• Resources
  • Main resources in our county
• Economic Activites
  • Economic activities in the county
• Trade
  • Trade in the county
• Industries
  • Industries In Our County

Resources 

• Resources are things that we use to create wealth.
• Resources can be man-made things or natural.

Main resources in our county

Examples

• Land
• Minerals
• Animals
• Forests
• Water
• Soil
• Manpower

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY
PAGE 69-71

Ways in which resources are conserved in the county

• We should make good use of our resources.
• The protection of resources is known as conservation.
• This can be done through
  
  1. Building gabions
  2. Conserving wild animals
  3. Fencing
  4. Planting trees
  5. Protecting animals
  6. Conserving water
  7. Avoid overgrazing
  8. Avoid poaching

Economic Activities

Economic activities in the county

• Economic activities helps to earn a living
• We use resources to carry economic activities.
• Economic activities are things that people do in order to create wealth
• Refers to the use of resources available in order to create wealth or earn a living

Main economic activities in the county

Examples

• Mining
• Fishing
• Saw milling
• Agriculture
• Transport
• Communication
• Pottery
• Basketry
• Trading

Importance of economic activities

• People in the county earn money from various economic activities.
• This improves their standard of living
• Economic activities like farming have led to development of other industries.
• These industries have led to development of roads, hospitals and schools.

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY
PAGE 77-80

Trade

Trade in the county

• Trade is the buying and selling of goods and services.
• It Is also the exchange of goods and services for money
• People sell goods that they have and buy what they do not have.

Methods of trade in the county

1. Barter trade – it is a method of trade where communities exchanged goods for other goods.
   For example: exchanging a bag of potatoes for two goats.
2. Currency trade – is the use of money to pay for goods and services For example: people use money to buy food or clothes

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY
PAGE 81-83

Benefits of trade in the county

1. Creation of employment
2. Improvement of transport and transport
3. Earns foreign exchange
4. Promotes cooperation and understanding
5. Promotes growth of town (urbanization)
6. Promotes agricultural sector
7. Source of revenue for the government
8. Promotes interaction and exchange of ideas

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY
PAGE 83-85

Lawful trading activities in the county

• Lawful trading activities are business that are accepted in the county.
• These activities involve selling goods and services that have been approved by the county government.
• One needs a license from the county government before engaging in trading activities
• This makes the trading activity lawful.
• Engaging in a trading activity without a license is unlawful.
• If you do not pay tax, your trading activities will be considered unlawful.
• Traders pay taxes to county government
• We should encourage all people to engage in lawful trading activities.

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY
PAGE85-87

Industries

Industries In Our County

• An industry is a place where raw materials are made into useful products.
• Industries are the processes and activities to produce final goods from raw materials
• A factory is a place where raw materials are turned into new and useful products

Types of industries

1. Processing
   
   • Also called primary industries
   • The produce goods used in other industries
   • Mostly deals with agricultural products
   • Examples of processing industries
   • Coffee and tea processing industries
2. Manufacturing
   • Manufacturing industries
   • Also called secondary industries
   • Relies on some goods from primary industries
   • Some uses raw materials directly
   • Examples of manufacturing industries
     • Cement making
     • Oil refineries
     • Glass making industries
     • Paper making industries
     • Medicine making industries
3. Assembly
   • To assemble is to put together
   • It involves putting together items to get a complete item
   • Examples of assembling industries
     1. Motor vehicle assembly
     2. Bicycle assembly
     3. Radio assembly
     4. Television assembly
4. Service
   • They provide services
   • Examples of service industries
     1. Banking
     2. Hotels
     3. Printing and publishing
     4. Transport and communication
     5. Insurance
     6. Tourism
5. Jua kali
   • Uses the locally available materials
   • Operates in open air
   • Requires little capital to start

PRODUCTS FROM INDUSTIRES IN THE COUNTY

Industry	Raw materials	Products
1) Creameries	Milk	Cheese, butter, milk, powder
2) Cement making	Limestone	Cement for building houses
3) Car Assembly
4) Jua Kali	Scrap metals	Jikos,
5) Bakeries	Wheat	Cakes, Flour
6) Weaving	Sisal	Ropes
7) Pottery	Clay	Pots and ceramic made materials
8) Shoe making	Leather, hides	Shoes
9) Wood Carving	Tree, woods	Sculpture of animals like a lion
10) Brick Making	Stiones, Bricks	Bricks for building

 

PUPIL’S ACTIVITY
PAGE 90-92

Benefits of industries in the county

• Creates employment
• Promotes trade
• Source of revenue to the government through taxes
• Leads to development of infrastructure
• Leads to urbanization
• It is a form of income to Farmers when they sell their produce to the industries and get money
• Promotes agriculture
• Improves the peoples living standards
• Industries provide goods that we need in our lives

• Resources found in Kenya grade 5
• Agriculture
  • Farming Methods
  • Importance of Farming
• Dairy Farming in Kenya
  • Benefits of Dairy Farming
  • Challenges Facing Dairy Farming In Kenya
• Horticulture In Kenya
  • Contribution Of Horticulture To The Economy Of Kenya
• Mining In Kenya
  • Importance Of Minerals In Our Country.
  • Problems facing Mining in Kenya
• Fishing in Kenya
  • Methods Of Inland Fishing
  • Contribution Of Fishing To The Economy Of Kenya
• Wildlife and Tourism in Kenya
  • National park and Game reserve
  • Tourists Attractions In Kenya
• Transport in Kenya
  • Modern Forms Of Transport In Kenya
• Communication In Kenya Modern Means Of Communication.

Resources found in Kenya

• A resource is something that we can use to create wealth. Kenya has many natural resources such as land, minerals, water and forests.
• Economic activity - is what one does with the resources to make money or wealth.
• These resources can be used for the benefit of the people. When people use resources to make money, we say they are carrying out economic activities.
• We use land in growing crops like tea, coffee, vegetables and also keep animals like sheep, carmels and goats.
• Minerals are valuable substances that are naturally found on earth. Minerals found in Kenya include: soda sh, limestone, salt, diatomite and petroleum.
• We use water to rear fish. Fish found in Kenya include Tilapia and mud fish. Water is also used to water crops and animals as well as in industries.
• Forests act as homes for wild animals which attract tourists to our country.

How we can care for the resources found In Kenya
We care for resources in Kenya through the following ways:

• Planting new trees when we cut old ones
• Adding manure and planting cover crops to take care of soil.
• Keeping water sources clean.
• Using minerals wisely
• Protecting forests by not lighting fires and destroying them.

Agriculture

This is the growing of crops and keeping animals.

Farming Methods:

Subsistence farming

it is a type of farming whereby farmers grow crops for use at home.

Characteristics of subsistence farming

• Farmers grow crops and keep animals mainly for home use
• The farms are divided into small portions
• Farmers use simple tools such as hoes, ox ploughs and pangas to do cultivation.
• Farmers grow crops such as maize, beans, millet, cassava, yams and arrowroots in small quantities.
• Animal waste is used as manure
• Family labour is used
• A few animals such as cows, sheep, goats and chicken are kept.

Small scale farming

Is the type of farming whereby the farmer grows crops and keeps livestock on small pieces of land.

Characteristics of small scale farming

• It is practical in areas which are densely populated. The land available for farming is limited.
• It is practised in areas which have fertile soil and which receive enough and reliable rainfall.
• Improved methods of farming such as rotation, application of fertilizer and spraying are used.
• Farmers plant crops and keep animals for food and also for sale.
• Family labour is used by farmers.
• Food crops and cash crops such as coffee, tea,sugarcane, pyrethrum, fruits, vegetables and flowers.

Importance of Farming

● It’s a sources of income for farmers
● It’s a source of raw materials for industries
● Source of food for many people
● Promotes better standards of living
● Earns revenue for the government
● Promotes proper use of land.

Dairy Farming In Kenya

This refers to the keeping of cattle for the production of milk and milk products. It can be carried out on a small and large scale.

The following factors favour dairy farming in Kenya:

• Cool temperatures, which discourages breeding of ticks
• High and reliable rainfall to enable pastures to grow.
• Good transport system to ensure quick transportation of milk
• Enough land to grow grass to feed the cattle.
• Plenty of water for animals in order to produce enough milk.
• Veterinary services to give advice to farmers and treat animals when they are sick.
• A large market to buy dairy products which have to be sold quickly. Areas where dairy farming is mainly practised include Meru, Embu, Kirinyaga, Murang’a, Nakuru, Nyandarua, Laikipia, Nyeri, Kiambu, Kisii, Nyamira, Nandi, Bungoma, Uasin Gishu and Trans-Nzoia counties.
• Dairy products include: Milk, cheese, yoghurt, ghee, butter and cream.

Benefits of Dairy Farming

 Improves the living standards of people
 Provides people with milk and other milk products such as yoghurt.
 Farmers can earn income when they sell milk
 It’s a source of employment
 Government gets revenue from milk exports
 Milk is a source of protein and thus it improves our health
 Hides and skins are used in the leather industry to make shoes and belts.

Challenges Facing Dairy Farming In Kenya

• Dairy farming is very expensive to practise and needs a lot of money.
• Lack of enough capital
• Lack of enough storage and cooling facilities to store milk
• Poor means of transport because the roads are damaged
• Lack of adequate market for milk
• Delay of payment of farmers by the buyers
• Lack of enough pasture during the dry period
• High cost of commercial feeds.
• Competition from cheap imported dairy products.

Horticulture In Kenya

• Horticulture is the growing of flowers, fruits and vegetables.
• Horticulture farming is done in green houses under natural conditions e.g. flowers grown in Kenya are: Roses, lilies, hibiscus, carnations and orchids
• Fruits grown in Kenya are: Oranges, grapes, lemons, mangoes and pineapples.
• Vegetables grown in Kenya include: onions, tomatoes, cabbages, carrots and sukuma wiki (kale) among others
• It is mainly practised in the following areas:
  • Mount elgon
  • Kitale
  • Cherangany hills
  • Mois Bridge
  • Nyahururu
  • Taveta
  • Naivasha
  • Ngong
  • Kisii
  • Embu
  • Eldoret
  • Nairobi
  • Naivasha is the main horticultural growing area in Kenya.

Contribution Of Horticulture To The Economy Of Kenya

• It earns the country foreign exchange when they are exported.
• Improves living standards when farmers get their money.
• It’s a source of employment. People are employed to work in farms.
• They are a major source of food for the people of Kenya
• Some horticultural crops are used as raw materials in industries.

