Open Source Content Management

 INSHA

Anzisha insha yako kwa maneno haya:

Siku tuliyosubiri kwa hamu na ghamu iliwadia, hivyo basi sote .........

QUESTIONS

Soma kifungu kifuatacho. Kina nafasi hadi 15. Kwa kila nafasi umepewa majibu manne. Chagua jibu lifaalo zaidi kati ya yale uliyopewa.

Kuoga ni ___1___ shartyi mtu ___2___kila wakati au kila siku. Hasa watoto ___3___kuoga ama kuogeshwa mara kwa mara. Watoto ___4___ jasho ___5___ wanapocheza. Jasho ___6___ huchanganyika na vumbi___7___ mahali ___8___. Nao wanapata ushafu. Baada
ya kupata uchafu ___9___ , ni lazima waoge. Tusipowasaidia watoto kutunza usafi ___10___ mili ___11___hawatakuwa na afya bora. ___12___magonjwa kama vile upele na harara ya ngozi. Usafi si muhimu kwa watoto tu ___13___ pia kwa watu ___14___. Hao ___15___
wasipooga ni hatari zaidi kuliko hata watoto wadogo

Kutoka swali la 16 mpaka 30, chagua jibu lililo sahihi.

16. "Sabalkheri wanafunzi," Mwalimu aliwasalimia wanafunzi wake. Huo ulikuwa wakati wa
    
    1. adhuhuri
    2. asubuhi
    3. jioni
    4. alasiri
17. Chagua sentensi yenye kivumishi kiulizi
    
    1. Mashubaka haya yalitengenezwa lini?
    2. Leo wameapishwa wangapi?
    3. Wasusi, wanaelekea wapi?
    4. Huyu atavikwa pete gani?
18. Andika sentensi hii kwa wingi
    Mtume huyo ana tunda hili
    
    1. watume hawa wana matunda haya
    2. Mitume hao wana matunda hizi
    3. Watume hao wana matunda haya
    4. Mitume hao wana matunda haya
19. Miongoni mwa sehemu hizi za mwili ni sehemu ipi iliyo tofauti na zingine?
    
    1. Paja
    2. Kiganja
    3. Pafu
    4. Goti
20. Methali inayofaa funzo kuwa;
    Mtu anaposababisha shida huishia kuwahusisha watu wake au jamaa yake ni 
    1. Kikulacho ki nguoni mwako.
    2. Mwiba wa kujichoma huambiwi pole.
    3. Mla nawe hafi nawe ila mzaliwa nawe. 
    4. Mchuma janga hula na wa kwao.
21. Chagua sentensi iliyoakifishwa vizuri
    1. Lo? Amefika?
    2. Viti vyenu ni vipi?
    3. njoo nikutume!
    4. "mimi sisemi na mtu"
22. Tumia kivumishi '-enye-'kwa njia sahihi
    Mbuzi____________madoadoa ni wangu.
    1. lenye
    2. chenye
    3. yenye
    4. mwenye
23. Kamilisha methali hii
    Hakuna ____________________________________ yasiyo na mbu.
    1. masika
    2. vuli
    3. kiangazi
    4. kipupwe
24. 'kazi ya kijungu jiko, 'ni kazi gani?
    1. kupika jikoni
    2. kukupatia riziki pekee
    3. kupika na kupakua
    4. kupika na jiko moja tu
25. Nomino habari iko katika ngeli ya
    1. U-ZI
    2. I-I
    3. U-I
    4. I-ZI
26. Chagua sentensi sahihi
    1. Viluwiluwi vile vilimezwa na samaki
    2. Mikebe hizo zimetupwa katika moto
    3. Ng'ombe hiyo ilikamuliwa maziwa
    4. mengi
    5. Wanajeshi wale walikuwa watiifu na wapole
27. Wageni walikuja wakati ______________ tuliowangoja
    1. huu huu
    2. uo huo
    3. uu huu
    4. uo huu
28. Ni saa ngapi sasa?
            
    
    1. Saa kumi kasoro robo
    2. Saa nne kasoro robo
    3. Saa tisa kasoro robo
    4. Saa kumi na robo
29. Andika kwa maneno tarakimu hii 8,000,001
    1. Milioni mia nane na elfu moja
    2. Milioni nane na moja
    3. Milioni mia nane na moja
    4. Milioni mi anane na mia moja
30. Kipindi cha miaka mia huitwa
    1. muongo
    2. majira
    3. karne
    4. milenia

Soma kifungu hiki kisha ujibu maswali kutoka 31-40.

Ni jambo la busara kwetu vijana kusikiliza mashauri tunayopewa na watu wazima kama vile wazazi na walimu kwani wametuzidi kwa maarifa. Ama kwa hakika,lolote lile wakuu wetu hutu.unbia yafaa tuzingatie tusije kufikwa na balaa iliyomfika kijana matatizo.

Matatizo alikuwa kijana mwenye sura nzuri na tabasamu ya kuvutia. Kwa nje aliweza kuwavutia wengi hasa wasiomjua. Hata hivyo, hakuna kizuri kisicho na dosari. Matatizo alikuwa na hulka mbaya isiyopendeza kwa watu wengi. Alikuwa mkali kama pilipili na mkaidi mfano wa mkia wa nguruwe. Tabia yake iliwashinda hata wazazi wake ingawa hawakusita kummwagia bahari ya maneno ya busara kwa tamaa ya kumwokoa.

Baadaye alipopelekwa shule angalau apate kisomo cha kumwekea nguzo maishani mwake, Matatizo alipatikana akishiriki visa vya ujeuri na kuwa mtundu. Visa hivi havikupungua, viliuma. Siku moja baba yake kijana huyu alishtuka alipojulishwa kuzidi kwa utundu wa mwanawe shuleni hasa alipoambiwa mtoto wake anapiga mtindi, hakosi sigara mdomoni na anashiriki wizi ili ajipatie pesa za kujitimizia haja zake. Matatizo alifukuzwa shule. Vitendo vya matatizo vilimtahadharisha mzee Toboasiri.

Wakati mmoja siku ya Jumapili alfajiri, mzee Toboasiri alijikuta ameshika mkongojo wake akienda kwake mzee Busara wakiwa na mzee Saidia.

Aliwaalika mkutano wa dharura nyumbani kwake siku iliyofuata. Wazee hawa wawili walipowasili, walimkuta Toboasiri na mtoto wake Matatizo wameketi kimya. "Wazee wenzangu," alianza huku sauti yake ikionyesha masikitiko, "Nimewaita hapa ili mnisaidie kumpa mawaidha kijana wangu. Nimejaribu niwezavyo kumkanya mwanangu dhidi ya matendo maovu lakini nimeshindwa. Nawaomba wazee wenzangu mnifanyie kazi hiyo."

