- Settlers Farming
- Settlement Schemes
- Irrigation Schemes
- Horticultural Farming
- Fish Farming
- Fish Farming In Kenya
- Fish Farming In Japan
- Comparison Of Fish Farming In Kenya And Japan
Agriculture
- This is the growing of crops and the keeping of animals
Settlers Farming
- Settlers are the Europeans who came and grabbed fertile land for farming
White Highlands
- Also known as crown land
- These are fertile areas that were grabbed from africa ns
African Native Reserves
- These were the infertile lands
- Africans were congested in reserves
- They were agriculturaly less productive
- Africans provided cheap forced labour in the settlers farm
Settlers Farming Areas
- Eastern highlands
- Nyeri
- Murang’a
- Embu
- Kiambu
- Meru
- Thika
- Nanyuki
- Nyandarua
- Laikipia
- Western Highlands(Rift Valley)
- Kericho
- Uasin gishu
- Trans nzoia
- Sotik
- Nakuru
- Bomet
- Coastal Region
- Taita taveta
- Kilifi
- Voi
- Malindi
Features/characteristics Of Settlers Farming
- Obtained cheap labour from the africans
- Introduced commercial farming i.e.cash crop farming
- Introduced new crop farming
- Practised farming in the cool and wet highlands i.e.the white highlands
- Practised mixed farming
- Kept beef cattle in ranches in dry areas
- Grew sisal and cotton in dry areas.
- Introduced plantation farming
- Used machines and fertilizers
- Practised crop rotation
- Irrigation farming was done in drier areas.
- Effects of settlers farming
Positive effects
- Introduced cash crop/commercial crops e.g.coffee,tea,pyrthrum,etc
- Introduced mechanised farming
- Introduced the use of farm inputs e.g.fertilizers and chemicals.
- Introduced exotic breed cattle
- Introduced plantation or large scale farming
- Led to industrialzation
- Led to development of infrastructure i.e.roads and railways.
- Led to urbanization e.g kitale and eldoret
- Introduced cross breeding
- Led to formation of cooperatives
Negative Effects
- Africans lost thier land i.e. became squatters
- Creation of african native reserves
- Led to forced labour
- Disrupted the communal land ownership i.e. land tenure system.
- Africans were over exploited
- Led to increased racism/racial discrimination
- Development of the wtite highlands only
- Introduced payment of taxes to africans
Exotic Breed Cattle
- Jersey
- Fresians
- Guernsey
- Aryshire
Exotic Beef Cattle
- Aberdeen angus
- Hereford
- Chalorais
Exotic Dual Cattle
- Sahiwal
- Indegenous cattle
- Zebu
- Boran
Settlement Schemes
- These were areas set aside by the government tothe landless.
- Ways of acquiring the settlement schemes
- Buying land from settlers
- Reclamation of hostile areas i.e.
- Spraying areas infested with tsetse flies
- Irrigating arid and semi-arid areas
- Draining swamps
- Forest excision i.e clearing the forest to settle the squatters.
- Formation of land buying companies.
Reasons For Establishment Of Settlement Schemes
- To settle the squatters
- To boost food production
- To reduce population pressure
- To ease congestion
- To improve peoples’ living standards
Distribution Of Settlement Schemes
- Mwea Irrigation Schemes
- Ol Kalou Salient Schemes
- Jomo Kenyatta At Mpeketoni Lamu
- Bura-galolo Settlement Schemes
- Island Farms In Central
- Muguga jet Schemes - Central
- Ahero - nyanza
- Lambwe Valley - Nyanza
- Matunda Settlement
- Ravine/ Sabatia
Benefits Of Settlement Schemes
- Landless people have been settled
- Waste land have been put into use
- Have created employment
- Have boosted food production
- Have united people in the country
- Have led to development
- Agricultural export from schemes earn foreign exchange
- Have reduced population pressure
Problems Facing Settlement Schemes
- Soil erosion
- Population pressure
- Poor means of transport
- Lack of social amenities
- Lack of title deeds
- Sometimes there is ethnic hatred in the schemes
- Lack of modern equipment
- Sometimes farmers are unable to repay loans
- Mismanagement of schemes
Irrigation Schemes
- Irrigation is growing of crops using water
- They include;
- Mwea irrigation schemes
- Perkerra irrigation schemes
- Ahero irrigation schemes
Mwea Irrigation Schemes
- It is in Kirinyaga County
- It is the oldest in the country
- It was established in 1954
- The main reason for establishment was to settle the landless
- It has black cotton soil
- This region slopes gently to support flow of water by gravity.