Mining In Kenya

• Minerals are valuable substances that are naturally found on earth or underneath.
• Mining refers to the process of removing minerals from the rocks in the ground.
• Major minerals found in kenya include:
  • Soda ash - mined at Lake Magadi
  • Diatomite - mined at Kariandusi near Gilgil.
  • Limestone - mined at Athi River near Nairobi and Bamburi in Mombasa.
  • Salt - mined in Lake Magadi and also along the coast at Malindi and Ngomeni.
  • Petroleum - mined in Turkana county.

Importance Of Minerals In Our Country.

• They earn our country foreign exchange when they are exported.
• They are important in the construction industry e.g cement mixed with sand.
• Different minerals are used as raw materials in industries that manufacture different products such as cement, glass, soap and chemicals.
• Some minerals are used in our homes to add taste to our food e.g. salt.

Problems Facing Mining In Kenya

• Poor transport system
• Lack of skilled labour
• Insecurity in the mining areas
• Collapsing of mines which causes death or injury to the miners.
• Inadequate capital.

Fishing In Kenya

• Fishing refers to the harvesting of fish from water for use directly as food at home or for sale in the market.
• Fishing can be done in lakes, oceans, rivers or ponds.
• A fishing ground is an area where fishing is carried out.

Methods Of Inland Fishing

• Inland fishing is carried out in freshwater bodies like lakes, rivers and fish farms (ponds) located on the main inland fishing grounds in Kenya
  
  • Lakes: Victoria, Turkana, Naivasha, Jipe and Baringo.
  • Rivers: Tana, Yala, Sagana, Nzoia and Nyando.
  • Dams: Masinga and Kiambere.
  • Fish farms: Naromoru, Nanyuki, Borabu, Bamburi and Aruba.
• Methods of inland fishing include:
  1. Harpooning or spear method. - this is mostly done in clear water. Fishermen catch fish by spearing them.
     A spear is aimed at the fish in the water. It is a method used in catching a few fish for home use.
  2. Net drifting - a net is placed vertically in a lake. The net is supported by floats at the top and has weights at the bottom. Fish swim into the net and get trapped and cannot move.
  3. Lamp attraction method - lamps are lit in boats over the water surface to attract fish at night. As the fish move towards the light, they are caught using baskets and nets. This method is commonly used in Lakes like Victoria, Turkana to catch small fish like Omena
  4. Hook and line method- a string with a hook on the head is tied to a rod. A bait is then put on the hook, which is dipped into the water. The bait could be a piece of meat or an insect. The fish get attracted to the bait and are caught by the hook. Only one fish is caught at a time.
  5. Use of baskets - a conical-shaped basket is pushed into the river where the water flows very fast. After some time, the basket is removed from the water with whatever may have got in. this method is used in rivers and near banks of lakes

Contribution Of Fishing To The Economy Of Kenya

• Tourist attraction - tourists come to kenya to do fishing as a sport and for enjoyment.
• Fish is exported to earn the country foreign exchange.
• Fish is a source of food e.g. source of protein.
• Fishing is a source of employment for many e.g. in industries that process fish, fish farms.
• It's a source of income- selling fish earns fishermen income thus improving their living standards.
• Fish is a source of medicine - fish contains the cod liver that is used as medicine.
• Fishing has led to the growth of other dependent industries that make fertilizers, animal feeds and fish processing.

Wildlife and Tourism in Kenya

National park and Game reserve

• A national park is a wildlife protection area controlled directly by the national government through the Kenya wildlife service. In national parks people are not allowed to settle.
• A game reserve is a wildlife protection area managed by the local county government. In game reserves, people are allowed to live and graze their cattle.

Locating National Parks and Game reserves in Kenya (map)

Importance Of Wildlife In Our Country

• Wildlife is an important natural resource in kenya. The following are some reasons why wildlife is important:
  • It is a major tourist attraction in kenya. National parks and game reserves have rare kinds of animals which tourists pay to see. The government gets revenue from the tourists.
  • It creates job opportunities for many people. Some people are employed to work in national parks and game reserves . others are employed as tour guides or workers in hotels.
  • It helps us to make good use of unproductive lands. Game parks and reserves are located in areas which cannot support domestic animals and crops.
  • Some wild animals are eaten as food. This happens when the population of wild animals is high. E.g. gazelles, crocodiles, giraffes,zebras and impalas.
  • It promotes cultural exchange. When tourists interact with Kenyans, they exchange ideas, beliefs and cultural values and practices.
  • It is a national heritage and it contributes to the beauty of the land.
  • It promotes development of transport and communication facilities in Kenya. Roads leading to game parks and reserves have been improved.
  • Some wild animals have medicinal value and are used in the manufacture of medicine.

Tourists Attractions In Kenya

• A tourist is someone who travels to various places for leisure or enjoyment.
• Tourism is the practice of offering services to tourists with the intention of making money.
• Tourist attractions are things that tourists come to see or the places they visit.
• The main tourist attractions in Kenya are:
  1. Wildlife- this is the main tourist attraction. Tourists come to see animals such as the big five and flamingos in Lake Nakuru.
  2. Historic built environments - such as Fort Jesus, Gedi Ruins and the Nairobi National Museum.
  3. Sandy coastal beaches- tourists visit the beaches to relax and sunbathe.
  4. Culture- Kenya has varied and unique cultures. These include dances, artefacts, ways of dressing and shelters.
  5. Warm climate - Kenya experiences a warm climate most of the year. This attracts tourists when it is cold in their countries.
  6. Sports - some sports such as mountain climbing, sport fishing and motor vehicle rallies attract tourists.
  7. Conference facilities - Kenya has modern conference facilities such as Kenya International Conventional Centre (KICC) , UNEP headquarters and several five-star hotels.
  8. Beautiful scenery - this includes the Great Rift valley, the hot water springs at Olkaria and the snow peaks of Mount Kenya

Contribution of Tourism to the economy of Kenya

• Tourism contributes to the economy of Kenya in the following ways:
• It is a source of foreign exchange
• It creates employment for Kenyans
• Tourists bring new ideas when they visit our country
• Hotels where tourists stay promote the growth of agriculture in those areas. They create a market for crops grown by farmers.
• It leads to growth of urban centres. For example, Narok town has grown due to the presence of Maasai Mara Game reserve.
• It provides a market for locally made items such as baskets and ornaments.

Ways Of Promoting Tourism In Kenya

• Ensuring safety and security of tourists.
• Constructing electric fences around game parks and reserves to prevent human wildlife conflicts.
• Conserving all the natural forests and planting more trees to sustain the wild animals.
• Establishing anti-poaching units in all game parks and game reserves.
• Charging affordable fees at all tourist attractions.
• Building modern hotels and lodges for tourists.
• Ensuring that roads to tourist attraction sites are well maintained.

Transport In Kenya

Modern Forms Of Transport In Kenya

• Transport is the movement of people or goods from one place to another.
• There are various forms of transport used in Kenya.these are: road, railways, water, air and pipeline.
• Road transport is the oldest and most common form of transport. People and goods are transported using cars, bicycles, buses, matatus,motorbikes, lorries and trailers.
• Water transport involves the movement of goods and people over water. It is the most suitable form of transportation for bulky goods. However it is slow.
• Railway transport involves the movement of people and goods on a railway line.
• Air transport involves the movement of people and goods using aircraft. It is the fastest and most expensive form of transport.
• Pipeline transport is mainly used to transport water,oil and gases.

Causes Of Road Accidents In Kenya

• Ignorance of traffic rules and road signs
• Driving beyond the speed limit
• Driving vehicles that are not in good condition
• Overloading of goods and passengers
• Driving under the influence of alcohol or harmful drugs
• Poor state of roads

Ways of reducing road accidents in Kenya

• Educating drivers and other road users on the proper use of roads
• Constructing footbridges, tunnels and pedestrian paths
• Enforcing traffic rules to stop driving beyond the speed limit. Using speed governors on public service vehicles to control their speed.
• Constructing speed bumps on roads
• Placing correct road signs at the right places along the roads
• Punishing and penalising drivers who do not obey traffic rules
• Inspecting vehicles regularly to ensure that they are roadworthy.
• Not using mobile phones when driving.

Road signs and their meanings (pic pg. 120)

Ways Of Observing Road Safety In Kenya

• Observe road signs on your way.
• At pedestrian crossing, look left, right and again then cross when the road is clear.
• Fasten your seat belts when in a moving vehicle
• Do not play near the roads
• Always use sidewalks.

Communication In Kenya Modern Means Of Communication.

• Communication is the sending or receiving of information. Examples of modern means of communication in Kenya include:
• Mobile phones and telephones - this is the fastest and most reliable way of sending and receiving messages. It can be used to send both written and spoken messages.
• Magazines, newspapers, journals - they are produced either daily, weekly or monthly. They report information about events happening in the country and around the world. They report on politics, business, sports and other happenings.
• Radio - this method sends messages to many people at the same time. These messages are aired in English, Kiswahili and local languages.
• Television - this is sending messages using visual aids and sending to many at once.
• Internet - this involves sending of emails using electronic means among others like video conferencing.
• Postal services - this is the delivery of written messages in the form of letters and parcels from one place to another. This service is offered through post offices.
• Courier services - this is sending and receiving of letters and parcels to people living far away . In this service, the parcels are delivered to the owners personally. It is fast and reliable

• Agriculture
  • Coffee in Kenya and Ethiopia
    • Conditions Necessary for the Growth of Coffee
      • Coffee in Kenya
    • Areas Where Coffee is Grown
    • Contribution of coffee to the economy
  • Maize in Kenya and Tanzania
    • Conditions necessary for the growth of maize
    • Maize growing areas
    • Contributions of maize to the economy
  • Bananas in Kenya and Uganda
    • Conditions necessary for the growth of bananas
    • Areas Where Bananas Are Grown
    • Contributions of bananas to the economy
  • Sisal in Kenya and Tanzania
    • Conditions necessary for the growth of Sisal
    • Areas Where Sisal is Grown
    • Sisal production has declined due to ;
    • Contributions of Sisal to the Economy
  • Sugarcane in Kenya and Sudan
    • Conditions Necessary for The Growth of Sugarcane
    • Sugarcane growing areas
    • Contributions of Sugarcane to the Economy
  • Beef Farming in Kenya and Tanzania
    • The Kenya Meat Commisision (KMC)
    • Beef farming areas
    • Contributions of beef farming to the economy
    • Problems facing beef farming
  • Fishing
    • Types of fishing
    • Types of fish caught
    • Problems facing inland fishing in Kenya and Tanzania
  • Trade
    • Forms of Trade in Eastern Africa
    • Internal/domestic trade
    • International trade
    • Factors Influencing Trade in Eastern Africa
    • Benefits of Trade in Eastern Africa
    • Problems Facing Trade in Eastern Africa 
  • Transport And Communication
    • Transport
      • Forms of transport used in Eastern Africa
        • Roads
        • Waterways
        • Airways
        • Railways
        • Pipelines
        • Cables
      • Problems Faced in Transport in Eastern Africa
    • Communication
      • Means of Communication
      • Problems Facing Communication in Eastern Africa
      • Benefits of Improved Transport and Communication
  • Industries
    • Types of industries
      • Processing industries
      • Manufacturing industries
      • Assembly industries
      • Service industries
      • Cottage industries
    • Importance of industries in Eastern Africa
    • Problems facing industries
    • Impacts of industries on the environment
  • Wildlife And Tourism
    • Wildlife
      • Game parks
      • Games reserves
      • Wildlife Conservation
    • Main Tourist Attractions in Eastern Africa
    • Benefits of Tourism
    • Problems facing tourism
  • Urbanization
    • Selected towns in Eastern Africa
      • Mombasa
      • Addis ababa
      • Kampala
      • Jinja
      • Dar es salaam
      • Dodoma
      • Arusha
    • Problems Facing Urban Centres
    • Efforts Made to Solve Problems in Urban Areas

What are resources?