Wazee hawa wawili walimshauri na kumshawishi Matatizo aache ile tabia yake mbaya. Kabla hawajamaliza, Matatizo alisimama huku akipandwa na hasira. Alifoka na kuwakodolea wale wazee macho huku amekunja uso wake na kuonekana kama jitu lililonyimwa chakula mwezi mzima.

Hapo alitoka nje, akawasha sigara kubwa na kupiga mikupuo miwili. Macho yakageuka na kuwa mekundu kami. pilipili. Akarudi na kumkabili mzee Busara. "Kwa vile unaitwa Busara, unadhani unahaki ya kunipa mawaidha, leo utanitambua. "Alimzaba mzee Busara kofi moja pa! Mzee huyu hakushimili kofi hilo na hapo akaanguka chini pu!

31. Kulingana na aya ya kwanza, anayezungumza ni
    1. Toboasiri
    2. Matatizo
    3. Busara
    4. Mwandishi
32. "Yafaa tuzingatie ya wakuu wetu tusije tukakumbwa na yaliyomkabili Matatizo" Ni methali gani isiyoambatana na maelezo haya?
    
    1. Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta
    2. Asiyesikia la mkuu hupatwa na makuu
    3. atangaye sana na jua hujua
    4. sikio la kufa halisikii dawa
33. Kulingana na aya ya pili ni ipi si sifa ya matatizo?
    
    1. Alitemea mate nasaha za wazazi wake.
    2. Matatizo alikuwa mtanashati.
    3. Matatizo alikuwa mkaidi na mjanja.
    4. Tabia zake ziliambatana na sura yake.
34. Lengo la Matatizo kupelekwa shuleni ni
    1. kupata masomo ili kuboresha maisha yake
    2. kuwafurahisha wazazi wake
    3. kuendelea kudumisha hulka yake
    4. kuelimika ili azidishe hulka yake
35. Kulingana na kifungu hiki. Matatizo 
    1. Alibadilika alipoenda shuleni
    2. Alishiriki katika uvutaji sigara na kunywa pombe
    3. Alifanya bidii katika masomo yake
    4. Aliepukana na hulka ya wizi
36. Baba yake matatizo ni
    1. mzee saidia
    2. mzee Busara
    3. Mzee Toboasiri
    4. Mwalimu mkuu
37. Ni kweli kusema kuwa
    1. Baba yake matatizo alikuwa amefika mwisho
    2. Wazee walipoitwa hawakutoa nasaha
    3. Mkutano ulipangwa kwa siku nyingi
    4. Matatizo alitekeleza yote aliyoambiwa 
38. 'kupiga mtindi' ni maneno yaliyotumiwa. Ni tamathali gani ya lugha?
    1. Istiari
    2. Nahau
    3. Methali
    4. Tashbihi
39. Methali inayomlenga matatizo katika aya ya mwisho ni
    1. sikio la kufa halisikii dawa
    2. ushikwapo shikamana
    3. la leo litende leo
    4. aliyekalia kigoda mtii
40. Neno 'foka' namna ilivyotumiwa katika kifungu hiki halima maana
    1. kughadhabika
    2. kuwa na mafutu
    3. kuwa na huzuni
    4. kupandwa na mori

Soma kifungu kifuatacho kisha ujibu maswali ya 41-50.

Kulonga dhahiri shahiri Kiswahili ni mojawapo ya lugha za kimataifa zinazozungumzwa ulimwenguni. Hata hivyo inasikitisha sana sisi wenyeji wa eneo la Africa Mashariki ambao ni kitovu cha lugha hii, tumekuwa tukinyonga raslimali hii kwa ukatili mkubwa.

Ni aibu iliyoje kukitumia Kiswahili kiholela bila kuzingatia kanuni zake huku tukijidanganya kuwa sisi ni mahiri tunapokiporomosha Kimombo kwa usanifu mkubwa. Jinsi tunavyokitema kiingereza sawasawa. Kwa nini hali hii tusiizingatie katika lugha yetu tunu? Wageni kutoka nchi za ughaibuni waliopata fursa ya kuzuru eneo la Afrika Mashariki wametambua utamu wa Kiswahili wakajifunza wakajistawisha. Baadhi ya wageni hao wamekuwa walimu wa lugha hii.

Aidha tunazidi kukitia kitanzi Kiswahili kupitia uchapishaji wa magazeti yetu. Bei ya gazeti la kiswahili inaashiria uduni wake. Habari zinazochapishwa katika magazeti ya kiswahsili ni za kiwango cha chini na ni chache mno cha kuudhi zaidi ni kuwa baadhi ya kaifa za magazeti ya kiswahili hujikuta katika masuala ya kijamii kwa kiasi kikubwa na kuyapa kisogo au kugusia gusia tu mambo kuhusu uchumi,siasa na dini. Hakuna mazito kuhusu matangazo ya biashara. Hakuna habari ya vifo. Hakuna habari za ajira na kadhalika. Si ajabu wakati mmoja niliulizwa mtaani, "Hili gazeti ulilo nalo umemnunulia babu yako?" Swali hili lilinijulisha kuwa fikra za waja wengi imejengwa na mtindo wa wakati mrefu wa kuchapisha magazeti kwa njia hii; hivi kwamba magazeti ya kiswahili yanapaswa kusomwa na wazee na labda wale walioshindwa na masomo skulini.

Nawasihi wananchi wa eneo lote la Afrika Mashariki wazinduke na kukiendeleza kiswahili.

41. Kulonga dhahiri shahiri ni sawa na;
    
    1. kunena ukweli
    2. kuamba bila hadaa
    3. kupiga vijembe
    4. kuongea waziwazi
42. Maneno tunavyo kitema kiingereza yamepigiwa mstari. Maana yake ni
    
    1. Tunavyokikaia kiswahili
    2. Tunavyokikata kiingereza
    3. Tunavyokiongea kimombo barabara
    4. Tunavyokizungumza kiingereza ovyoovyo
43. Neno lipi katika taarifa hii lina maana sawa na kaifa
    
    1. picha
    2. habari
    3. kurasa
    4. vichwa
44. Kwa mujibu wa taarifa ni kauli gani sahihi?
    1. Magazeti ya kiswahili yana bei ghali
    2. Magazeti ya kiswaili huwavutia wengi kuyasoma
    3. Bei ya magazeti ya kiingereza ni rahisi
    4. Magazeti ya kiswahili yamedunishwa
45. Watu mahiri ni watu
    
