3mks)
  2. Explain how the following factors influence mass wasting.
    1. Climate
      - Heavy rain or alternate freeze and thaw periods encourage movement of materials
      - Areas with high rainfall records have wet materials which are easily moved under gravity. (any 2×1mk=2mks)
    2. Slope
      - There is faster movement of materials on steep slopes compared to gentle slope/low lying plain. (1×2mks=2mks)
3. 1. Describe the process of solifluction. (3mks)
    - it occurs in mountaneous and cold climate areas in cold seasons, the soil water get frozen. When the warm season sets in frozen water in the top soil thaws and subsoil remains frozen.
    - The top soil gets saturated with water, making it slide over the frozen subsoil. This movement is called solifluction. (1×3mks=3mks)
  2. State two causes of soil creep. (2mks)
    - Ploughing downhill cause soil to shift down slope.
    - Earthquakes shakes the crustal rocks causing soil particles to move downwards
    - Temperature changes makes soil particles to expand and contract
    - Trampling and burrowing of animals. (any 2×1mk=2mks)
4. Students of Makuyu Boys carried out a field study on weathering in a limestone area.
  1. Name two surface features they may have identified. (2mks)
    - Grikes
    - ClintsDolines
    - Swallow holes/sink holes
    - Uvala
    - Polje
    - Dry river valley. (Any 2×1mk=2mks)
  2. State one effect of weathering on human activities (1mk)
    - It leads to formation of soils useful for agriculture.
    - It may break rocks which contain minerals which man can exploit
    - It produces clay and bauxite which can be used in pottery and manufacture of aluminium
    - It weaken rocks which moltens quarrying easier ( 1MK)
1. 1. What is a piedmont glacier. (2mks)
    - This is a glacier formed when several valley glaciers flow and coalesce downhill to the lowland to form a large mass of ice. (2mks)
  2. State two conditions favouring the formation of glaciers
    - existence of very low temperatures below 0oC which allow formation of ice and snow
    - Abundant and constant supply of snow fall that exceeds snow melting. (2×1mk=2mks)
2. Explain the following ways of ice movement. (2mks)
  1. Basal slip
    - this is where a glacier slides/slips over the overlying rocks due to gravity
    - Melt water at the base of the glacier resulting from pressure exerted by the glacier at the base acts as a lubricant between the ice and at the underlying rock. (2×1-2mks)
  2. Plastic flowage (2mks)
    - This is the flow of ice as a viscous liquid resulting from thawing of ice in the lower layers caused by the weight of the overlying layers of ice. (1×2=2mks)
3. 1. State two processes of glacier erosion. (2mks)
    - Plucking
    - Abrasion (2×1=2mks)
  2. Using a well labeled diagram describe the formation of crag and tail. (7mks)
    - A resistant rock (crag) lib on the path of a glacier
    - A glacier passes over and around the rock
    - The glacier is only able to slightly erode the rock
    - The materials that are carried by the glacier are deposited on the lee side of the resistant rock (downstream side)
    - The upstream side of the resistant rock is eroded slightly forming the crag and the downstream side when there is deposition forms the tail
      (Explanation 4mks diagram 3Mrks= 7Mks)
  3. Apart from crag and tail state two glacial depositional featutes. (2mks)
    - Terminal moraine
    - Drumlins
    - Kame
    - Outwash plain
    - Esker
    - Eratics
    - Till/boulder clay
    - Boulder train (Any 2x1mk=2mks)
4. Explain three positive effects of glaciations to human activities.
  - Some till and outwash plains form part of the world’s fertile areas for crops production eg the Canadian prairies.
  - Some glacial lakes provide natural transportation routes eg the Great lakes of North America
  - Waterfalls from hanging valleys can be used to produce hydroelectric power (HEP). The power can be used to run machines industries.
  - Erosion by continental ice sheets expose minerals such as iron and gold in the Canadian Shield, for easier exploitation.
  - Melt water from glaciers gives rise to rivers that provide water for irrigation, domestic/industrial use, products on of HEP
  - Glaciated highlands especially mountains are attraction sites for tourists. Winter sports such as skiing are major attractions on the Alps in Switzerland.
  - Sand for building and construction is excavated from outwash plains, eskers and kames. (any 3x2mks=6mks)
1. 1. Differentiate between orogenic and epeirogenic earth movement. (2mks)
    - orogenic earth movements are the horizontal/lateral displacements occurring within the crustal rocks due to tectonic forces while epeirogenic earth movements are the vertical displacements occurring within the crystal rocks due to tectonic movements. (1x2mks=2mks)
  2. Describe the origin of continents according to the theory of plate tectonics. (4mks)
    - the earth lithosphere/crust is divided into several rigid blocks called tectonic plates.
    - The plates float on semi molten mantle that lies beneath
    - The plates move horizontally due to convectional currents within the mantle in three ways; towards one another, away from one another or side by side parallel to each other
    - The plates form distinct boundaries along the plates margins. Each continent sits on a tectonic plate. (4x1mk=4mks)
2. 1. Apart from an over thrust fold, name three other types of folds.