• Resources are things we use to meet our needs and obtain wealth They include;
  1. water
  2. minerals
  3. manpower
  4. soil
  5. animals
  6. forests

What is an economic activity?

• economic activities are things we do to earn a living
• It is the use of resources in order to create wealth
• they include;
  1. agriculture
  2. fishing
  3. transport and communication
  4. mining
  5. trading
  6. tourism

Agriculture

• Is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock
• Is the main economic activity of most eastern africas economy
• Is for both commercial and home use
• Crops grown for sale are called cash crops or commercial crops
• Crops grown for home use or consumption are called food or subsistence crops
• Growing of crops and keeping of livestock at the same time is called mixed farming.

Coffee in Kenya and Ethiopia

• The name coffee came from a highland district of kaffa in ethiopia
• The two main types of coffee in eastern africa are;
  1. arabica
  2. robusta

1. Arabica
   • It is the main variety grown in Eastern Africa
   • mainly grown in the highlands regions
   • has the best quality of coffee
     
     
2. Robusta
   • does well in lowland regions
   • has low yields
   • can survive severe weather conditios
   • is more disease resistant

Conditions Necessary for the Growth of Coffee

• adequate and reliable rainfall 1000mm-1800mm
• temperatures ranging from 19̊ C-26̊C.
• Altitude ranging from 1000m – 2000m a.s.l
• Fertile deep and well drained soils(volcanic)
• Protection from direct sunlight for young trees
• Protection from strong winds
• Pruning of the unwanted branches suckers

Coffee in Kenya

• Kenya planters co-operative union KPCU helps in;
  1. collection
  2. transportation
  3. storage of coffee beans
• the coffee board of kenya CBK provides;
  1. guidelines on planting
  2. constructing stores
  3. marketing the crop
  4.  improving through research for better varieties

Areas Where Coffee is Grown

	Arabica	Robusta
KENYA	Murang’a, Kiambu, Kirinyaga,  Embu, Mt.Elgon, Nyeri, Kitui, Meru, Machakos, Kisii, Thika, South Nyanza	Siaya, busia, bungoma
ETHIOPIA	Harar, Kaffa

Contribution of coffee to the economy

1. Earns foreign exchange when exported
2. Source of income for the farmers
3. Creates employment
4. Industrial development
5. Development of infrastructure

Maize in Kenya and Tanzania

• Was introduced by the portuguese from central america
• Staple food in Kenya and Tanzania
• Grown on both small and large scale
• National cereal and produce board(NCPB) buys, stores distributes maize on behalf of Kenyan Government
• Kenya Seed Company K.S.C is responsible for the production and distribution of maize seeds
• Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI assists farmers through research

Conditions Necessary for The Growth of Maize

1. Rainfall between 700mm-2500mm
2. Warm or hot temperature 18 ̊c-27 c
3. Does well in a wide variety of soils
4. A dry spell towards harvesting

Maize growing areas
Large scale

KENYA	Trans nzoia, Trans mara, Uasin gishu, Bungoma, Lugari, Nakuru, Narok, Nandi
TANZANIA	Moshi-arusha, Tanga, Mbeya,Iringa, Ruaha region,Rufiji region

Contributions of maize to the economy

1. Is the staple food for many people
2. Source of income for the farmers
3. Raw material for corn oil and animal feed industries
4. Creates employment opportunities
5. Maize stalks are used to improve soil fertility
6. Saves foreign exchange that would have been used to import maize

Bananas in Kenya and Uganda

• Introduced from South-East Asia
• Grown on both small and large scale
• Grows on both natural conditions and under irrigation
• Grown from banana shoots or suckers
• Are eaten when cooked or as ripe fruits
• Are the staple food in Uganda
• Kisubi bananas are used in making of alcohol drinks called waragi in Uganda
• Green bananas are steamed and mashed to make matoke

Conditions necessary for the growth of bananas

1. High temperatures betwen 21 ̊c – 26 ̊ c
2. Heavy and well distributed rainfall 1000mm – 2000mm
3. Irrigation where rainfall is inadequate
4. Deep fertile well drained soil(alluvial are suitable)
5. Protection from strong winds by planting wndbreakers
6. Props to support banana plant with fruits

Areas Where Bananas Are Grown

KENYA	Kisii, Vihiga, Bungoma, Meru Central,Nyamira, Kasipul kabondo, Kuria, Meru south  Murang’a, Mandera, Garissa
UGANDA	Buganda – busoga shores of Lake Victoria, Tororo – mbale lower slope Mt.Elgon Ankole – toro msw Uganda, Kigezi highlands

Contributions of bananas to the economy

1. Source of food
2. Source of income to the farmers
3. Source of employment
4. Banana fibres are used in making of ;
   1. ropes
   2. baskets
   3. mats
   4. thatching traditional houses
5. source of feeds for cattle
6. bananas stalks and leaves provide manure

Sisal in Kenya and Tanzania

• Was introduced by the portuguese in 1893
• Is a natural fibre crop
• Grown from suckers
• Mainly grown for its fibre
• Fibre extracted from the sisal leaves
• Was introduced into Kenya by the white settlers
• Grown in plantations
• Tanzania is the leading producer of sisal

Conditions necessary for the growth of Sisal

1. high temperatures of 28 ̊C
2. rainfall between 680mm-1200mm
3. does well in a wide variety of soils
4. plenty of sunshine for drying fibres
5. low lying areas of altitude 0m – 1900ma.s.l

Areas Where Sisal is Grown

KENYA	Kilifi, Voi, Mwatate, vipingo, Taita taveta,Mogotio, Thika, juja, Maragwa, solai, Ziwa,uasin gishu
TANZANIA	Tanga, morogoro, Kilosa, lindi, Arusha, usambara mt.region, Mtwara, dar-el-salaam

Sisal plantations in tanzania are located along the railway to make transportation easier

Sisal production has declined due to ;

1. stiff competition from synthetic fibre
2.  low demand

Contributions of Sisal to the Economy

1. creation of employment opportunities
2. source of income for the farmers
3. development of intrastructure
4. source of foreign exchange and revenue
5. sisal fibres are used to make bags, ropes, sackcloth and mats

Sugarcane in Kenya and Sudan

• Introduced from south east asia by europeans
• grown on both small scale and large scale farms
• grown under both natural conditions and irrigation
• grown mainly under irrigation in sudan
• is perennial crop i.e. can grow again after harvesting
• small scale sugarcane farmers are called out growers
• sugar companies grows sugarcane on large farms called nucleus estates

Conditions Necessary for The Growth of Sugarcane

1. high temperatures ranging from 21 ̊c – 27 ̊c
2. high annual rainfall between 1200mm – 2000mm.
3. Deep, fertile well drained soils(black cotton soils)
4. Gently sloping land
5. A warm dry season before harvesting
6. Altitude ranging from 0m – 1800m a.s.l.

Sugarcane growing areas

KENYA	Chemelil, muhoroni, Homa bay, songhor, Awendo, ramisi, Kisumu, miwani, Nyando, nzoia, Migori, nandi, Bungoma, kakamega, Busia, ainamoi, Mumias, trans mara
SUDAN	Blue nile and white nile valley, Blue nile and atbara valley

Contributions of Sugarcane to the Economy

1. Raw materials for sugar milling factories
2. Source of employment
3. Source of income
4. Improved intrastructures
5. Development of other related industries
6. Bagasse a by-product is used in production of;
   1. electricity 
   2. fibreboar
   3. Fuel in boilers
7. molasses a by-product is used to;
   1. make alcoholic drinks
   2. sweeten livestock feeds

Beef Farming in Kenya and Tanzania

• Is the largest rearing of animals for meat production
• mainly done on large farms called ranches
• ranches are sub-divided into small units called paddocks
• paddocks helps in the utilisation of the pasture
• it is practised in areas that
  1. receive low rainfall
  2. have low population densities
• it is mainly for commercial purposes
• animals kept
  

  Local Breeds	Zebu, Boran, sahiwal
  Exotic Breeds	Hereford, Charolais, Aberdeen angus

• Boreholes and wells are drilled to provide animals with water
• Cross-breeding is carried out to improve the quality of animals
• Animals are fed on fodders such as hay when pasture is inadequate

The Kenya Meat Commisision (KMC)

1. Buys cattle from ranches for slaughter
2. Processes into beef and beef products

• National Agricultural Company manages ranches in Tanzania
• Tanzania Meat Commission buys beef cattle

Beef farming areas

KENYA	Laikipia, Machakos, Athi river, Kajiado, Meru, Taita taveta, Trans nzoia, Naivasha in nakuru Kilifi, Nyeri North, Kwale, Uasin Gishu
TANZANIA	Kongwa ranch(main), Morogoro , Mpwapwa, Slopes of mt.kilimanjaro and Mt.meru,

 

Contributions of beef farming to the economy

1. Source of meat
2. Source of income
3. Source of employment
4. Beef export earns foreign exchange
5. Source of raw material for tanneries
6. Development of infrastructure
7. Encourages good use of land
8. In areas receiving unreliable rainfall

Problems facing beef farming

1. Pests and diseases
2. Lack of enough capital
3. Shortage of water and pasture
4. Attacks by wild animals
5. Poor means of transport network
6. Competition from other sources of protein
7. Low prices offered in the market

Fishing

• Is the harvesting of fish from water for; Sale/commercial purposes or Home use

Types of fishing

1. Inland fishing
2. Sea fishing

 