    1. woga
    2. wajuzi
    3. walaghai
    4. washindani
46. Tunazidi kukitia kitanzi kiswahili ni
    1. kukfrunga kiswahili
    2. kukipa sifa kiswahili
    3. kukiharibu kiswahili
    4. kukienzi kiswahili
47. Visawe vya neno waja si pamoja na
    1. Mahuluki
    2. Adinasi
    3. Nswi
    4. Wanadamu
48. Kulingana na taarifa hii asili ya lugha ya kiswahili ni
    1. nchi ya ughaibuni
    2. nchi ya Kenya
    3. Afrika mashariki
    4. Hatujaambiwa
49. Mwandishi anawashauri wakazi wa eneo la Africa mashariki
    1. wasiitumie kiswahili hadharani
    2. waache kutumia kimombo
    3. wakipe kiswahili kipaumbele
    4. wakididimize kiswahili
50. Kichwa kifaacho taarifa hii ni
    1. Lugha za Afrika-
    2. Mbinu za kuboresha Kimombo
    3. Historia za kiswahili na kiingereza
    4. Kiswahili kitukuzwe

MARKING SCHEME

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. B
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. D
18. D
19. C
20. D
21. B
22. D
23. A
24. B
25. D
26. D
27. B
28. A
29. B
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. D
34. A
35. B
36. C
37. A
38. B
39. A
40. B
41. D
42. C
43. B
44. D
45. B
46. C
47. C
48. C
49. C
50. D

COMPOSITION

DO NOT JUDGE A BOOOK BY ITS COVER

QUESTIONS

Read the passage below. It contains blank spaces numbered 1-15. For blank spaces choose the best alternative from the choices given

I ___1___to study late ___2___ the night to prepare for my essay. ___3___ in the hall ___4___ everyone also was ___5___, a ___6___ slight noise frightened me. I ___7___ that ___8___ was someone ___9___me.
Every time the curtain ___10___ in the ___11___, my heart missed ___12___. When my ___13___ dog ___14___, I broke ___15___  in goose bumps.

For questions 16-18, choose the correct form of adjective 

16. Joy is my ____________________ sister.
    1. older
    2. eldest
    3. more old
    4. elder
17. Of the twins, Tom is the ______________________ one.
    1. clever
    2. more cleverer
    3. cleverer
    4. cleverest
18. Nairobi is the ________________ city in Kenya.
    1. most populous
    2. more populous
    3. most pepulace
    4. most dense

For questions 19-20, complete appropriately

19. Do you prefer coffee______________ tea?
    1.  or
    2. and
    3.  to
    4. with
20. Scarcely had I walked in, ____________-
    A. than he arrived
    B. when he arrived
    C. as he arrived
    D. unitl he arrived

Use the correct form of the verb in the following questions.

21. None of my friends __________________ that has been going on.
    A. attend
    B. are attending
    C. attends
    D. attending
22. Either Kay or her friends ___________________ come.
    A. have
    B. has
    C. is
    D. were being

For questions 23-25, select the best preposition.

23. I told him _____________________ his face that he was a disgrace to our family.
    
    1. on
    2. in
    3. at
    4. to
24. How much money do you have, __________________ you?
    1. by
    2. with 
    3. in
    4. on
25. We congratulated them _____________________________ their incredible performance.
    
    1. for
    2. on
    3. with
    4. of

Read the passage below to answer questions 26-38

Is it possible to predict the future? Can we know something before it has taken place? For those of us who do not think it possible, let us look at the case of Janet Henley.

One day, Janet, a colleague of Linda's, a nurse, told Linda that she had dreamt something terrible. Apparently, in her dream, Linda was trapped in a store-room in the hospital and fire was engulfing her. Janet could not remember the ending to the dream. Linda laughed it away as "Overwork!" The dream came again two days later. This time, she saw Linda trying hard to escape but unable to do so because the door was stuck. However, Janet also saw a large hammer in the corner of the room. She related the events to Linda again. Two days later, she dreamt the same thing again. This time she was scared as the number ten kept appearing too.

She got up the next day and felt depressed When she reached the hospital, she realized that the date that day was the tenth. She told Linda, "Please be careful - remember my dream - it's the tenth today." Linda shrugged it off as another crazy dream

At about eleven in the morning, Linda had to get some plasters and bandages for an emergency case from the store-room. As she was rummaging through the shelves for more bandages, she smelt smoke. Before she knew it, there was an explosion and bottles started cracking in the heat. She ran to the door to escape and found it locked. Suddenly, she remembered Janet's dreams. Looking around her frantically, she saw a large hammer leaning against the wall! She grabbed it quickly, broke the lock and scrambled out to safety.

After the firemen had put out the fire and everyone was safe, Linda related what had happened in the store-room to Janet. She added, "I remember you saying there was a hammer in your dream. You know what - that's what saved me. You are psychic!"

It was a scary thought for Janet but she was pleased that her dreams had saved Linda. She never dreamt anything like that again but she could never understand how she knew about the fire.

Was it really a dream or was it a premonition? Was it God's way or just a fantastic coincidence? As you can see, there is no rational explanation — or, at least, I cannot think of one. Can you?

26. According to paragraph one, it's true to say that
    
    1. It is not possible to predict the future. 
    2. Everyone thinks it's impossible to predict the future.
    3. Some people believe it's possible to predict the future.
    4. We always know things before they happen.
27. What was Janet's first dream about Linda?
    1. Linda was killed in a fire.
    2. Linda was trapped in a lift with fire engulfing her.
    3. There was a hammer in a corner
    4. Linda was trapped in a store-room with fire engulfing her.
28. What would the meaning of the word colleague be as used in the passage?
    
    1. Workmate
    2. Acquaintance
    3. Ally
    4. Antagonist
29. According to Linda, Janet's dreams were as a result of
    
    1. tension
    2. anger
    3. burnout
    4. exhaustion
30. On the night before the actual fire, Janet
    
    1. was very depressed
    2. dreamt about the number ten
    3. slept well
    4. dreamt that Linda managed to escape
31. What did Janet think the number ten meant in her dream?
    
    1. Linda would be trapped at ten O'clock 
    2. It would happen on her tenth birthday
    3. Linda would be caught in the fire on the tenth
    4. Ten bottles would explode in the store-room
32. Linda went to the storeroom because
    1. she needed some peace
    2. there was an explosion
    3. she had to get some medical items there 
    4. she was to swathe bandages and plasters
33. Linda believed in Janet's story when
    1. Janet said, "I told you!"
    2. She found herself locked in the storeroom C
    3. The fireman arrived
    4. She saw the bottles exploding
34. What saved Linda from dying in the fire?
    1. The broken lock
    2. The hammer in Janet's dream and its position
    3. The explosion broke the lock
    4. The firemen saved her
35. Janet was scared when the whole incident was over because
    1. her friend was safe
    2. the store-room was on fire
    3. the firemen arrived late
    4. her dream became reality
36. Was the whole thing a dream? 
    1. It was coincidence
    2. There was no explanation for what happened
    3. It was God's way
    4. It was only a dream
37. Who is a psychic?
    1. A person who sees a hammer in a dream
    2. A person who can predict a fire
    3. A person that is able to know what ma happen in future
    4. A nurse with special power
38. What is a suitable title for the passage?
    1. Premonition
    2. Friendship
    3. Crazy dreams
    4. A fire

Read the passage below to answer questions 39-50   

A visit to a healthcare provider is often not a very exciting undertaking. Patients and their family members are in an uneasy state during the time. Many healthcare professioanls that we interact with during such visits do not make it any better.