    - Simple fold/symmetrical fold
    - Asymmetrical fold
    - Over fold
    - Isoclinals fold
    - Recumbent fold
    - Over thrust fold/nape fold
    - Anticlinorium and synclinorium complex fold. ( 3 x 1 = 3Marks)
  2. Using well labeled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains are formed. (8mks)
    - Compressional force lead to the formation of a large depression called a geosynclines
    - Water collects in the geosynclines to form a sea.
    - Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher lands and the sediments are deposited in geosynclines forming a thick deposit
    - The weight of the sediments causes subsidence of the geosyncline leading to accumulation of more sediments to great thickness.
    - Further subsidence of the geosyncline triggers off compressional forces which cause the sediments to fold.
    - The folded layers of sediments in the geosyncline are thrust upwards to form Fold Mountains along the edges of the geosynclines.
      
      Text – 4
      Diagrams – 4 = 8mks
3. Explain two negative effects of folding to human activities.
  - Leeward slopes of fold mountains receive little or no rainfall/experience dry conditions which discourage settlement/crops farming.
  - The rugged nature of folded landscape discourage settlement
  - Fold mountains are barrier to transport/make construction of transport lines expensive/difficult. (Any 2x2=4mks)
4. Students from your school intend to carry out a field study of a folded area.
  1. State two preparations you need to do. (2mks)
    - Seek for permission
    - State the objectives
    - Formulate the hypothesis
    - Prepare a working schedule
    - Divide the class into groups
    - Gather the necessary tools/equipment
    - Conduct a reconnaissance/previsit (any 2x1=2mks)
  2. State two problems you are likely to encounter. (2mks)
    - Fatigue
    - Accidents/falls
    - Bad weather conditions eg heavy downpour
    - Attack by dangerous animals/insects
    - Uncomperative respondents.
    - Difficulties in climbing activities. (any 2x1mk=2mks)
1. 1. Apart from stalagmite Identify two underground features in a Karst scenery. (2mks)
    - Limestone pillars
    - Cave
    - Stalagmite
    - Stalactite (any 2x1mk=2mks)
  2. State three conditions necessary for the formation of a Karst landscape. (3mks)
    - The surface rock should be thick limestone, chalk or dolomite to allow solubility of water.
    - The rock should be hard, well jointed to allow rainwater to percolate through the lines of weaknesses
    - The place should be hot and humid to facilitate chemical weathering/carbonating/solution to take place.
    - The water table should be far below the surface to allow formation of features
      (Any 3x1mk=3mks)
  3. Describe the formation of a stalagmite. (5mks)
    - Rainwater dissolves/absorbs carbon dioxide (Co2) in the atmosphere to form weak carbonic acid. (H2CO2)√
    - Carbonic acid falls on a jointed limestone rock below which is a cave√.
    - The carbonic acid percolates through the joints reacting with calcium carbonate in the limestone rock forming calcium bicarbonate/calcium hydrogen carbonate which is soluble.√
    - The solution drips to the floor of the cave from the roof.√
    - Some of the water evaporates and CO2 is released leaving behind deposits of calcium carbonate which grows upwards from the floor of the cave.√
    - With time, the calcium carbonate accumulate and eventually lead to the formation of fingerlike projections on the floor of the cave called stalagmites.√
      (5mks) NB Sequence must be followed.
      (At the last point must be mentioned to score max points)
2. 1. Name two water erosional features on a desert. (2mks)
    - Landscape
    - Mesas/buttes
    - Gorges/canyons
    - Wadins
    - Dry river valleys/laghas
    - Inselbergs (any 2x1mk=2mks)
  2. Describe the formation of a rock presestal. (5mks)
    - A rock with alternating hard and soft layers lies on the path of wind.
    - Wind abrasion attacks the rock eroding the softer layers faster than the hard layers.
    - Abrasion is greater near the ground due to the heavier materials transported by wind
    - The softer layers are eroded to form hollows and the hard layers are left as protrusions
    - This leads to the formation of an irregular rock pillar with a narrow base called a rock pedestal.
3. Explain four significance of desert land forms to human activities. (8mks)
  - Desert features eg Zeugen, yardangs, rockpedestals, are tourist attraction sites. Tourists bring in foreign exchange.
  - Deflation hollows may contain water used for domestic us, irrigation/watering livestock.
  - Loess resulting from wind depositions forms fertile soils for crops farming.
  - Seasonal streams in the deserts may be dammed to provide water for irrigation during dry seasons
  - Desert landscape/areas are ideal sites for testing militants weapons and military training.
  - Sand dunes may cover roads making transport difficult
  - The wadis/bad lands make transport facilities difficult and expensive to construct.
  - The desert has high solar isolation which can be harness for solar energy production. This can be used to light homes and run industries.
  - Desert scenery provide good site for shooting films
  - Flash floods in the desert areas cause deaths when people are carried away by water that furiously flow through the wadis
  - Rocky deserts surfaces discourage settlements. (any 4x2mks=8mks)