• Inland fishing
  • Is done in fresh water bodies e.g.rivers, lakes, swamps, dams and fish farms.
• Sea fishing
  • Is done in salty water bodies e.g.seas and oceans
  • Is also called marine fishing

Types of fish caught

INLAND FISHERS	MARINE FISHERS
Tilapia, Mudfish, Trout, African catfish Omena, Dagaa, Catfish, Nileperch, Lungfish Blackbass,Common carp,Salman	Tuna, Mullet, Kingfish, Parrot fish Shell fish, Sail fish, Sardines, Cat fish Shellfish(lobsters, oysters, crabs) Prawns, shrimps

• L.tanganyika is famous/main source of dagaa
• main sea fishing ground along the indian ocean of
  

  KENYA	TANZANIA
  Malindi, Mombasa, Kiunga Shimoni, Vanga,Lamu, Kilifi Ngomeni	Zanzibar, tanga, Mtwara, kilwa Pemba, bagamoyo, Lindi, pangani Dar-el-salaam ,mafia

 

• The main inland fishing ground in eastern africa is Lake Victoria
• Marine fishing in Eastern Africa is mainly done by foreign companies

Problems facing inland fishing in Kenya and Tanzania

1. Lack of adequate funds to buy modern fishing facilities
2. Water reeds like water hyacinth
3. Pollution of rivers and lakes
4. Use of wrong fishing nets
5. Mismanagement of fishing co-operatives
6. Arrest of fishermen when they cross border
7. Accident in the lakes
8. Problems facing sea fishing in kenya and tanzania
9. Inadequate capital
10. Illegal fishing by foreign vessels
11. Little market limited market
12. Destruction of coral along the coast
13. Lack of proper landing piers and freezers
14. Lack of proper storage facilities
15. Pollution of the ocean by the oil spillage

 

Trade

• Is the buying and selling of goods and services
• Is the exchange of goods and services for money

Forms of Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Domestic/internal trade
2. International/external trade

Internal/domestic trade

• Also called local trade
• Takes when goods are produced and sold within a country Also takes place between communities
• Examples of domestic trade
  1. Retail trade
  2. Whole sale
  3. Supermarkets

International trade

• Also called foreign or external trade
• Is carried out between countries (trading partners)
• It involves importing and exporting
• Examples of foreign trade include;
  
  1. Bilateral trade
  2. Multilatelateral trade
  3. Regional trade
• Main exports from Eastern Africa are agricultural raw materials e.g.
  1. Tea
  2. Coffee
  3. Pyrethrum
  4. Tobacco
  5. Bananas
  6. Livestock
  7. Livestock products
  8.  Flowers
  9. Minerals
  10. Vegetable
  11. Petroleum
• Main imports into Eastern Africa are manufactured/finished products e.g.
  1. Petroluem
  2. Machinery 
  3. Chemicals
  4. Electronics
  5. Textile products
  6. Paper products
  7. Fertilizers
  8. Iron and steel

Factors Influencing Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Political stability
2. Good means of transport and communication
3. Availability of items/products for saleAvailability of capital
4. Availability of markets
5. Government policies
6. Means of payment or exchange
7. Taxation of goods

Benefits of Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Creation of employment
2. Improvement of transport and transport
3.  Earns foreign exchange
4. Promotes cooperation and understanding
5. Promotes growth of towns(urbanization)
6. Promotes agricultural sector
7. Source of revenue for the government
8. Promotes interaction and exchange of ideas

Problems Facing Trade in Eastern Africa

1. Limited market due to production of similar goods
2. Fluctuation of the price in the market
3. Poor roads and other infrastructures
4. Smuggling of goods and failure to pay taxes
5. Political differences and instability
6. Quota system
7. Preference of imported goods to locally made goods
8. Differences in the value of currencies
9. Exported goods fetches little money compared to the high prices of imported goods

Transport And Communication

Transport

• Transport refers to the movement of people and goods from one place to another

Forms of transport used in Eastern Africa

1. Roads
2. Waterways
3. Airways
4. Railways
5. Pipelines
6. Cables

 

1. Roads
   • it is the most common form of transport used in Eastern Africa.
   • there are three types of roads
     
     1. tarmac all weather roads
     2. murram roads
     3. dry-weather roads
        
        Major Tarmac Roads in Eastern Africa
        1. The Trans-African Highway that connects Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi
        2. The Great North Road connects Capetown in South Africa and Eastern Africa through Tanzania, Kenya and Sudan
           
           
2. Waterways
   • It is a cheap but a slow form of transport
   • it involves the use of ;
     1. rivers
     2. lakes
     3. oceans
   • waterways are divided into two;
     1. inland waterways
     2. marine waterways
   • inland waterways of Eastern Africa are found in Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi
   • The main ports in Lakes Victoria include:
     1. Kisumu in Kenya
     2. Mwanza in Tanzania
     3. Entebe in Uganda
     4. Singa in Uganda
     5. Bukoba in Tanzania
     6. Musoma in Tanzania
     7. Kampala in Uganda
   • the main ports in Lake Tanganyika are Kigoma and Ujiji.
   • Marine waterways are found in seas and oceans
   • It is mainly used to transport heavy and bulky goods
   • Countries without seaports are called landlocked countries e.g. burundi, rwanda, uganda and ethiopia.
   • The main seaports in Eastern Africa are ;
     1. Mombasa in Kenya
     2. Dar El Salaam in Tanzania
     3. Mogadishu in Somalia
     4. Port Sudan in Sudan
     5. Massawa in Eritrea
        
        
3. Airways
   • Air transport is the quickest but mosy expensive means of transport
   • it is used to transport perishable and precious goods e.g. flowers, fruits, vegetable, jewellery and medical supplies
     
     Main International Airports
     1. Jomo Kenyatta Airport in Nairobi
     2. Moi International Airport in Mombasa
     3. Eldoret International Airport in Eldoret
     4. Mogadishu in Somalia
     5. Khartoum and Port Sudan in Sudan
     6. Entebe in Uganda
     7. Asmara in Eritrea
     8. Djibouti in Djibouti
     9. Bujumbura in Burundi
     10. Kigali in Rwanda
     11. Dar El Salaam, Arusha and Zanzibar in Tanzania
     12. Addis Ababa in Ethiopia
         
         
4. Railways
   • all Eastern Africa countries have railways except Somalia
   • most of the railway lines were constructed by the colonial government
   • Main railway lines in Eastern Africa are:
     1. Kenya – Uganda railway
     2. Tanzania – Zambia railway(tazara)
        
        
5. Pipelines
   • pipelines are mainly used to transport liquids and gasses
   • pipelines transport is fast and reliable
   • it reduces road accidents and destruction of roads by oil tankers
   • Kenya, Tanzania and Sudan uses pipeline to transport oil
     
     
6. Cables
   • cables are wires used to transport elecricity
   • the oldest hydro-electric power in Eastern Africa is Owen Falls Dam in Uganda.

Problems Faced in Transport in Eastern Africa

1. Roads and railways are expensive to build and maintai
2. Poor management
3. Competition from other forms of transport
4. Frequent accidents
5. Presence of water weeds e.g.water hyacinth 6. insecurity
6. Traffic jams
7. Theft and vandalism
8. Lack of capital to improve it

Communication

• This is sending and receiving of messages or information form one person or place to another.

Means of Communication

1. print media
   1. newspaper
   2. magazines
   3. journals
   4. books
2. electronic media
   
   1. telephone
   2. radio
   3. television
   4. mobile phones
   5. internet
   6. computers
3. postal services
   
   1. sending of letters and parcels
   2.  use of money orders

points to note

1. The fastest means of communication is the mobile phones
2. The best means of communication to a large group of people at the same time is the radio
3. The most recent form of communication is the use of computers

Problems Facing Communication in Eastern Africa

1. Theft of cables
2. Inadequate funds to modernise communication
3. Poor means of transport
4. Lack of electricity
5. High rate of illiteracy
6. Frequent changes in technology
7. High cost of living
8. Breakdown of communication devices
9. Low population densities hinder expansion of communication

Benefits of Improved Transport and Communication

1. Promotes trade
2. Creation of employment
3. Use of pipes reduces road damage by heavy trucks
4. Facilitate faster exchange of ideas between countries
5. Agricultural goods are transported to the market with ease
6. Promotes tourism
7. Perishable goods are easily transported to the market.

Industries

• Industries are the processes and activities to produce final goods from raw materials
• A factory is a place where raw materials are turned into new and useful products

Types of industries

1. Processing
2. Manufacturing
3. Assembly
4. Service
5. Jua kali/cottage

 

1. Processing industries

   • Also called primary indutries
   • The produce goods used in other idustries
   • Mostly deals with agricultural products
   • They are the most widespread in Eastern Africa
     
     Examples of processing industries
     1. Coffee and tea processing industries
     2. Baking industries
     3. Wheat and maize milling industries
     4. Meat and milk processing
     5. Sisal processing
        
        

2. Manufacturing industries

   • Also called secondary idustries
   • Relies on some goods from primary industries
   • Some use raw materials directly
     
     Examples of manufacturing industries
     1. Cement making
     2. Oil refineries
     3. Glass making industries
     4. Paper making industries
     5. Medicine making industries
        
        

3. Assembly industries

   • To assemble is to put together
   • It involves putting together items to get a complete item
   • Examples of assembling industries
     1. Motor vehicle assembly
     2. Bicycle assembly
     3. Radio assembly
     4. Television assembly
        
        

4. Service industries

   • They provide services
     
     Examples of service industries
     
     1. Banking
     2. Hotels
     3. Printing and publishing
     4. Transport and communication
     5. Insurance
     6. Any kind of repair
     7. Tourism
        
        

5. Cottage industries

   • Also called jua kali industries
   • Uses the locally available materials
   • Operates in open air
   • Requires little capital to start
     
     Examples
     
     1. Pottery
     2. Wood curving
     3. Weaving
     4. Basketry
     5.  Blacksmithing
     6. Use of waste iron to make pans, pangas, jembes

Importance of industries in Eastern Africa

1. Creates employment
2. Earns foreign exchange
3. Promotes trade
4. Source of revenue to the government
5. Leads to development of infrastructure
6. Leads to urbanization
7. It is a of income
8. Promotes agriculture
9. Improves the peoples living standards
10. Saves countries foreign exchange that would be used to import goods

Problems facing industries

1. Lack of adequate capital for expansion
2. Worker strikes
3. Poor means of transport
4. Political instability
5. Stiff competition from imported goods
6. Inadequate power supply
7. Inadequate raw materials
8. High taxes
9. Unfrindly trade terms
10. Small internal markets