Most of us have come across cold doctors, harsh nurses, insensitive dentists, slack laboratory assistants, unhelpful pharmacists among other not-so- caring healthcare professionals. Experience with such staff makes patients feel worse about their medical condition.

Why is customer experience in healthcare lagging? Why are our experiences in hospitals, doctors' and dentists' clinics laboratories, pharmacies and other health-service providers frequently below par?

Two to three decades ago, healthcare services in Kenya were mainly public. Growing up, those were our natural choices, locally, we had a renowned health centre for outpatient services, there was the general hospital and a few missionary hospitals not too far away. This may not have been the case for every Kenyan. Today, it is different both public and private healthcare servies in most counties are a stone's throw away and some are next to each other. The number of healthcare providers has soared.

Most patients are spoilt for choice. Despite this, many of our local providers do not seem to have improved their experience considerably. The healthcare industry seems to be trailing in its focus on the customer. Kudos to the few providing an exceptional experience.

In the public sector, healthcare services continue to face a myriad or indequancies. There has been frequent labour unrest. There is also lack of adequate supplies, and facilities are poorly maintained. As a result, most Kenyans continue to experience sloppy public healthcare services. The customer
experience in public heathcare certainly needs improvement.

39. According to the paragrah one, a visit to a health care provider
    
    1. is a walk in the park
    2. B. is a tall order
    3. is a rosy affair
    4. is a professional one
40. Who among the followng is not a healthcare professional?
    
    1. Doctors
    2. Laboratory assistants
    3. Quacks
    4. Pharmacists
41. The word slack has been underlined. What does it mean according to the passage?
    
    1. Loose
    2. Quiet
    3. Calm
    4. Lazy
42. According to paragraph four sentence one, it is true to say that
    
    1. there were no private hospitals then 
    2. healthcare services were topnotch
    3. there were few private hospitals
    4. there were many private hospitals
43. Three decades is equivalent to
    1. thirty years
    2. three years
    3. ten years
    4. three hundred years
44. The number of healthcare providers has soared, means that they have
    1. become better
    2. gone up
    3. improved
    4. stagnated
45. Most patients are spoilt for choice means that patients
    1. have fewer choices
    2. have spoilt the healthcare provides
    3. have a wide array of hospitals to choose from
    4. cannot decide what to do.
46. Who is the customer mentioned in paragraph six?
    1. The doctor
    2. The patient
    3. The professional
    4. The healthcare providers
47. Which one of the following is not an inadequacy in the healthcare services?
    1. Cheap drugs
    2. Poor maintenance of facilities
    3. Inadequate medicines
    4. Strikes by doctors
48. The customer care in public healthcare is
    1. good
    2. wanting
    3. impressive
    4. okay
49. A stone's throw away as used in the passage means
    1. by the road
    2. near a quarry
    3. very near
    4. in the outskirt
50. The best title for the passage would be
    1. A visit to a hospital
    2. Patients and doctors confidentiality
    3. Minimising patients pain by healthcare providers
    4. Private healthcare providers

MARKING SCHEME

1. B
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. D
17. C
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. D
22. B
23. A
24. B
25. A
26. C
27. D
28. A
29. D
30. B
31. C
32. C
33. C
34. B
35. D
36. B
37. C
38. C
39. B
40. C
41. B
42. C
43. A
44. B
45. C
46. B
47. A
48. B
49. C
50. A

QUESTIONS

1. Write 70070007 in words
   1. Seventy million, seventy thousand and seven
   2. Seven hundred million seventy thousand and seven
   3. Seven million seven thousand and seven
   4. Seven million seventy thousand and seven
2. Round off 150956 to the nearest hundred
   1. 200 000
   2. 151000
   3. 150000
   4. 150900
3. Evaluate
   20 of ¼ − ¹/₈ x 4 ÷ ½
   
   1. 5
   2. 2¼
   3. 4¾
   4. 4
4. What is the sixth number in the series
   4, 9, 25, 49, _____
   
   1. 169
   2. 121
   3. 225
   4. 81
5. What is the value of
   8²(6² − 36)
         √16
   
   1. 0
   2. 8
   3. 16
   4. 4
6. How many times is the value of digit 3 more than the value of digit 6 in 34769803
   1. 2000
   2. 500
   3. 5000
   4. 20,000
7. What is the sum of the largest and smallest numbers formed by the digits
   9, 3, 8, 5 and 1
   1. 112120
   2. 84942
   3. 102020
   4. 102110
8. What is 23.1408 correct to three decimal places
   1. 23.1
   2. 23.140
   3. 23.141
   4. 23.0
9. Which of the following statements is not true about a rhombus
   1. opposites angles are equal
   2. has two pairs of parallel lines
   3. diagonals are equal
   4. all sides are equal
10. The figure below represents triangle ABC in which line BC=15cm and line AC is 17cm and angle ABC is a right angle
    
    What is the area of the triangle
    1. 120cm²
    2. 127.5
    3. 68cm²
    4. 60cm²
11. Jane deposited sh.2000 in a bank that paid a simple interest of the rate of 12% p.a. How much money was in her account at the end of 2 years
    1. Sh. 2240
    2. Sh. 480
    3. Sh 2480
    4. Sh.2508.50
12. John is.a farmer. He sold milk from January 17^th to April 17^th 2011. How many days did he sell the milk.
    1. 92
    2. 90
    3. 93
    4. 91
13. How many poles placed 10m apart can be used to fence a rectangular plot measuring 1200m by 800m
    1. 201
    2. 200
    3. 400
    4. 402
14. In the figure below WXY, line WX=WF. Angle WXY=4x and angle XWY is 20°
    
    What is half the value of angle WYZ
    1. 80°
    2. 50°
    3. 100°
    4. 20°
15. A printing firm produces 1160470 advertising posters in a month. How many posters will be produced in a year
    1. 35974570
    2. 34814100
    3. 11604700
    4. 13925640
16. Njagi is paid a salary of sh 3800 plus 5% commission for the total sales in one month, he sold goods worth sh 32000. How much did he earn that month?
    1. Sh 5590
    2. Sh 5400
    3. Sh 1600
    4. Sh 35800
17. Find the size of angle Q
    
