• Animal welfare
• Uses of animals
  • Cat
  • Rabbit
  • Dog
  • Pig
  • Fish
  • Horse
  • Camel
  • Bees

• Domestic animals are the animals that are kept at home. They include cow, donkey, chicken, duck, horse, rabbit, cat, dog etc.
• Domestic animals are important to human life because:
• They provide,
  1. meat for food, milk, eggs
  2. security,
  3. manual Labour 
  4. and may be sold to generate income.
  5. Some animals like cows, donkey, horses and rabbits produce wastes to make manure.
     
     

Animal welfare

• Domestic animals are of great use to us. They should be treated well and showed love.
• To care for domestic animals,
  • They should be kept clean and
  • Given medication for good production.
  • Food and water should be provide pastes and
  • Parasites should be controlled and treated to ensure good health among domestic animals.
  • Water should be given to them and
  • They should be protected from extreme temperatures.

Uses of animals

Cat

• Its kept for beauty / companionship
• Provide safety against rats at home

Rabbit

• Provides meat
• Kept for beauty at home
• Sold for money

Dog

• Provides security at home
• Used for transport
• Provides companionship

Pig

• Sold to give us money
• Provides pork and bacon

Fish

• Is a source of food
• Kept for beauty in home aquariums

Horse

• Used for sports
• Used for transport
• Used during war in the past
• Sold to make money

Camel

• Provides labour when ploughing land
• Used for transporting goods and people
• Provides fur

Bees

• Gives us honey
• Pollinate our fruit crops
  
  

• All domestic animals are important to us. Some domestic animals provide beauty at home, others provide security while others provide us various food products such as meat, milk and honey.
• Some domestic animals also provide us with transport.
• Various communities in Kenya use some of the domestic animals during cultural ceremonies e.g. the Somali community use camels as payment for dowry during marriage ceremonies.
• We should therefore love and take care of all the domestic animals. We should also encourage other people to treat them well

• Plants
  • Classification of plants
  • Safety precautions when handling harmful plants
  • Importance of flowering plants
• Fungi
  • Safety precautions when handling fungi.
  • Importance of fungi to human beings
  • Economic importance of fungi to the environment.
• Animals
  
  • Vertebrates
    • Characteristics of mammals
    • Characteristics of birds
    • Characteristics of fish
    • Characteristics of reptiles
    • Characteristics of Amphibians

Plants

Classification of plants

• Plants are living things
• Classifications - is the act or the process of dividing plants in groups, according to the given features.
• In grade 5 plants are groups into two categories which include
  1. Flowering plants – these are plants that produce flowers for examples maize, pawpaw and beans.
  2. Non – flowering plants - these are plants that do not produce flowers for examples mosses, fern and algae.

Safety precautions when handling harmful plants

Precautions – are measures taken in advance to prevent harm to the learners when carrying out different
activities. They include

• Wearing protective cloths
• Washing hands after handling plants
• Not eating or tasting or smelling poisonous plants

Importance of flowering plants

• Flowering plants are very useful
  1. They give food
  2. They give shelter
  3. They give medicine
  4. They add beauty to the environment

Fungi

• They are neither plants nor animals
•  They grow on dead and decaying plants and obtain their food from them
•  They include bread mould, yeast and mushroom
• The black or green patches on the slice of bread are called mould
• Fungi grow on soil and water. They also grow on decaying food or rotting plants,

Safety precautions when handling fungi.

• Precautions – these are measures taken in advance to prevent harm to the learners when carrying out
  different activities. They include;
  1. Wearing protective gears
  2. Washing hands after handling plants
  3. No eating or tasting or smelling poisonous plants

Importance of fungi to human beings

• Fungi are useful.
  1. Some fungi are used as food e.g. Mushrooms
  2. Some fungi are used in the process of cooking e.g yeast. It is used in the baking industries .
  3. Some fungi are used in making medicines
  4. Some are use in the processing some beverages e.g in fermenting milk

Economic importance of fungi to the environment.

