• Organic Gardening Of Legumes.
  • Meaning Of Organic Gardening.
• Innovative Ornamental Gardening
  • Growing Media For Ornamental Crops
  • Preparing Compost Tea
• Moisture Bed Gardening
  • How to Prepare a Raised Moisture Bed

Organic Gardening Of Legumes.

Legumes include:

• Pigeon peas.
  
• Common beans
  
• Dolichos lablab beans
• Green grams
  
• Groundnuts
  
• cowpeas
  
• The roots of legumes have small swellings called root nodules where some very tiny living things called nitrogen fixing bacteria live.
• These bacteria take up nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into
• The nutrients are the absorbed by the legume crops to make proteins.

Meaning Of Organic Gardening.

• Organic gardening refers to a system of growing crops using natural farming techniques and materials instead of artificial chemicals.
• In organic gardening, compost, compost manure and animal manures are used instead of artificial fertilizers
• The organic manures feed the soil which in turn feeds the crops with nutrients leading to strong and healthy crops.
• Healthy crops are able to tolerate the effects of drought, pests and diseases which are the main causes of low yields.
• Organic manure enables the soil to hold enough moisture for crop growth.
• In organic gardening, artificial chemicals such as pesticides are not used.
• Chemicals also cause harm to animals including beneficial insects that feed on pests or those that pollinate our crops.

Establishing a legume crop.

• Proper seedbed preparation helps to remove weeds and loosen the soil for easy sowing of seeds.
• Organic manures should be incorporated into the soil during seedbed preparation.
• Seeds for planting should be healthy, whole and dry.
• The selected seed should also be suited to the climate and soil of a given place.
• Green grams, cow peas and pigeon grow well in semi-arid areas because they are drought resistant.
• Garden peas require cool and moist areas.
• To ensure seeds germinate with ease, it is important to show seeds at proper planting depth. I.e. between 2.5 cm to 10cm.
• Two to three seeds can be planted per hole using correct spacing.
• Proper spacing ensures that the crops receive adequate nutrients, water, sunlight and air for proper growth.

Caring for growing legume crops

1. Irrigation if there is no rainfall
2. Waterlogged seedbed should be avoided
3. Application of water directly on the leaves should be avoided.
4. Mulching should be done to retain moisture
5. Gapping to replace the seedlings which fail to germinate.
6. Thinning to remove excess seedlings.
7. Correct number of plants per hole to reduce competition for nutrients, water and light
8. Pests should be regularly controlled using the appropriate methods. i.e. by:
   
   • Hand picking
   • spraying
9. Infected crops by diseases should be uprooted and then destroyed by burning.
10. Weeding during raining season should be avoided to prevent rapid spread of diseases
11. Climbing legume crops should be supported to grow upright. .

Right stage of harvesting.

• Some legumes are harvested while green and eaten as vegetable such as beans
• and Some are left to dry and harvested when they have lost their green colour. peas
• Mature legume pods turn brown and dry
• To determine when groundnuts are mature a few plants are lifted to observe the pods before harvesting all the groundnuts
• Harvesting should be done during dry weather conditions.

Innovative Ornamental Gardening

• Ornamental gardening refers to cultivation of planting with the aim of enhancing beauty of a place or landscape.
• Some crops can also be grown in a pattern that can make our surroundings beautiful
• Ornamental cropping can be done in . learning institution, hospitals, hotels, public parks, homes and sports fields
• Innovative ornamental patterns can also be made by using plants in containers or on the ground.
• The plants used could be flowers, trees, shrubs or food crops such as sugarcane, bananas, fruit crops or vegetables.
• When food crops are used for ornamental gardening, they bring beauty and also contribute to food security.

Growing Media For Ornamental Crops

• Ornamental plants can be established in two ways:
  
  • Using soil as a base to support the roots of ornamental plants.
  • Using soilless media as a base to support the roots of the ornamental
• The surface on which plants grow is called plants growing medium.
• Soil is a natural growing medium for plants
• Soilless medium can also be used to establish ornamental crops
• The nutrients can be supplied from liquid manure (called compost tea) when soilless medium is used.
  Note: Compost tea is organic compost manure mixed with water.

Some of the medium for growing ornamental crops include:

• Peat moss
• Coco peat
• Sand
• Gravel
  

Establishing ornamental plants in soilless media.

• Identify a soilless media to use in a container.
• Measure the quantity of the soilless medium that can fill about three quarter of each available container
• Put the identified soilless medium in a container or containers.
• Add some water to moisten the soilless medium.
• Plant an ornamental plant or crop of your choice in the container garden(s)
• Select a suitable site and place your container garden in a pattern that suites your preference
• Apply liquid manure or compost tea around the base of ornamental plants from time to supply nutrients.

Preparing Compost Tea

Tools

• Two 20 litres buckets
• Clean fresh water
• Organic manure
• Stick for stirring
• strainer

Steps

• Scoop organic manure in an empty 20 litre bucket up to a third of the bucket
• Add clean fresh water(not chlorinated, rain water the best) to fill the bucket and stir with a stick
• Set aside the mixture to brew for 12 to 36 hours away from direct sunlight.
• Strain the compost using a clean piece of cloth return the leftover to a compost bin or use in the plant as mulch.
• Dilute the mixture in the ratio of 1:3 only if it is very dark in colour

Note:

• The volume of water should be twice that of liquid manure
• Do not use unfinished compost in your compost tea. Unfinished tea may contain living things that could damage plants
• Use the compost tea once a week to avoid scorching of plants.