    1. 105°
    2. 95°
    3. 40°
    4. 88°
18. Find the radius of a circle whose area is 2464cm². take pie to be 3¹/₇
    1. 14cm
    2. 28cm
    3. 7cm
    4. 56cm
19. An empty vehicle weighs 1.2 tonnes. When loaded with 30 bags of maize, it weighs 4.2 tonnes. Calculate the mass of each bag
    1. 100kg
    2. 180kg
    3. 540kg
    4. 280kg
20. Simplify the following expression ½x − 12 > 4
    1. x < 16
    2. x <36
    3. x > 32
    4. x > 16
21. Okongo walked from his home to the hospital for 2hrs 30 min at 4km/h. He stayed at the hospital for 30 min. He then returned home at 5km/h for how long was he away from home?
    1. 2 hours
    2. 4hours 30 minutes
    3. 5 hours 30 minutes
    4. 5 hours
22. Work out the perimeter of the figure below
    
    1. 15cm
    2. 30cm.
    3. 56cm
    4. 56cm²
23. What is the capacity of a container whose volume is 1000,000cm³
    1. 100litres
    2. 10litres
    3. 1000cm
    4. 1000litres
24. Convert 4:5 as a decimal
    1. 0.9
    2. 0.4
    3. 0.8
    4. 1.25
25. In January last year the number of candidate who registered for KCPE in Gucha zone was 4500. This year the number of candidate registered increased 15%. How many candidates were registered this year
    1. 4900
    2. 675
    3. 975
    4. 5175
26. The marked price of a TV flat screen is Sh.38200. Otieno paid Sh.37436 after begaining what was his percentage discount
    1. .2.5%
    2. 764
    3. 20%
    4. 2%
27. The table below shows the fares in shillings charged between Eldoret to Nakuru by train
    
    Omollo travelled from Eldoret to Molo through Kipkerion. How much did he pay
    1. Sh. 50
    2. Sh. 250
    3. Sh. 150
    4. Sh. 300-
28. Evaluate the following (²/₃ ÷ ¾ of ⁵/₆) × (¼ of ¹/₃ ÷ ½)
    1. ²/₉
    2. ⁸/₄₅
    3. 6²/₅
    4. ¹⁰/₈₁
29. A class has 16 girls and 27 boys. During a mathematics lesson, of the girls and, of the boys were sent home because of school fees. How many pupils were sent home for fees.
    1. 36
    2. 7
    3. 43
    4. 50
30. Kamau bought the following items from a sho
    1. 6 oranges @sh 20 per an orange 
    2. 3 litres of water @ sh 16 per '/, litres (i
    3. 4 kg of meat @sh 120 per kg (
    4. 2kg of onions@sh 45 per kg
    5. 2kg tins of cooking fat @sh 97 per kg
       and 4 bottles of soda sh 27 per bottle
       How much balance was he given if he gave two one thousand shillings notes.
       1. Sh 1088
       2. Sh. 3088
       3. Sh 912
       4. Sh. 928
31. Omagwa paid sh 1930 for a shirt after being allowed 3½% discount. What was the discount
    1. Sh 2500
    2. Sh 70
    3. Sh 3900
    4. Sh 2000
32. In the triangle PQR below line PQ=15cm, QR=16cm and RP=10cm. PO is perpendicular to QR. Angle PQS is 145° and PRQ is 60°
    
    Calculate the size of angle RPQ
    1. 150°
    2. 30°
    3. 85°
    4. 95°
33. A group of pupils in Kimwera primary school took 2 decilitres of milk each. How many pupils took 0.1m³ of milk
    1. 100
    2. 500
    3. 50
    4. 5
34. Construct an equilateral triangle ABC of sides 5cm. Draw a circle such that points A,B andC are on the circumference. What is the radius of the circle
    1. 2
    2. 6
    3. 3
    4. 4
35. A car travelling at 70km/h takes 3 hours to finish a journey. At what speed must it travel to finish the journey in 2 hours
    1. 84km/h
    2. 100km/h
    3. 105km/h
    4. 138,km/h
36. Korir's flower garden is in the shape shown below
    
    Calculate the area of the garden in ares
    1. 59.5
    2. 0.0595
    3. 5.95
    4. 0.595
37. Convert ²/₉, to a decimal and give your answer to the nearest whole number
    1. 2
    2. 0
    3. 0.2
    4. 0.22
38. Calculate the volume of the cylinder drawn below in cubic metres
    
    1. 1886500m³
    2. 18865m²
    3. 18865m³
    4. 1886500m²
39.  The cash price of a radio cassette is 20% less than the hire purchase price. Kimani bought the radio cassette on hire purchase price by paying a deposit of Sh 2000 and five monthly installments of sh 300. How much more than the cash price was the hire purchase price?
    1. Sh 3500
    2. Sh 700
    3. Sh 583.50
    4. Sh 2800
40. The temperature of a room was -18°C. After sometimes of a gradual increase, it read 15°c. What was the temperature increase?
    1. 33°C
    2. 30°C
    3. 15°C
    4. 0°C
41. A river of length 12.5km is represented on map by a distance of 25cm. What was the scale on a map
    1. 1:50000
    2. 1:10000
    3. 1:125000
    4. 1:25000
42. The number of children in a town is twice than that of women. There are 340 more women than men. If there are 6240 children, how many men are there in the town?
    1. 3120
    2. 3420
    3. 2780
    4. 3460
43. Find the value of 2.45 + 0.03 (4 x 3) − 0.54
    1. 2.55
    2. 32.46
    3. 2.36
    4. 2.27
44. Construct triangle RST in which line RS-4cm, ST-6cm and angle RST=100°. Draw a circle touching its edges. What is the diameter of the circle?
    1. 1.5cm
    2. 3cm
    3. 2cm
    4. 4cm
45. Solve the value of x in the equation ⁵/₈ (x − 48) − 24 − 38
    1. 144
    2. 76
    3. 147.2
    4. 146.2
46. The table below shows the types and number of vehicles Njuguna counted along Embu-Meru road on one day
    Buses     Lorries        Nissans      Cars
      12             45              120             b?
    If the mean of all the vehicles counted was 50. How many more Nissans than cars did he count?
    1. 60
    2. 97
    3. 23
    4. 54
47. The charges for sending a telegram are sh. 20 for the first ten words of less. Each additional word is charged @ Sh.1.00 A 10% tax is charged on the total. How much did Beatrice pay to send the following telegram ALICE MUTHONI BOX 46933 NAIROBI SEND YOUR CERTIFICATES FOR TEACHER TRAINING RECRUITMENT BEATRICE ACHIENG NAKURU
    1. Sh.50.50
    2. Sh.25.00
    3. Sh.12.50
    4. Sh 27.50
48. The circumference of a circle is 88cm. Calculate the area of the circle in cm²
    1. 616cm²
    2. 768cm²
    3. 308cm²
    4. 154cm²
49. Pauline has 2x sweets. Her sister Mary has 8 more sweets than Pauline. If they all put their sweets together and shared them equally. How many sweets did each of them get?
    1. 2x + 4
    2. 2x+8
    3. 4x+8
    4. 4x + 4

The graph below shows Mr. Ndungu's journey from Nieri to Molo and back. Study it and answer question 50.