Impacts of industries on the environment

1. Causes pollution
   1. Air polution
   2. Water polution
   3. Noise polution
2. Destruction of land due to poor garbage disposal
3. Destruction of forests
4. Mining industies spoil the beauty of the land
5. Displacement of people
6. Evaluation questions

Wildlife And Tourism

Wildlife

• Refers to all undomesticated plants ,animals,insects and birds in their natural habitats

Game parks

• Reserved for wild animals
• Also called National park
• Managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service
  
  Game parks in Eastern Africa
  

  KENYA	Tsavo east, Tsavo west, Meru, Amboseli Sibiloi , Aberdares, Hells gate ,Marsabit Nairobi, nakuru
  TANZANIA	serengeti, ruaha, tarangire, kilimanjaro, arusha, katavi, udzungwa, mikumi
  UGANDA	bwindi, queen elizabeth, kidepo valley, murchison falls ruwenzori, muhavura, mt.elgon, semilki
  ETHIOPIA	simyen, angudi, omo, awash, ras dashen, goba, gambela
  SUDAN	dinder, juba, nuba mountains

 

Games reserves

• Reserved for animals [wild]
• Also called National reserves
• Managed by the local council
• Human activities like grazing, cllecting firewood etc are allowed
  
  Game Reserves in Eastern Africa
  

  KENYA	Maasai mara, Samburu, Shimba hills Lake bogoria, Arawale, Kora, Boni, Rahole
  UGANDA	Katonga, Bakora, Matheniko, Kigezo Pian upe, Karuma, Toro
  TANZANIA	Selous, Kigosi, Rungwa, Ngoro ngoro Ugalla, Gremeti
  ETHIOPIA	Harer, Lake Stefania, Mega, Lalibela

Quiz

1. Define the term wildlife
2. The main tourist attraction in eastern africa is
3. Define the following terms
   1. game reserves
   2. game park
4. Name two game reserves in;
   1. Kenya
   2. Uganda
   3. Tanzania
5. Name two game parks in ;
   1. Kenya
   2. Uganda
   3. Tanzania

Wildlife Conservation

• This is taking care and protecting the wildlife.
• Wildlife Conservation Measures include:
  1. establishment of anti poaching unit to stop poaching.
  2. Establishment of bodies to manage wildlife e.g.KWS,UWA and mali hai of tanzania
  3. Educating people on the importance of wildlife
  4. Putting electrical fences om parks
  5. Establishment of parks and reserves
  6. Establishing game sanctuaries to protect the endangered species
  7. Translocation taking animals from populated parks
  8. Establishment of animal orphanages to cater for sick and orphans
  9. Making laws and legislation to conserve wildlife

Main Tourist Attractions in Eastern Africa

1. Wildlife
   • It is the main in eastern africa
   • Includes the big five animals
   • Birds i.e.flamingoes in lake in nakuru and natron
   • Most game parks and reserves are sites
2. Historical sites
   • Olduvai gorge tanzania
   • Fort jesus kenya
   • Kasubi tombs uganda
   • Slave markets
   • Museums
3. Sandy beaches - Along the coast of the indian ocean
4. Warm climate
5. Beautiful sceneries
   • Snow caped mountains
   • Waterfalls
   • Craters
   • Hot spings and geysers lake bogoria
   • Rift valley
6. Cultural heritage
   • Traditional dances
   • Traditional food
   • Mode of dressing
7. Good accomodation and conference facilities
   • Attracts conference tourists e.g.KICC, AU conference center

Benefits of Tourism

1. Earns foreign exchange
2. Creates employment
3. It is a source of income
4. Leads to industrialization
5. Leads to urbanisation
6. Improves people living standards
7. Promotes better international relations
8. Leads to development of infrastructure
9. It is a source of government revenue
10. Promotes agriculture

Problems facing tourism

1. Attack by terrorists
2. Poaching
3. Similarity of wildlife in eastern africa
4. Political instability
5. High taxation
6. Poor roads
7. Poor marketing of tourist destinations
8. Poor accommodation facilities

Urbanization

• This is the growth of urban centers
• Moving from rural areas to towns is called rural – urban migrations
• The main reason for rural – urban migration is to search for employment

Selected towns in Eastern Africa

Mombasa

• Second largest city in kenya
• It ia an island in the indian ocean
• It is one of the oldest town in eastern africa
• It has kilindini harbour the biggest port in eastern africa
• Construction of kenya – uganda railway began in mombasa in 1896

 Functions of Mombasa

1. Industrial center – has many industries
2. Administrative centre – headquarters of mombasa county
3. Commercial centre – has many businesses
4. Residential centre – more than half a million residents
5. Tourist attraction - sandy beaches and historical sites
6. It is a sea port town – kilindini harbour
7. Transport and communcation center – has an international airport
8. Educational centre – schools, colleges and universities
9. Defence centre – headquarters of Kenya Navy

Addis ababa

• Capital city of ethiopia
• Located on the ethoipian plateau
• Headquarters of african unio
• Was the center of ethiopian empire

Functions of Addis Ababa

1. Administrative centre headquarters of AU catital city of ethiopia
2. Industrial centre
3. Agricultural collection centre
4. Transport and communication centre
5. It is an educational centre
6. It is a residential centre
7. It is a recreational centre

Kampala

• Largest town in uganda and the capital city
• It is near L.victoria
• It is built on seven hills
• Got its name from impala gazelles

Functions of Kampala

1. Administrative centre – capital city of uganda
2. Educational centre – many schools
3. Transport and communication centre
4. Industrial centre
5. Residential centre
6. It is a commercial centre and the main distribution point for imports
7. Cultural centre – kasumbi tombs, musuems and kibuli mosque

Jinja

• Second largest town in uganda
• Found in Eastern Uganda
• Found on the shores of Lake Victoria
• It is the main industrial town in uganda
• Its growth was due to construction of HEP

Functions of Jinja

1. Industrial centre – copper smelting industries
2. Transport and communication centre
3.  It is a lake port town
4. It is an agricultural centre
5.  It is a commercial centre
6. It is a tourist centre – owen falls dam
7. It is a residential centre

Dar es salaam

• Dar es salaam means harbour of peace
• Developed by arab traders
• Was the capital city of tanzania until 1972
• It is the main commercial capital of tanzania
• It is the main industrial town in eastern tanzania
• It is an old town along the indian ocean

Functions of Dar-es-Salaam

1. It is the main commercial centre of tanzania
2. It is the main industrial centre
3. It is a main sea port town
4. It is an industrial centre
5. It is a residential centre
6. It is a tourist centre
7. It is an educational centre

Dodoma

• Located in central tanzania
• It is the capital city of tanzania
• It was made a capital city because it is centrally located ✔ Started as a small trading centre

Functions of Dodoma

1. It is the main administrative centre i.e.capital city of tanzania
2. It is a transport and communication centre
3. It is an industrial centre
4. It is a residential centre

Arusha

• Found to the north- east of tanzania
• Second largest town in tanzania
• Started as an agricultural collection centre
• It has the headqurters of EAC
• It has the east africa court of justice

Functions of Arusha

1. Administrative center – headqurters of EAC
2. It is the main tourist town in tanzania i.e. has several game parks and is near kiilimanjaro 3. Commercial centre
3. Transport and communication centre
4. Agricultural collection and distribution centre
5. Residential centre

Problems Facing Urban Centres

1. Unemployment
2. High crime rate
3. Street families
4. Traffic jams
5. Congestion of people
6. Poor planning
7. Inadequate houses
8. Growth and development of slums
9. Pollution
10. Poor garbage disposal
11. Water shortage
12. Overpopulation and inadequate social facilities

Efforts Made to Solve Problems in Urban Areas

1. Decentralization – establishing industries in rural areas
2. Improving living standards in rural areas to curb rural – urban migration 
3. Locating industries in one area away from residential centre to control pollution
4. Rehabilitate street children
5. Provision of dust bins in towns to keep it clean
6. Employing more police officers to ensure security
7. Putting traffic lights to control vehicles
8. Constructing bypasses to ease congestion
9. Constructing good houses to solve the slums problem

• Agriculture
  • Cash Crop Farming
    • Cocoa in Ghana
    • Cloves in Tanzania
    • Pyrethrum in Kenya
  • Pastoral Farming
    • Benefits of Pastoral Farming
    • Problems Facing Pastoral Farming in Africa
    • Development in Pastoral Farming Areas in Africa
  • Multi-purpose River Projects
    • River Tana Projects
    • The Aswan High Dam
    • The Volta River Scheme
    • The Kariba Dam
• Forestry
  • Location of Major Forests in Africa
  • Forestry in DRC
  • Forestry in Swaziland
• Mining
  • Extraction of Selected Minerals in Africa 
    • Petroluem in Nigeria
    • Copper in Zambia
    • Gold in South Africa
    • Soda Ash in Kenya
  • Problems Associated with Mining in Africa
  • Effects of Mining on the Environment
• Industial Development
  • Industrial Development in Kenya
  • Industrial Development in South Africa
• Fishing
  • Main Inland Fishing Ground in Africa
  • Main Marine Fishing Grounds in Africa
  • Methods of Fishing
  • Contribution of Fishing to the Economy of Africa
  • Problems Facing the Fishing Industry in Africa
• Trade
  • Regional Trade Organizations in Africa
    • COMESA
    • SADC
    • ECOWAS
  • Benefits of Regional Trade in Africa
  • Problems Facing Regional Trade in Africa
• Transport and Communication
  • Major Transport Networks in Africa.
    • Road Transport
    • Railway Transport
    • Water Transport
    • Pipeline Transport
    • Air Transport
  • Current Development in Communication Systems in Africa
• Tourism
  • Main Tourist Attractions in Africa
  • Main Tourist Destinations in Africa
  • Contributions of Tourism to the Economy
  • Challenges Facing Tourism in Africa
  • Possible Solutions to Challenges Facing Tourism
• Urbanization
  • Reasons for the Rapid Growth of Towns in Africa

Things that we use to create wealth and meet our needs are called resources.
Activities that people undertake in order to earn income and create wealth are called economic activities

Agriculture

This is growing of crops and rearing of livestocks

Cash Crop Farming

The main cash crops grown in africa include.

• Coffee
• Sisal
• Sugarcane
• Tea
• Cocoa
• Cloves
• Pyrethrum

Cocoa in Ghana

Was brought from central america
Introduced to west africa countries like:

• Ghana
• Cote d ivoire
• Nigeria
• Cameroon

Ghana is one of the largest producer of cocoa.
NB Cote d ivoire is the leading producer of cocoa
Varieties of cocoa are;

1. Cocoa criollo
   Best in central america
   Low yielding but superior quality
2. Cocoa forastern
   Best in west africa
   High yield but lower quality

Conditions Favouring the Growth of Cocoa.