1. It’s a source of food
2. Yeast used in baking
3. Pesticides used in controlling insect and pest
4. Mushrooms farming is both for food and for export

Animals

Vertebrates

• Animals are divided into two groups, vertebrates and invertebrates
• Vertebrates have vertebral column also called backbone. The backbone runs from the skull, joining the upper limbs and the ribcage to the lower limbs
• There are 5 classes of animals in the vertebrates groups
  1. Mammals
  2.  Birds
  3. Fish
  4. Reptiles
  5. Amphibians
• Mammals and birds are warm blooded, meaning their body temperatures are constant
• Fish and reptiles and amphibians are cold blooded meaning their body temperature changes according to the surrounding

Characteristics of mammals

1. They have memory glands
2. They range in different sizes
3. They have backbones
4. They give birth to young on while other lay eggs e. the duck bill platypus and spiny ant eater.
5. They live in land
6. Body covered with far or hairs
7. They are warm blooded

Characteristics of birds

• These are animals with have feathers and can fly, however some do not fly e.g ostrich which can just run fast.
• They have the following characteristics
  1. They are warm blooded
  2. They have backbone
  3. Body covered with feathers
  4. Birds lay eggs
  5. They have wings

Characteristics of fish

1. These are animals which live in water
2. They have backbones
3. They live in water
4. They are cold blooded
5. They breathe through gills
6. Move by swimming
7. Their bodies are covered with scales

Characteristics of reptiles

1. They have backbones
2. They are cold blooded
3. Their bodies are covered with scales
4. They breathe through lungs
5. Most reptiles lay eggs

Characteristics of Amphibians

• These are animals that spend their lives in water and on land
• They have the following characteristics;
  1. They have backbones
  2. They have moist skins
  3. Live partly in water and partly on land
  4. They breathe through gills when young and through lungs when mature
  5. They are cold blooded
  6. Most amphibians lay eggs

• Animal Feeds
  • Pastures
  • Fodder
  • Conserved Feeds
• Methods of Grazing
  • Rotational Grazing
  • Zero Grazing
  • Herding

Animal Feeds

They are classified into:

• Pastures
• Fodder
• Conserved feeds
• Commercial feeds

Pasture

They are grasses and legumes that animals feed on directly.

They are classified into;
Pure stand ; only consist of either grass or legumes only
Mixed stand ; consists of both grass and legumes

Grass

Examples of grass include;

• Kikuyu grass
• Star grass
• Giant sataria
• Rhodes grass

Legumes

There are 4 main legumes used as pasture, they include;

• Clover
• Lucerne
• Glycine
• Desmodium.

Fodder

They are crops that are hervestered or cut then given to the animals. examples;

• Napier grass
• Guatemala grass
• Potato vines
• Maize stalks
• Kales
• Sugar beet

Conserved Feeds

They are animal feeds that are preserved in a special way to be used in future.
They are divided into two;

1. Hay
2. sillage

Hay

• It is cut and preserved by drying
• It is stored in bales

Silage

• It is harvested when it is about to flower. It is preserved by fermentation.
• It is stored when still green or in the succulent state.
• It is stored in silos
• The molasses is added to speed up fermentation.

Methods of Grazing

• Rotational grazing
• Zero grazing
• Herding

Rotational Grazing

They include:

• Tethering
• Paddocking
• Strip grazing

Tethering

The animal is tied to a peg or post using a rope
The rope allows the animal to graze within a restricted area.
It is practised were few animals are kept

Paddocking

The land is divided into small areas known as paddocks using a permanent fence
A watering point is usually provided in each paddock.

Strip grazing

The animals are enclosed in a small portion of the pasture using a temporary fence.
An electric fence is usually used.

Zero Grazing

It is also known as stall feeding
The animals are confined in a permanent structure (shed)
The shed should have feeding area, watering area, sleeping area and milking area.

Herding

It is a type of grazing where animals are allowed to graze
freely on large areas of land.

• Parasites.
  • Examples of External Parasites(Ecto-parasites).
  • Examples of Internal Parasites(Endo parasites).
• Effects of Parasites on Animals.
• Methods of Controlling Livestock Parasites.
  • Methods of Controlling Human Intestinal Worms.

Parasites.

• This is an organism that fully depends on another organism for its survival.
• They either live on the body of the animal(External parasites) or inside the bodies on the animals(Internal parasites).

Examples of External Parasites(Ecto-parasites).

• Tick- Cattle, Sheep, Goats
• Mites- Oigs, Goats, Sheep, Poulty, Camel, Horses, Cattle, Rabbits.
• Flea- Pigs, Poulty, Rabbits.
• Louse-Poulty, Pigs, Sheep, Cattle, Horses
• Tsetse fly- All domestic animals

Examples of Internal Parasites(Endo-parasites).

• Liverfluke- Attacks liver and lungs of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.
• Tapeworms- Attacks liver and small intestines of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.
• Roundworms- Attacks small intestines,liver and lungs of cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and fish.
• Hookworms-Attacks the small intestine ofsheep and oats.
• Lungworms- Attacks the lungs,brain and stomach of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs

Effects of Parasites on Animals.