50. From the graph, calculate Mr. Ndungu's average speed for the whole journey?
    A. 93km/h
    B. 140km/h
    C. 80km/h
    D. 70km/h

MARKING SCHEME

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. D
16. B
17. A
18. B
19. A
20. C
21. D
22. B
23. D
24. C
25. D
26. D
27. A
28. B
29. B
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. B
34. C
35. C
36. D
37. B
38. C
39. B
40. A
41. A
42. C
43. D
44. B
45. C
46. B
47. D
48. A
49. A
50. B

• Computer Concepts
  • Examples Of Computers
  • Characteristics Of A Computer
  • Advantages Of Using A Computer
  • Disadvantages Of Using A Computer
  • Application Areas Of Computers
• Evolution Of Computers
  • Evolution Stage of Computers
  • Difference Engine And Analytical Engine
  • Contemporary Technology And Sustained Development Of Computers
• Generation Of Computers
  • Identifying Generations Of Computers
  • Characteristics Of Different Computer Generations
• Classification of Computers
  • Types Of Computers
  • Computer User Environment
  • Physical Parts Of a Computer
• Hands On Skills Concepts
  • Categories Of Keys Of A Computer Keyboard
• Computer System Overview
  • Functions Of A Computer Components
  • Importance of Computer Systems In The Society
• Computer Hardware Concepts
  • Functions Of Computer Hardware Categories
    • Input devices
    • CPU
    • Output devices
    • Ports and Cables
• Computer Setup

Computer Concepts

Definition

1. Computer
   An electronic device that accepts data from a user, Processes the data using given instructions, stores it and presents it in a desired format
2. Data
   Raw facts which include numbers, texts, images, audios or videos that input into a computer
3. Information
   Data that has been processed and made meaningful to the user

Examples Of Computers

1. Notebooks
2. Smartphones
3. Macbook
4. PDA
5. Desktop computer
6. Laptop
7. Ipad
8. Tablet
9. Smartwatch
10. Server
    • Each examples of computers have different features that enable them to serve different

Characteristics Of A Computer

1. Speed
   A computer works at a higher speed than human beings
2. Storage
   Computers have storage space that can hold large amounts of data and information
3. Multitasking
   Computers can perform more than one tasks at the same time
4. Accuracy
   Computers give information without errors if given the correct data and instructions
5. User dependant
   Computer cannot work without instructions from the user
6. Versatility
   Computers have ability to perform a variety of task(complex and simple)
7. Reliability
   The electronic components in modern computer have very low failure rate. The modern computer can perform very complicated calculations without creating any problem and produces consistent (reliable) results.
8. Diligence
   Computers, unlike frail human beings, do not become bored or tired or lose concentration when performing highly repetitive work. If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability – neither of which can always be replaced in humans!

Function of a computer

1. Stores data and information
2. Process data into information using given instructions
3. Accepts data from the user
4. A computer gives out information to the user

Uses of computers to perform daily activities

1. Accessing internet
2. Paying online bills
3. Home/school tutoring
4. Stock taking
5.  
6.  

Stages of computer processing cycle

Computer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user.

Model of a computer

Advantages Of Using A Computer

1. Computer process data faster than human beings
2. Computers keep data and information secure
3. Computers can store a lot of data in a small physical space
4. Computer can do the same repeatedly without getting tires or bored
5. Computer are able to perform different types of jobs at the same time
6. A computer is reliable because it consistently does what it is supposed to do.
7. Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long time
8. Information given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurate

Disadvantages Of Using A Computer

1. Use of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter time
2. Use of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strains
3. Computer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong information
4. People sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasks
5. Information and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misuse
6. People use the internet to perform online crimes and fraud
7. Online threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internet
8. Electronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environment

Application Areas Of Computers

1. Education
   
   1. For online reading
   2. To maintain class notes and registers
   3. For research and to do assignments
2. Business
   
   1. To make payments
   2. To keep records
   3. To order for goods
   4. To sell goods and services online
3. Banking
   
   1. To facilitate online and internet banking
   2. To operate ATM machines
   3. For money transfer from one bank to another
   4. To keep account and customer information
4. Health care
   
   1. To conduct research
   2. To store patient data
5. Manufacturing
   
   1. To model and design products for example airplane
   2. To test functionality of machines they are manufactured
   3. To automatic process in manufacturing companies
   4.  
6. Government
   
   1. To offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizen
   2. To store data and information
7. Communication
   
   1. To send and receive messages
   2. For making video and voice calls
8. Engineering design
   
   1. To design houses, roads and buildings.
      Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designing
9. Marketing
   
   1. Marketing of goods and services
   2. To design and create marketing content
10. Insurance
    
    1. Computers are used to keep records about customers
    2. Computers are used to manage money transactions
11. Home
    
    1. For entertainment like watching movies
    2. For security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV cameras

Evolution Of Computers

Evolution Stages Of Computers

Computers have evolved from the abacus to digital devices

1. The Abacus
   It is believed to have been invented 4000years ago
   It was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rod
2. Mechanical devices
   Napier’s bones – 1617
   Pascaline or pascal’s calculator – 1642
   Stepped reckoer 1671-1674
   Jacquard loom 1801-1804
   Difference engine 1820-1822
   Analytical engine 1834-1838
3. Electromechanical devices
   Tabulating machine 1880-1888
   Atanasoff – berry computer ABC 1937-1942
   Mark 1 – 1937 1944
4. Electronic digital computers
   Digital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous one

Tasks performed by computers at different evolution stages

Difference Engine And Analytical Engine

• The difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage.
• The difference engine was a simple calculator
• When he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engine

Difference between the difference engine and the analytical engine

Using computer that existed at different evolution stages

Pupil’s activity
Page 17

Contemporary Technology And Sustained Development Of Computers

Generation Of Computers

Computer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computer

Identifying Generations Of Computers

1. 1ST generation 1940-1956
2. 2nd generation 1956-1963
3. 3rd generation 1964-1971
4. 4th generation 1971-1980
5. 5th generation 1980 – present and beyond