- Source of water - Water comes from river Thiba and Nyamindi which are tributaries of River Tana
- Main crop grown
- Rice (paddy)
- Water melon
- Sukumawiki
- Maize
- French beans
- Canal irrigation method
- Canals direct water into the rice field called basins
- Water flows by gravity
Perkerra irrigation scheme
- Located in Baringo County
- Was established in 1954
- The main reason for establishment was to bring more land under cultivation
- Water for irrigation comes from River Perkerra
- Seed maize (main crop)
- Chillies
- Tomatoes
- Onions
- Watermelons
- Pawpaws
- Uses furrow irrigation method
- Involves construction of furrows and ridges
- Crops grown on the ridges
- Water directed to the furrows
- NB; the main reason why irrigation schemes were established was to boost food production.
Contribution Of Irrigation Schemes To The Economy Of Kenya
- Create employment
- Source of income
- Have led to indutrialization
- Have improved people’s living standards
- Have led to development of roads
- Earn Kenya foreign exchange
- Unproductive land have been put into use
- Have led to urbanization
- They are sources of livelihood
Problems Facing Irrigation Schemes
- Pest and diseases
- Mismanagement of irrigation schemes
- Long distances to the market
- Silting of canals
- Water shortages
- High cost of farm inputs e.g.seeds and fertilizers
- Delayed payment
- Lack of agricultural extension officers
- Exhaustion of soil
Horticultural Farming
- This is the growth of fruits, flowers, and vegetable
- Viticulture - This is the growth of fruits only
- Floriculture -This is the growth of vegetable only.it is also called market gardening
Features/characteristics Of Horticulture
- Practised in areas with fertile soil
- It is capital intensive
- It is labour intensive
- The farms are intensively cultivated
- Crops are grown in green houses
- Practised in both small and large scale
- High quality seeds and fertilizers are used
- Mainly done for sale
- Regular spraying is done
Crops Grown In Horticultural Farming
- Vegetable
- Spinach
- Kales
- French beans
- Onions
- Baby corn
- Cauliflower
- Tomatoes
- Cabbages
- Fruits
- Bananas
- Mangoes
- Apples
- Avocadoes
- Paws paws
- Pineapples
- Oranges
- Pears
- Flowers
- Roses
- Orchids
- Carnations
- Gladioli
Problems Facing Horticultural Farming To The Economy Of Kenya
- Delayed payment
- pest and diseases
- poor means of transport and communication
- high transport charges
- expensive farm inputs
- bad weather
- lack of cooperative societies
- long distance to the market
- lack of capital
- lack of refrigeration facilities
Horticultural Farming In Netherlands
- Netherlands is in Europe
- also known as Holland
- it is a lowland
- it grows flowers,fruits,and vegetable
- done on reclaimed land called polders
- they reclaim land using special walls called dykes
NB they practice farming in polders because the land is scarce - They mostly use green/glass houses
- This helps them to practice horticultural farming throughout the year
- Netherlands is densely populated and this provides a ready market.
Comparison of horticultural farming in Kenya and Netherlands .
| Kenya | Netherlands |
| .done on natural land | Done on polders |
| grows flowers fruits and vegetable | Grows flowers fruits and vegetable |
| few green houses are used | Mostly green houses are used |
| lack of capital for expansion | Capital is available for expansion |
| little mechanization | Highly mechanised |
| skilled labour is inadequate | Great ues of skilled labour is required |
| poor means of transport | Well developed transport |
| less scientific method used | Uses scientific method of farming |
| production is low | Production is high |
| farmers are indequately skilled | Farmers are andequately skilled |
Fish Farming
- This is the rearing of fish in ponds or tanks
- It is also called aquaculture
- The best soil to construct a fish pond is clay soil
- Fish kept
- trout
- tilapia
- mudfish
Fish Farming In Kenya
- Sagana - Kirinyaga County
- Kabaru - Nyeri County
- Kibos - Kisumu County
- Ljipe - Taita Taveta County
- Aruba Dam-taita Taveta
- Bamburi - Mombasa County
- Borabu - Kisii County
- Homa Bay - Homa Bay
Fish Farming In Japan
- Japan is in Asia
- It is the leading producer of fish in the world
- Done in the sheltered areas along the coast
- Practised in the four islands
- Hokkaido
- Kyoshu
- Honshu
- Shikoku
- it has large market for fish
- fish are sold through cooperatives
- fish farming is highly mechanized
- highly supported by the government
- fish have high demand
- fish kept
- oyster
- prawns
- trout eeels
Comparison Of Fish Farming In Kenya And Japan
| Kenya | Japan |
| Fish reared are trout,tilapia and mudfish | Fish reared are oyster, prawns,trout and eels |
| Capital is inadequate | Adequate capital |
| Few research and training centres | Many modern fisheries and research centres |
| Fish kept in fish ponds | Fishing done in the sheltered sea |
| Limited/small market | Large market for fish |
| Low demand for fish | High demand for fish |
| Cooperatives are not developed | Copperatives are well developed |
| Not highly supported by the government | Highly supported by the government |
| Most fish are consumed locally | Most of the fish are exported |
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