1. Plenty of rainfall – 1500mmand 2000mm is most preferred.
2. High temperatures – 24°C and 28°C
3. Humid condition
4. Shelter from strong winds
5. Deep and well drained soils
6. Protection from strong sunlight – intercropping with bananans.
7. Low altitudes of up to 750m.

Cocoa Growing Areas

Grown in small family farms.
Main growing areas is called cocoa triangle.
Cocoa triangle areas are;accra, kumasi, takoradi.

Importance of cocoa to the economy of ghana.

1. Earns the country foreign exchange.
2. Leds to creation of jobs
3. Building of an artificial harbour at takoradi which enhaned transport in the region.
4. Growth of other industries e.g. drugs, cosmetics, and chocolate industries.
5. Improved the living standards of the employed
6. Imrovement of the infrastracture e.g.road and railway.

Cloves in Tanzania

Grows in tropical climates
Grow in clusters
Picked when the buds are full but not open.
It has a life-span of 50-60years
It originated from indonesia.
They were introduced to the island of zanzibar by the arabs
Originally grown in plantations.
Today also grown on small scale farms

Conditions Favouring the Growth of Cloves

1. Plenty of rainfall – 1500mm and 2000mm per year.
2. High temperature – 27°C and 30°C
3. Deep fertile soils
4. High humidity throughout the year.

Growing areas

1. Island of pemba
2. Western highland of zanzibar

Importance of cloves to the economy of Tanzania

1. Earn foreign exchange – produces about 80% of the world yields
2. Creates employment
3. Serve as raw materials for industries e.g. perfume, spices, soap and medicine industries.
4. Used in the cigarette and confectionary industry.
5. Farmers earn income for domestic use.

Activity
Draw map on our lives today pg 70 showing cloves in tanzania.

Pyrethrum in Kenya

Kenya is the world’s largest producer and exporter.
The plant was introduced from australia in 1929
Grown for its flowers substance called pyrethrin which is used to make pesticides.

Conditions favouring the growth of pyrethrum

1. Well distributed rainfall- 1000mm and 1500mm per year
2. Cool temperature
3. High altitude 1800m
4. Well drained and fertile soils

Growing areas in kenya

Mainly grown in small farms;

1. Molo
2. Nyeri
3. Kiambu
4. Meru
5. Kisii
6. Nyandarua
7. Kericho
8. Mt.elgon

Importance of pyrethrum to the economy

1. Earn country foreign exchange
2. Farmers earn income for domestic use
3. Creates job opportunities
4. The main growing area is nyandarua county.

Pastoral Farming

Keeping of animals as a way of life is called pastoral farming
Animals mainly kept are

1. Cattle
2. Sheep
3. Goats
4. Donkeys
5. Camels

Transhumance – is the migration /movement of pastoralist seasonally between the wet and dry season in search of pasture

Pastoralism is mainly practised in the grassland savannah and some semi-arid areas of africa.

Major pastoral communities in africa:

1. The maasai
2. The fulani
3. The tswana.

The Maasai

Best known nomadic pastoralists of east africa.
Mainly keep cattle, goats and sheep.
They practise transhumance

Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the maasai

1. Low population
2. Favourable climate
3. Flat land for easy movement
4. Crossing border easily i.e.kenya and tanzania.

The fulani

Are found in west africa
Are largest nomadic group in the world
They keep cattle, sheep, goats and horses
Occupy the savannah area between chad and senegal.
They practise transhumance
They uses horses to search for places where water and grazing land are available.

Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the fulani

1. Extensive grassland belt
2. Low population
3. The absence of tsetse flies in the grassland
4. Favourable climate to support pasture.
5. Seasonality in rainfall maens pasture grow in seasons.

The tswana

Are found in botswana.
Kalahari desert lies to the west of the country
Soil is sandy
Soil mainly support savannah grassland vegetation
Water is tapped by drilling wells and boreholes.
Animals kept are cattle, sheep and goats.
Grazing areas are often far from the homestead

Conditions favouring pastoral farming among the tswana

1. Low population
2. Presence of grassland in most parts.
3. Crop farming is generally difficult.

Benefits of Pastoral Farming

1. Source of income/livelihood.
2. Earn foreign exchange
3. Source of wealth for individual pastoralists e.g. fulani.
4. Good economic use of land
5. Animal products support other industries e.g. tanneries
6. Create employment
7. Animals provide food for the pastoralists.

Problems Facing Pastoral Farming in Africa

1. Diseases – foot and mouth, rinderpest, east coast fever, antrax.
2. Drought
3. Overstocking
4. Poor quality pasture
5. Poor quality breeds
6. Fires
7. Harsh climatic conditions
8. Political differences
9. Transport
10. Land pressure
11. Indequate capital
12. Cattle rustling
13. Attack by wild animals.

Development in Pastoral Farming Areas in Africa

1. Cross-breeding
2. Reduce problem of tsetse flies
3. Constructed boarding schools and dispensaries
4. Introduction of mixed farming
5. Veterinary services are provided
6. Introduction of group and individual ranching
7. Selling some livestock to prevent overstocking to K.M.C
8. Construction of dams and boreholes
9. The maasai have started alternative economic activities e.g.making and selling handicrafts and curios.

Multi-purpose River Projects

1. The river tana projects in kenya
2. The aswan high dam in egypt
3. The volta river schemes in ghana
4. The kariba dam in zambia and zimbambwe

River Tana projects

Location

Found along river Tana
Source in the highlands around mt kenya
Involved the construction of seven dams hence the name seven forks schemes

1. Kindaruma – 1968
2. Kamburu – 1977
3. Gitaru – 1980
4. Masinga – 1986
5. Kiambere – 1988
6. Mutonga – not completed
7. Kgrand falls – not completed

Reasons for establishment

• Production of HPE
• Control flooding
• Availability of large river.

Benefits from the river tana projects

1. Reduce flooding in the lower tana valley
2. Fishing e.g. masinga and kiambere
3. Lakes behind the dam modify the climate around the area
4. Tourists attraction
5. Expansion of industries due to availability of HEP
6. Provide water for domestic use
7. Pruduction of HEP.

Problems Facing the Tana Projects.

1. Inadequate fund to complete the projects
2. Expensive to resettle people
3. Reduction of water during the dry season
4. Siltation of dams
5. Some sections have no water because water moves through underground tunnels to neighbouring dams.

The Aswan High Dam

Found in egypt
Located on river Nile
Completed in 1971
Behind the dam is lake nasser 550km long.
Lake nasser is the second largest after kariba.

Reasons for establishment

1. Provide water for irrigation(main)
2. To produce HEP
3. To contro floods
4. To pvide water for domestic use.

Benefits resulting from the construction of the dam

1. Control floods in the lower Nile region.
2. Irrigated land receives a rugular and sufficient water supply
3. Improve transportation in southern egypt – linking to sudan due to lake nasser.
4. Development of fishing
5. Growth of industries due to production of HEP.
6. Create employment.
7. Create tourists attraction
8. Lake nasser has modified the weather conditions.

Problems facing the aswan high dam.

1. Displacement of people
2. Moving of ancient egyptian temples of abu simbel to new location
3. Expensive to construct dam and egypt to look foreign assistance.
4. Siltation
5. Reduction of nutrients that flow down to the mediterrean sea to support aquatic life.
6. Lack of enough silt to costruct bricks and for pottery.
7. Erosion of the Nile delta due to lack of silt.

The Volta River Scheme

It is the largest river in ghana
Found across river volta a place called akosombo
A dam is also known as the akosombo dam
The location of the dam was chosen because of its narrow position.
Started in 1962 and completed in 1966.
A lake called lake volta was formed behind the dam
Lake volta is the world’s largest in terms of surface area.

Reason for establishment

• Control the waters of river volta at akosombo
• Generate HEP.
• Reduce the cost of generating electricity from oil.

Benefits from the development of the scheme.

1. Establishment of fishing industry
2. Improved water transport between northern and southern ghana through lake volta.
3. Irrigation increased food production.
4. Development of industries
5. Led to earning of foreign exchange, since HEP is sold to togo and benin.
6. Create employment.

Problems facing the volta river scheme

1. Requires alot of capital to construct a dam.
2. Displacement of people
3. Transportation became difficult
4. Water borne diseases e.g. bilharzia.

The Kariba Dam

Located at kariba gorge along river zambezi
Found on the boundary between zimbabwe and zambia in central africa.
Construction began in 1955 and completed 1977.
Lake kariba was formed behind this dam.
It is the world’s largest artificial lake by water volume.

Reasons for establishment

1. There was need for cheap power for industries by the two countries.
2. HEP production save forest clearing
3. Existing railway could not transport coal.

Benefits resulting from the kariba dam.

1. Production of HEP.
2. Reduction in the cost of energy.
3. Creation of jobs
4. Existing railway station was reduced
5. Reduction of flooding of river zambezi downstream.
6. Lake kariba provides a safe and cheap method of transport.
7. Tourist attraction due to dam and lake
8. Reduction of over-reliance on coal as a source of fuel.
9. Increased fishing activities.
10. Forest around the area provides home for wildlife

Problems facing the establishment of the dam

1. A lot of capital is required to construct a dam.
2. Negotiation and agreement between zambia and zimbabwe.
3. Endangered wild animals
4. Political problems delayed construction.
5. Bilharzia causing snails spread due to stagnant water
6. The earth quakes pose danger due to weight of the dam.
7. Displacement of people.

Forestry

A forest is a group of trees growing close together over a lrge area of land.
Forestry is the practice of planting and taking care of forests and trees in order to serve different purposes.
Forests in africa are both natural and planted
Natural forest mainly consists of hardwood and some softwood trees.
Planted or cultivated forests consist of softwood trees.

Location of Major Forests in Africa

Draw map showing location of major forests in africa on our lives today pg 88

The main type is the extensive tropical rain forest or the equatorial forest.it covers gabon, cote d ivoire, nigeria,
ghana, DRC, Liberia, cameroon and eastern coat of madagascar.

Mountane or mountain forest

Occurs in the highland and mountain regions of africa
Found at ;

1. Drakensberg mountains
2. Ethiopia highland
3. Highland of east africa

Mangrove forests

Found ;

1. Eastern coast of eastern africa between somalia and natal in south africa.
2. Western coast of africa between angola and sierra leone.

Savannah woodlands

Found in the savannah belt of africa.

Mediterranean forest

Mixture of hardwood and softwood forest
Found at;

1. Atlas mountain in north africa
2. Cape province in south africa

Planted forests

1. Mostly found in highlands
2. Planted to replace indigenous trees
3. Example is the great usutu in swaziland.

 

Forestry in the DRC.