Characteristics Of Different Computer Generations

1. Characteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956
   
   • Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tape
   • Produced information in form of print outs
   • Were very expensive
   • Were very large in size
   • Used alot of power
   • Produced a lot of heat
   • Were very slow
     Examples
     ENIA, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, 1BM 750
2. Characteristics of 2ND generation computers
   • Increased data processing speed
   • Were very expensive to buy
   • Were more reliable as compared to the first generation
   • Consumed less power
   • Were smaller in size compared to the first generation
   • Used punched cards to enter data
     Examples
     IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108
3. Characteristics of 3RD generation computers
   • Had faster processing speed than the previous generation
   • Consumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generation
   • Became relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial use
   • Were smaller in size than the second generation
   • Had larger storage for data
   • Used a mouse and keyboard to enter data
   • Were more accurate
     Example
     IB 360 SERIES, PDP, IBM 370 SERIES
4. Characteristics of 4TH generation computers
   • Were vry fast and more reliable
   • Were cheap and more easily available
   • Were much smaller in size and therefore portable
   • Introduced the use of personal computers
   • Were able to connect to the internet
   • Had very to large storage up to several hundred megabytes
   • Used a keyboard and a mouse to enter data
   • Used screens and printers to five information
   • Produced less heat and could be cooled using a fan
     Examples
     IBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAY
5. Characteristics of 5TH generation computers
   • Have very large storage capacity
   • Can use more than one processor at the same time
   • Can perform more than one task at the same time
   • Are cheaper and readily available even for personal use
   • Are much faster than other generation computers
   • Led to development of AI artificial intelligence
   • Are easier to use
     Examples
     Desktop
     Laptop
     Tablets

Applying technologies of different computer generations in daily life

Computer generation	Computer Technology used
First generation	Vacuum tubes	These computers used thousands of electronic gadgets called vacuum tubes They were used for storage, calculations and control
Second generation	Transistors	2nd generation computers used smaller components called transistors They allowed the use of words in specifying instructions
Third generation	Integhrated circuits	The 3rd generation used IC technology which is a single device containing many transistors
Fourth generation	Very large scale integration	During the 4th generation LSI and VLSI technology was used to pack thousands or millions of transistors on a single device
Fifth generation	Ultra large scale integration	The 5th generation of computers is based on ULSI. Millions of transistors are packed into one small device This has enabled the rise in the use of AI

Classification Of Computers

Types Of Computers

There are different types of computers used different purpose

1. Mini computers
2. Mainframe computers
3. Analogue computers
4. Hybrid computers
5. Special purpose computers
6. Micro computers
7. Super computers
8. Digital computers
9. General purpose computers

Analogue Computers:
The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale. The voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. values are examples of analogue data. These values continuously increase and decrease. The analogue computers are used to measure the continuous values. The thermometer is an example of analogue device because it measures continuously the length of a mercury column.

Digital Computers:
The word "Digital" means discrete. It refers to binary system, which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consists of binary data represented by OFF (low) and ON (high) electrical pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous form rather than in continuous form.

Hybrid Computers:
The hybrid computers have best features of both analogue and digital computers. These computers contain both the digital and analogue components. In hybrid computers, the users can process both the continuous (analogue) and discrete (digital) data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. In
hospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU (Intensive Care Unit). These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc.

Supercomputer
Is the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensive

Mainframe computer
Are large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe.

Mini computer
Are smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframe

Microcomputers
Are known as personal computers or simply PCs
Are meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDA

Special purpose computer
Computers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATM

General purpose computer
Computers that can perform most common tasks eg word processing

Criteria used to classify computers

Appropriate computers to use in different situations

Pupil’s activity
Page 33

Use of embedded computers in daily life

An embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific function
Embedded computers are used in different devices for example

1. ATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balance
2. Cars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accident
   Embedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking system
3. Microwaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off.
   It calculates time, display time and rotates the plate
4. Mp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videos
5. Drones have computers that enable user to control them.
   The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the users
6. Digital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clock

Using different types of computers in performing tasks
Pupil’s activity
Page 35-6

Computer User Environment

Computer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computers

Examples are cyber cafe and computer laboratories

Factors to consider when setting up a computer user environment

1. Accessibility
   Computer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reach
2. Good lighting
   The room should be well it
3. Ventilation
   The environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer system
4. Power source
   A computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computers
5. Space
   The floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environment
6. Security
   A computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows.
   It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised access
7. Fire fighting equipment
   Should be available at all times in case of a fire
8. User friendly
   The computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furniture
9. Proper cabling
   Should be done from the power sources to the devices
   The cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or tripping

Resources for setting up a computer user environment

When setting up a computer user environment, you need

1. Desks and chairs
2. Computer system
3. Extension cards and electrical cables
4. Good lighting
5. Printers
6. Scanner
7. Projector
8. UPS

Safety precautions and practise in the computer user environment

1. Do not eat or drink in a computer user environment
2. Do not touch naked wires
3. Only allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangers
4. Organise your desks before leaving
5. Enter and exit quietly from the computer user environment
6. Do not rush or push each other
7. Avoid carrying pointed objects near computers
8. Remove shoes entry to minimise dust
9. Always follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of data

Emerging trends in computer user environment

• Introduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer services
• This means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goes
• Mobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any time

Physical Parts Of A Computer

What are the physical parts of a computer?

Functions of the physical part of a computer

1. Monitor
   
   • Used to displaying information for example pictures and text
2. Keyboard
   
   • Used for typing and giving instructions to the computer
3. The system unit
   
   • Contains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPU
4. Speakers and headphones
   
   • Are used for listening to music and audio files
5. Printer
   
   • Is used for printing text on paper
6. Mouse
   
   • Is used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clicking
7. Flash disks
   
   • Is used for storing and transferring information
8. Scanner
   
   • Is used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computer
9. Cables
   
   • Are used to connect different parts of a computer

Connecting the physical parts of the computer

Pupil’s activity
Page 45-46

How to minimise wastage in computer usage

• We can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computer
  For example

1. If a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse it
   Such devices can also be donated to people who need them
2. A computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modification
3. We can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock.
4. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboard
5. The physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled.

Interacting with physical parts of a computer
Pupil’s activity
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Hands On Skills Concepts

Starting a computer

1. Switch on the power source
2. Press the power button of the monitor then press the power button of the system unit to start your computer
   Wait for the computer to finish the booting process
3. Click on your user account. Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computer

Shutting down a computer

1. Close all the programs that may still be running
2. Click on the start button and select the power button
3. Click the power button. A window showing power option will appear
4. Click shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down process

Function of the keys on a computer keyboard

1. Delete (Del) key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, (i.e., from left to right).
2. Esc
3. Home
4. Pg up
5. Pg dn
6. End
7. Backspace key - It has a backward arrow ( ) marked on it.√ Used to erase characters to the left of the cursor (i.e., from right to left on the same line). When pressed, it makes the cursor move one space backwards and the immediate letter or number to the left is erased.
8. Crtl
9. Tab
10. Caps lock
11. Enter
12. Shift

A Cursor is a blinking underscore ( __ ) or a vertical beam (I ) that shows where the next character to be typed will appear.