1. Leads to poor health of the animal .
2. Causes anemia as they sucks a lot of blood from the animal's body.
3. Causes irritation on the body of thee animal.
4. Leads to poor quality of the products.

Methods of Controlling Livestock Parasites.

• Rotational grazing-Both
• Dipping- External parasites.
• Spraying-External parasites.
• Deworming- Internal parasites;Involves drenching and dosing.
• Hand picking - External parasite.

Methods of Controlling Human Intestinal Worms.

• Proper sanitation.
• Proper washing of food that are eaten raw.
• Proper cooking.
• Regular deworming.

• Adaptations of animals to their environment
  • Feeding habitats in mammals.
  • Feeding adaptations in birds
• Adaptations of Animals to Movement.
  • Adaptations to Flying.
  • Adaptations to Swimming
  • Adaptations to Hopping and Leaping.
• Signs of Ill Health in Livestock.
  • Effects of Livestock Diseases.

Adaptations of Animals to their Environment

Feeding Habitats in Mammals.

Herbivores.

These are mammals that feed on plants eg cow, buffalo, antelopes, elephants etc

They are classified into two, namely;

• Grazers- They feed on grass eg cattle, buffalo, hippopotamus
• Browers- They feed on twigs and leaves eg antelopes, girraffes, goats

Carnivores.

These are mammals that feeds on flesh only. They include; lions, dogs, cats, leopard, etc

Adaptations of carnivores.

1. They have sharp and pointed incisiors for catching and holding their prey.
2. They have long pointed and strong canines for tearing off pieces of flesh from bone, they also penetrate flesh, holding and killing the prey.
3. They have ridged, flattened premolars and molars which fit well into each, saw like on both jaws for crushing bones and flesh into small portions.
4. They have strong scissor like carnassial teeth on both jaws for slicing into flesh and cracking bones.
5. They have well spaced teeth to prevent flesh from getting stuck between teeth.

Feeding Adaptations in Birds.

Grain eaters.

These are birds which feeds on grains or seeds.
They include; chicken, doves, Turkey, pigeons,Weaver bird and quelea birds. They have a strong, short, straight, thick, blunt and cone shaped beaks for picking grains.
Their claws are adapted to scratching.

Flesh eaters.

They are know us birds of prey.
They include Hawks, eagles, kites and falcons
They have short, thick, sharp and hooked(curved) beaks for cutting and tearing flesh.
They have a sharp eyesight for spotting their prey from far.
They have strong,sharp and curved claws called talons for holding and tearing their prey.

Nectar feeders.

They feed on nectars.
Examples include; sunbird and humming bird.
They have a long slender and slight curved beak for sucking nectarsfrom a flower.

Filter feeders.

These birds filters their foods from mud.
They include; ducks, sea gulls, swans, geese, pelican and flamingo.
They have a flat, broad, strong and serrated (v-shaped) beaksfor sieving or filtering their foods
Their feet are webbed.

Adaptations of Animals to Movement.

Reasons for movement.

1. To search for food (prey).
2. To search for shelter.
3. To escape from predators.
4. To search for favouble climatic condition.
5. To seek mates for reproduction.

Adaptations to Flying.

1. They have wings which has feathers to increase surface area for flapping against air.
2. They have hollow bones to make themlight so that they can float on air
3. They have a streamlined bodiesto enable them move quickly, smoothly and easily through air.

Adaptations to Swimming

1. They have fins(pelvic, pectoral, caudal, dorsal and anal fins) which help them to move in water.
2. They have swim bladder (air bladder) which help them to control their depth during swimming.
3. They have webbed feet which act as oarsfor propelling themin water.
4. They have streamlined body which help them to move smoothely in water.
5. They have scales pointing backwards and covered with slimy substance to minimise waterresistance

Adaptations to Hopping and Leaping.

They have a powerful hind legs to enable them move forward. Some have a
short fore legs and strong hind eg kangaroo. Some also have tails for balancing.
They include; amphibians, grasshopper, locust and kangaroos.

Signs of Ill Health in Livestock.

• Stunted or retarded growth.
• Loss of weight.
• Reduced yields.
• Rough coat.
• Coughing.
• Blood or worms in stool.
• Inactive.

Effects of Livestock Diseases.

• Lowers yields.
• Lowers quality of the product.
• Diseases can be passed to human being.
• Can cause death to animals