1. 57% of the total land is covered by forest
2. Most forest is natural
3. Are found in the northern region of the country
4. Trees include;
   1. Teak
   2. Ebony
   3. Mahogany
   4. African cedar

Importances of forest to the economy of DRC

1. Source of valuable hardwood timber
2. Protect the water resources in the country
3. Home to rich and diverse wildlife
4. Attracts a lot of attention in scientific research
5. Provided employment opportunities
6. Source of revenue to the government.
7. Problems facing forestry in the DRC.
8. Locating and cutting needed trees species is expensive and difficult due to the closeness
9. Buttress roots which make the trees difficult to cut.
10. Creepers and undergrowth make it difficult to reach the trees needed for logging.
11. Some trees are huge and when fall destroy unnecessarily
12. Huge size and the heavy weight make them difficult to handle.
13. Difficult to maintain roads.
14. Expensive to transport logs to the market
15. Valuable species take long time to mature and are in danger of disappearing.
16. Deforestation.

Forestry in Swaziland

1. Industry mainly depends on plantation forests
2. It covers 120000ha of land
3. Consists mainly of softwood that is pine and eucalyptus trees.
4. Main forests are;
   
   1. Great usutu valley
   2. Piggs peak forest
5. Swaziland’s forests provide softwood for:
   
   1. Pulp mills
   2. Saw mills
   3. Box factories

Importances of forests to the economy of swaziland

1. Earn country foreign exchange
2. The great usutu forest has helped to reduce soil erosion
3. Protect water catchment areas
4. Provide good picnic site thus promotingtourism.
5. Help to conserve the wildlife
6. Reduce soil erosion help to prevent flooding
7. Creation of job opportunities

Problems facing forestry in swaziland

1. Higher rate of forest exploitation than replacement
2. Demand for arable land
3. Attacks by pests and diseases
4. Difficult in transportation
5. Destruction by forest fires.

Mining

Is the process of extracting or removing minerals from within the ground.
Rocks containing minerals are called ores.

Extraction of Selected Minerals in Africa

1. Petroleum in nigeria
2. Copper in zambia
3. Gold in south africa
4. Soda ash in kenya

Petroleum in Nigeria

In natural state it is called crude oil
Mined in niger delta

Petroleum drilling

It is done by means of a large metal sructure called derrick.
The drill head is called bit.
Mud is mixed with water to lubricate the bit
Where oil deposits are below the ocean floor, oil rig is floated on the water to drill the oil.
Oil is transported by pipeline to the refineries
Refineries are located at elesa eleme near port harcourt at wari and at kaduna.

Uses of petroleum

1. Making chemicals
2. Bitumen(tar)used for tarmacking roads
3. Kerosene used to light lamps and stoves
4. Petroluem and diesel used to run motor vehicles and locomotives.
5. Cooking gas is obtained from petroluem
6. Making plastics, fertilizers and medicines
7. Lubricating to reduce friction

Contribution of oil to the economy of niger

• Earning foreign exchange
• Created employment
• Add revenue to the government
• Some oil is used in the country.

Copper in Zambia

It is shiny, fairly soft and reddish brown in colour
It is easy to bend and shape.
DRC and zambia are leading producer in africa
Copper belt extend from ndola in zambia to lubumbashi in DRC.

Copper Mining

Open cast or stripping method is used.
Also shaft or pit method is used.
Machines called excavators are used.
Open cast is done at Nchanga near chingaola
Deep in ground shaft or pit method is used.

Uses of copper

1. Making electrical wires
2. Making telephone wires
3. Making water and gas pipe
4. Making coils
5. Making motor vehicles radiators
6. Making ornaments, medals and utensils.
7. Mixed with broze to make brass.

Contribution of copper to the economy of zambia

1. Earn foreign exchange to the country.
2. Create employment
3. Copper sales are used to develop other sectors e.g. health services, education.
4. Workers provide aready market for the agricultural products.

Gold in South Africa

It is a yellow precious metal
South africa is the largest producer of gold in the world.
Rock cointaining gold is called reefs
Reefs is the ore that is mined
Mining began in 1886 in south africa area called witwatersrand near Johannesburg in trasvaal province.
Other mining areas are orange free state

Gold Mining

Shaft or underground mining is used as method
Electric drills are used to remove gold reef.
Gold is separated from the rocks using chemical
Gold is melted and made into bars called ignots.

Uses of gold

1. Make medals, ornaments and jewellery items e.g.rings, necklaces.etc.
2. Used by dentists to replace and coat teeth.
3. In the past gold were used as money.
4. Used to coat items e.g.pens
5. Symbol of wealth and power by kings or emperors

Contribution of gold to the economy

1. Earns foreign exchange to the country
2. Employment
3. Growth of towns e.g.krugers dorp, welkam, klerksorp and johannesburg
4. Improvement of other industries.

Soda Ash in Kenya

Rock cointaining soda ash is called trona
Mined at lake magadi.
Mining started in 1914.

Soda ash mining

Method is dredging
Machine is called dredger
Mixed with water to form shiny solution called slurry.
In factory unwanted rocks and dirt are removed from slurry
The product is then dried by evaporating
Soda ash is put in bags and exported

Uses of soda ash

1. Making glass, soap, paper and aluminium
2. Making dyes, drugs and chemicals
3. Treat water
4. Softening water in the cooking refinery
5. Softening vegetable when cooking.

Contribution of soda ash

1. Employment
2. Development of transport network
3. Growth of town e.g.magadi.
4. Earn the country foreign exchange – it is the leading mineral export in kenya.
5. Establishment of industries e.g.drug, glass, dyes and chemical manufacturers.

Problems Associated with Mining in Africa

1. Led to death e.g. gold mines in south africa.
2. Displacement of already settled people e.g. kwale district to allow for the mining of titannium.
3. Other economic activities are neglected.
4. Leds to diseases e.g. lung diseases due to dust.
5. It degrade environment through pollution.

Effects of Mining on the Environment

1. Ugliness of the land
2. Destruction of plant and animal life.
3. Pollution

Industrial Development

Is growth and expansion of industries in an area.

Industrial Development in Kenya

The development of industries in kenya started in 1941
Industries are made more diverse covering processing, assemblying, manufacturing, and service industries.

Factoring favouring industrial development in kenya.

1. Availability of power
2. Availability of raw materials
3. Government polisies
4. Research information.
5. Economic policy
6. Availability of capital
7. Availability of labour
8. Political stability
9. Availability of transport

10. Availability of ready markets

Contributions of industries to the economy of kenya

1. Creation of jobs
2. Growth of industries led to improvement of roads
3. Expansion of townsearn foreign exchange
4. Increase income to the farmers
5. Reduce cost of importing similar products.
6. Development of new technology.

Industrial Development in South Africa

South africa is the most developed (industrialised nation in africa)

Factors favouring growth of Industries in South Africa

1. Large reserves of coal
2. Presence of a wide range of minerals
3. Presence of agricultural raw materials
4. Availablity of labour
5. Government policy
6. Infrastructure
7. Cheap power
8. Gold mining
9. Ready market
10. Favourable climate
11. Availability of capital.

Contribution of industries to the economy of south africa

1. Increased demanded of raw materials
2. Country became self-sufficient
3. Growth of industries
4. Goods are used in domestic market. This saves country foreign exchange.
5. Leds to growth of towns
6. Create employment
7. Earns the country foreign exchange
8. Provide stable source of income.

Problems experienced due to industrial development

1. Destruction of the natural environment
2. High rate of crime
3. Pollution
4. Erosion of cultural values
5. Rural-urban migration
6. Displacement of people
7. Loss of agricultural land

Fishing

Is harvesting of fish from water bodies or fishing grounds.
Can be harvested from fresh or salty water sources.
Fresh water sources of fish are called inland fishing ground
Sea water sources are salty and are called marine fishing ground.

Main Inland Fishing Ground in Africa

Carried out in:

1. Lakes
2. Large rivers
3. Dams
4. Ponds

Most important fishing ground ;

1. Lake kyoga
2. Lake victoria
3. Lake turkana
4. Lake tanganyika
5. Lake malawi
6. Lake chad

Fish caught are in the above named inland areas are;

1. Nile perch
2. Tilapia
3. Dagaa(omena)

Artificial lakes where fishing is practised;

1. Lake volta
2. Lake nasser
3. Lake kariba
4. River orange

Rivers where fishing is carried out;

1. Nile
2. Niger
3. Orange
4. Tana
5. Zambezi
6. Congo
7. Volta

Fish farming is practised in ponds;

1. Tilapia
2. Trout which are the main types of fish.

Main Marine Fishing Grounds in Africa

Carried out in seas and oceans

1. Coast of angola, namibia and south africa
2. Coast of morocco and algeria
3. Coastal water of weat africa, gabon, and cameroon.
4. Coasts of tanzania and kenya
5. Main fish caught are;
   • Tuna
   • Mackerel
   • Sardine
   • Snapper
   • Barracuda
   • Cavalla

Methods of Fishing

Fishing methods depend on;

1. The type of fish to be caught
2. The area where fish are found
3. The purpose of fishing, wheather commercial or subsistence.

Large scale fishing methods are;

1. Longlining method
   Improved on the hook and line methods
   Mainly used in deep sea fishing
2. Trawling
   Uses boat called trawlers
   Used to catch fish which live near the sea bed/deep sea.
3. Purse-seining
   Uses two boats
   Used to catch fish living near the water surface and found in large groups.
4. Net drifting
   Net stretched across the river or portion of the lake or ocean.

NB dagaa are attracted to the surface near the fishing boat by light from lamps.

Contribution of Fishing to the Economy of Africa

1. It is a source of food
2. It is a source of in come
3. It is a source of employment
4. Source of raw materials
5. Source of foreign exchange.
6. Led to the growth of some towns
7. Led to improvement in living standards
8. It is a tourist attraction
9. Contributed to growth of other industries.

Problems Facing the Fishing Industry in Africa

1. Overfishing
2. Pollution
3. Inadequate capital and modern equipment
4. Poor transport system
5. Mismanagement of co-operatives society
6. Inability to protect fisheries
7. Inadequate processing and storage facilities
8. Growth of water weeds
9. Use of harmful fishing equipment methods
10. Destruction by fishing equipment
11. Inadequate local market for fish
12. Lack of clearly defined boundaries in fishing ground between different countries.

Trade

Is the exchange of goods and serviecs between people or countries.