Categories Of Keys Of A Computer Keyboard

Alphanumeric keys

Keys are labeled with alphabetic letters A-Z, numbers arranged in a line 1,2, ……..0 respectively and symbols like:?,], % etc. This group also includes the following keys: cap lock, enter tab. space bar and backspace.

Caps lock key: Pressing this key let's the user type in upper case-letters,(capitals) To switch back to lower case letters simply press the same key again.
Enter key (return key): Pressing this key forces the text cursor to move to the beginning of the next line. A cursor is a blinking underscore (-) or a vertical beam (I) that shows where, the next character to be typed will appear. The enter key is also used to instruct .the computer to execute a command that has been selected on the screen.
Tab key: This key is used to move the text cursor at set intervals on the same line e.g. 10 mm, 20 mm etc.
The space bar: This bar creates a space between words during typing.
The backspace key: This key deletes characters from right to left on the same line.

Function keys

Function keys are usually located along the top of the keyboard. They are labeled FI, F2 up to FI2. They are used for tasks that occur frequently in various programs. For example pressing FI key in J most programs starts the HELP MENU.

Navigation and and editing keys - Cursor movement

Cursor movement keys are used to move the cursor on the screen. These keys are:

Arrow keys: Pressing the right or left arrow key moves the cursor one character to right or left respectively. Pressing the upward or downward arrow key moves the text cursor one line up or down respectively.
Page up and page down keys: Pressing page up key moves the cursor up one page in case the document has many pages. Pressing page down key moves the cursor down one page in case the document has many pages.
Home and end keys: Pressing home key moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line. Pressing end key moves the cursor to the end of the current line.
Editing keys are used to delete or insert characters in a document. These are:
Insert key: This key helps the user to insert or replace a character at the cursor position.
Delete (Del) key: This key deletes characters at the cursor position from left to right.

Special PC operation keys.

These keys are rarely used singly but in combination with other keys to give special instructions to the computer. They include SHIFT, CTRL, ALT and ESC keys.

Numeric keypad keys

The numeric keypad consists of a set of numbers 0 to 9 and the arithmetic signs like + (addition), ¬ (minus), * (multiplication) and / (division). They are located on the right hand side of the keyboard. The keypad is meant to help the user to rapidly enter numeric data. The numbers on the numeric keypad can only be used when the, situated on the numeric keypad, is turned on.

Use of pointing devices in a computer

• Most computers use a mouse as the main pointing devices.
• Laptops use a trackpad
• Other pointing devices that can be used with a computer are
  
  1. Trackball
  2. Pointing stick
  3. Joystick
  4. stylus

There are 5 common pointing devices operations
Clicking: This means pressing and releasing the left mouse button once. A click often selects an object.
Double clicking: This means pressing the left button twice in quick succession. Double clicking usually opens a file or starts a program
Right clicking: Pressing the right hand side mouse button once displays a list of commands from which the user can make a selection. This list of commands is called a shortcut menu or context sensitive menu. It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the right clicked item.
Drag and drop: This is whereby the user drags an item from one location on the screen to another. The procedure to accomplish this operation is as follows:

1. Point to the item you want to drag.
2. Press the left hand side mouse button and hold it down
3. Slide the mouse until the pointer reaches the desired position on the screen.
4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location.

Scrolling – the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontally

Interacting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computer
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Computer System Overview

A system – is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objective
A computer system – is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and information

Identification of computer system components

The computer system consist of 3 components

1. hardware
   These are physical components of a computer system that you can touch
   Examples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPU
2. software
   These are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing.
   They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCEL
3. liveware of peopleware
   These are the users who command or direct computers to perform given task
   This term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computer

Functions Of A Computer Components

1. computer hardware
   
   • accepts data and instructions
   • process data
   • stores data
   • produces information
   • communicates with devices and users
2. computer software
   
   • manages computer resources
   • provides computer interface
   • stores and retrieves data and instructions
   • does mathematical calculation
   • liveware
   • designs and develops software and hardware
   • operates a computer system
   • enters data
   • controls computer environment

Using computer system components

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Linkage among components of a computer system

• The liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to software
• The software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware.
• The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as data

Importance Of Computer Systems In The Society

1. Business
   Computer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation.
   They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internet
2. Communication
   Computers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globe
3. Shopping
   People today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systems
4. Socialising
   Computer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platforms
5. Employment
   Computer systems have provided employment opportunities
   Eg software development and design
6. Entertainment
   People can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computers
7. Education
   The internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks.
   Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physically

Computer Hardware Concepts

Categories of hardware in a computer system

Computer hardware components are classified as

1. Input devices
2. Output devices
3. CPU
4. Storage devices

Functions Of Computer Hardware Categories

1. Input devices
   Enables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process it
   Examples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone
2. CPU
   Process the data entered into a computer according to the instructions
3. Output devices
   Present information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and pictures
   Examples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones
4. Storage devices
   Saves data, information, computer software and running operations
   Examples: hard disk, memory card, flash disk

Selecting appropriate hardware for different situations

Consider

1. Reliability
2. Cost
3.  
4.  
5.  

Using different elements of computer hardware

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Input Devices

Enables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process it

Input devices in a computer system

Examples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scanners

Categories of input devices

Selecting appropriate input devices for different situations

When selecting input devices you can consider the following factors

1. User needs
   The device should meet the need of the user
2. Cost
   The device should be affordable according to user’s budget
3. Functionality
   Devices should serve the purpose it was intended
4. User friendliness
   The device should be easy to use
5. Compatibility with hardware
   Devices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computer
6. Level of expertise
   Devices selected should meet the technical skills of the user.

Using input devices to perform tasks

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Reusing input devices to minimise wastage

Input devices which are still functional can be used in the following ways

1. Old and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer system
2. Input devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the community
3. Functional computer inputs can be used to set up other computers
4. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products.

Central Processing Unit

The CPU is the part of a computer that process data

Locating the CPU in a computer system

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NB
Motherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer system
The CPU is located on the motherboard

Functional elements of the CPU in a computer system

The CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer system
CPU has 3 components

1. Control unit
2. Arithmetic logic unit
3. Special memory
   Arithmetic and logic unit – ALU
   Performs calculations like addition and subtraction
   It also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of data

Control unit
Coordinates movement of data between the processor and the memory

Special memory
Stores data and information required during processing.
Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALU
The control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do.
The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memory

Types of processors in computing devices

There are 6 types of CPU
CPUs are classified according to the number of cores they have
The core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructions

Performing tasks using computers with different processors