Regional Trade Organizations in Africa

COMESA

Formed in 1994
Replaced PTA which was formed in 1981.
Mainly formed to increase trade in eastern and southern africa.
Headquaters are in lusaka zambia.
Members refer our live today pg 114
Mozambique withdrew and lesotho in 1997
Tanzania withdrew in 2000
Namibia withdrew in 2004
Angola has also withdrew.

Objectives of COMESA

1. Create common market for all members
2. Make members states to increase raw materials
3. Promote cooperation in transport and communication.
4. Promote peace, security and stability among members states.
5. Promote trade relation between COMESA and rest of the world
6. Establish common bank.
7. Promote interaction and exchange of ideas
8. Widen market
9. Promote joint research in science and technology.

SADC

Formed in 1980 in lusaka zambia
Formed as SADCC.
Headquarters are in gaborone botswana.
Members – refer to our lives today pg 115

Objectives of SADC

1. Promote trade and widen markets.
2. Promote friendly relationship
3. Alleviate poverty
4. Promote development of transport and communication.
5. Promote and defend peace and security.
6. Develop common political values, systems and institutions.
7. Promote sustainable development and economic development.
8. To utilize natural resources found in the region.

ECOWAS

formed in 1976 in togo.
Headquaters Abuja nigeria
Members – refer our lives today pg 116
Mauritania withdrew in 2000
Guinea suspended in 2008

Objectives of ECOWAS

1. Promote trade by removing taxes on goods
2. Promote free movement of people
3. Promote friendly relations.
4. Create a common market in the region.
5. Encourage improvement of intrastructure
6. Promote co-operation and integration
7. Encourage industrial development
8. Raise living standards
9. Maintain and enhance economic stability
10. Prevent and settle regional disputes and conflicts.

Benefits of Regional Trade in Africa

1. Members become economically stronger
2. Create employment
3. Increase trade within the organization
4. Promote political unity
5. Creation of large market for goods.
6. Improvement of infrastructure
7. Create wider market hence lowering prices of goods
8. Creation of banks to support trading activities.

Problems Facing Regional Trade in Africa

1. Production of similar goods.
2. Poor transport systems
3. Lack of a common currency.
4. Political differences
5. Political instability.
6. Lack of a common tax system
7. Quota system.
8. Level of purchasing power
9. Differences in development levels

Transport and Communication

TRANSPORT is the movement of goods and people from one place to another.
COMMUNICATION is the sending of messages from one person or place to another.

Major Transport Networks in Africa.

1. Road transport
2. Pipeline transport
3. Railway transport
4. Cables transport
5. Water transport
6. Air transport

Road Transport

1. All-weather
   Made of murram or tarmac
2. Dry-weather road
   They are not tarmacked
   Used during dry season.

Major international roads

• Trans-african highway
  Runs from mombasa to lagos in nigeria.
• Great north road
  Runs from cape town to cairo in egypt
• Trans-sahara highway
  Runs from lagos to algiers in algeris
• Cotonou-gao-oudja highway
  Runs/connects benin with morocco
  The road has a branch at gao that stretches to dakar in senegal.

Railway Transport

Built during colonial period
Few were built after independence.
South africa has the most developed railway notwork in africa
Somalia, rwanda, burundi and niger do not have a railway.
It transports bulky goods.

1. The tanzania – zambia railway(tazara)
   Connects zambia to the port of dar es salam
2. The trans-cameroon railway
   Connects chad and the central african republic with the coast
   Used to exploit forest and minerals e.g. bauxite in cameroon.
3. The south african railway
   Connects other countries such as zimbabwe, zambia, mozambique, botswana and DRC.
   NB most railway are narrow gauge
   This means they are one metre wide
   In zimbabwe, south africa, morocco, algeria, tinisia and the DRC.there are sections of electrified railway line.

Water Transport

It is cheap form of transport
Water transport in rivers and lakes is called inland water transport.
Water transport in sea and ocean is called sea transport.

Rivers

Mainly not navigable because;

• Seasonal flow
• Floating vegetation and weeds
• Rapids
• Waterfalls
• Shallow water depth

1. The nile
   Only navigable from lake albert in uganda up to nimule on the border with sudan
   Between juba and khartoum in sudan
   At lake nasser in egypt.
2. The congo
   Only navigable at between its mouth and matadi
   Between kinshasa and kisangani
   Between ibundu and kindu.
3. The niger
   Only navigable between kouroussa and bamako
   Ansongo and border between mali and niger
4. The benue
   Only navigable betwee where it joins the niger and garoua in cameroon.
   NB Rivers senegal and gabia are also navigable.
   Lakes
   Victoria
   Tanganyika
   Malawi
   Artificial lake are l.nasser, kainji, cobora bassa and volta.

Pipeline Transport

Transport water, petroleum and gas
Biggest concentration is in north africa.

Air Transport

Major airlines in africa are;

• South africa
• Kenya airlines
• Ethiopia airlines
• Egypt airline
• Nigeria airways 

Cable(wire) Transport

Mainly used to transport electricity from the power stations to the consumers.

 

Advantages of road	Disadvantages of road
Wide spread	Traffic jams
Flexible	Maximum load is limited
Quite fast	High rate of accident
Goods delivered directly to their destination	Few passengers at a time
Wide variety of goods can be transported by road	Greatly affected by weather.
Convenient all time	Expensive to maintain
	Gases cause air pollution
Railway advantages	Railway disadvantages
Convenient for bulky goods	Expensive to build
Minimal accidents	Expensive to buy wagon, trains
Cost is low for transport	Gauge are narrow
No traffic jam	Require flat land to build
More durable	Stopping point are far
Not greatly attected by thief	Not economical when quantities are small
Low consumption of fuel	Not flexible
Comfortable for passengers travelling over long distances	Greatly affected when there are breakdown
Does not require alot of labour	Generally slow
	Very dependent on infrastrature only when there is a  railway
Water transport advantages	Water transport disadvantages
Occurs naturally therefore no maintaince	Slow form of transport
Suitable for bulky goods	Waterfalls and rapids
Cheapest	Expensive to construct ports
Suitable for transporting special goods e.g.petroleum	Affected by storms
Can reach many parts of the world bordered by water bodies	Not accessed by all especially landlocked countries
	Harsh climate
Air transport advantages	Air transport disadvantages
Fastest form of transport	Expensive to buy and maintain aeroplanes
Few theft cases	Not used for bulky goods
Transport distant countries	Operate on strict timetable
Low damage of goods	carry limited number of people
	Affected by weather e.g.food
	Require high qualified people
Pipeline tranport advantages	Pipeline tranport disadvantages
Enables continousflow of commodities	Expensive to build
It is fast	Great losses through leakage
Laid on both land and in the sea	Not flexible
Low maintenance cost	Economical only where gas and oil is constant
Reduces damages on roads	Cannot transport solid commodity
Reduces cases of theft	Cannot transport people
Require very little human labour.
Cable transport advantages	Cable transport disadvantages
Delivery of the product is constant	Expensive to install
Used above the surface and underground	Dangerous if wire drop to the ground
Require very little human labour.
Used above the surface and underground
Power can be transported over long distances
Last for long time

Current Development in Communication Systems in Africa

The recent ICT development iclude the introduction and uses of;

1. Mobile phones
   Majority replaced the fixed line telephones
2. Card phones
   Used when making calls from public telephone booth instead of coins
3. Computers
4. Used mainly to send emails, browse the internet, look for jobs
5. Cybercafes are opened in most towns
6. Many radio and television stations(digital)
7. Fibre – optic cable
8. Makes connectivity faster and cheaper

Tourism

Is the movement of people from one place to another for leisure, sightseeing and also for business.

Main Tourist Attractions in Africa

• Wildlife
• Historical sites
  This tells us about the way of life of the people inthe past.
  1. e.g pyraids and ruins in egypt.
  2. Slave forts and port of goree island- senegal
  3. Shimoni caves – mombasa
  4. Old slave market – zanzibar
  5. Olduvai gorge – tanzania
  6. Kariandusi and olorgesailie – kenya
  7. Sango bay – uganda
  8. Lalibela and lowervalley of river omo – ethiopia
• Beaches
  Morocco, algeria, south africa, tunisia, mauritius and kenya.
• Scenery
  Snow – capped mountain
  Great rift valley
  River nile and wind surfing
  Hot spring and geysers
• Cultural heritage
  African traditional crats, artifacts
  Dances
  Mode of dressing
  Traditional foods
• Climate
  Warm climate

Main Tourist Destinations in Africa

Is a place where tourist desire to visit.

Country in africa	Main tourist attraction
Kenya	Game parks and reserves e.g. maasai mara, tsavo, warm beaches, historical and pre-historical sites e.g. koobi fora, gedi ruins
South Africa	Kruger national park, table mountains, roben island, coastal beaches
Egypt	Pyramids at giza, valley of king, cairo musuem, nile cruises ,library at alexandria
Zimbabwe	Victoria falls, lake kariba, hwango national park, city of harare
Mauritius	Coastal beaches and warm climate, black gorges national park, ruins of europeans settlement
Morocco	Ancient town of marakach, sandy beaches, berber villages, atlas mountains.

 

Contributions of Tourism to the Economy

1. Earn foreign exchange
2. Employment oppounities
3. Development of infrastructure network
4. Led to growth of the building and construction of industries
5. Creation of market for goods and services
6. Increase in agricultural activities
7. Improvement on retions between africa and rest of the world

Challenges Facing Tourism in Africa

1. Overdependence on tourists from particular regions
2. Poor marketing of destinations
3. Stiff competition from other tourist destinations
4. Competition for land e.g. agricultural and wildlife
5. Poaching
6. Environmental threats and calamities
7. Human-wildlife conflicts
8. Political instability
9. High taxation costs and fees
10. Insecurity
11. Diseases

Possible Solutions to Challenges Facing Tourism

1. Making african destination cheaper
2. Diversify tourist attraction
3. Manage well wildlife and human conficts
4. Improving transport and communication network.
5. Market tourist destinations
6. Improve and maintain peace and security
7. Encourage group tourist visit
8. Reducing the cost of tourist trade e.g. cut down trees

Urbanization

The growth and development of towns and urban centres

Capital cities in africa
Is town where central government operates from
Also called seat of government

Reasons for the Rapid Growth of Towns in Africa

1. Transport systems e.g. road and railway.e.g.nairobi, kisumu, addis ababa.
2. Establishment of industies and commercial activities e.g.lagos, dar es salaam.
3. Mining activities – johannesburg, tema and accra.
4. Administrative centres e.g.nairobi, cairo, addis ababa, kampala, abidjan, antananarivo.
5. Functions as a port e.g. kinshasa, abidjan, lagos, maputo, mombasa, dar el salaam.
6. Political factor e.g. dodoma, abuja