Importance of innovative ornamental cropping.

1. Beautify the environment
2. Source of food
3. Supply fresh air for human beings and other animals.
4. Can be used as beautiful photograph background when taking photograph.
5. Some act as windbreakers hence less destruction of built environment.
6. Require less space.

Moisture Bed Gardening

How To Prepare A Raised Moisture Bed

Tools and Materials.

• Topsoil
• Compost manure or farmyard manure
• Dry grass
• Kitchen wastes
• Gravel
• Fork jembe
• Wooden pegs
• Ten 90cm long fitos
• A panga
• Claw harmer
• A thick polythene

Steps.

• Select a suitable site for your garden and clear any vegetation on it.
• Measure the land on the ground so that it is 1m wide and desired length.
• Fix 90cm long wooden stakes about 30cm below the ground along the edges of the marked areas.
• Inside the framework created by the stakes, lay thick polythene sheet on the ground.
• Lay a 30cm layer of hard-core or gravel carefully at the bottom
• Place a 10cm layer of dry grass or kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable peels on top of the gravel
• Add a 20cm layer of topsoil mixed with compost manure
• Your raised moisture bed is now ready for crop establishment.

Note: You can obtain the topsoil from another place or dig out the topsoil from the same site before laying the polythene sheet.

Taking care of the crop on moisture bed.

• There is constant production of crops throughout the year.
• Soil is full of organic manure
• Many crops can be planted on a small area leading to high yields
• Some crops that don’t do well in a normal environment can be established here
• There is high water retention.

• Practices In Rearing Small Domestic Animals.
  • Importance Of Small Domestic Animals
  • Routine Practices In Rearing Of Small Domestic Animals.

Practices In Rearing Small Domestic Animals.

Domestic animals that are commonly reared include:

• Rabbit
• Hen
• Cat
• Dog
• Guinea pig

Importance Of Small Domestic Animals

Rabbit

• Provides meat
• Provides fur which is processed to make handbags, hats coats and pillows.

Cat

• Repel rats
• Kept as a pet

Poultry

• Source of meat and eggs
• Provide manure

Guinea pig.

• Provide meat
• Kept as pets
• Provide manure
• Research canters use them to do experiments on diseases

Dog

• Alerts when strangers or wild animals come to our homes
• Kept as a pet

Note:

• The small domestic animals can be reared in small pieces of land.
• They can also be reared in urban areas where space is limited.
• They multiply very fast therefore ensure continuous source of income.
• They require less labour to bring up compared to the large domestic animals.

Routine Practices In Rearing Of Small Domestic Animals.

• Small domestic animals should be fed with adequate and nutritious feeds every day.
• They should be provided with clean water to drink.
• The drinking equipment should be cleaned daily before putting fresh drink
• Places where the animals live should be cleaned regularly and disinfected.
• Tools and equipment used in cleaning the animal houses should also be cleaned.
• Excess animals can be sold so as to earn some income.
• Animals should be treated by a veterinarian or an animal health specialist.

Safe handling of small domestic animals.

• We may be required to restrain animals when doing some routine practices.

How to handle small domestic animals

• Visit the school farm or local farmer and find out the following:
  
  • How to approach the animals when one wants to restrain them for various
  • reasons How to hold or handle the animals when carrying out some routine
• Ask the farmer or the person in charge of the small domestic animals to allow practices you to demonstrate how to safely hold or handle the animals

What's covered;

• Meaning of soil erosion
• Agent of soil erosion
• Types of soil erosion
  • Splash erosion
  • Rill erosion
  • Sheet erosion
  • Gully erosion
• Methods of controlling soil erosion
• Identifying methods of controlling soil erosion
• Importance of soil conservation in our environment
• Water Conservation
  • Sunken Beds
  • Shallow Pits
• Living Better With Wild Animals
  • Constructing innovative deterrents
• Creeping Crops
  • Planting Creeping Crops
  • Care For Young Creeping Crops
  • Harvesting Creeping Crops

SOIL EROSION CONTROL

Meaning of soil erosion

• Soil erosion is the process by which topsoil is gradually removed from one place, transported and then deposited to another place by action of water, wind animals and human beings.

Agent of soil erosion

• Water
• Wind 
• Animal
• Human being

Types of soil erosion

1. Splash erosion
2. Rill erosion
3. Sheet erosion
4. Gully erosion

SPLASH EROSION

• Is the first stage in the soil erosion process by the action of water.
• When raindrops hit the bare ground, the soils broken into soil particles.
• The lighter soil particles are removed and splashed in various directions onto the soil surface by the force or energy of the raindrops.
• Therefore, small circular depressions can be seen where soil particles have been removed by splash erosion.
• Splash erosion occurs mainly during heavy rainfall that falls for short duration.
• Splash erosion causes more damage to soil on sloped land than flat land.
• The bigger Raindrops have more force or energy than smaller raindrops and therefore cause more splashing.
• Is also called raindrop erosion because it results from effect of raindrops on the soil.

Demonstrating splash erosion
Pupils activity

Identifying splash erosion in the environment
Pupils activity

SHEET EROSION

• Sheet flow refers to a thin and uniform layer of moving water.
• Sheet erosion occurs when a thin layer of soil is removed uniformly by surface runoff on a flat or gently sloping bare land.
• Sheet erosion occurs when there is heavy rainfall that falls for a short duration
• In such situations, soil is unable to absorb much of the rainwater which therefore flows as surface runoff.
• The heavy raindrops splash soil particles while the surface run off carries the fine soil particles, carrying most of the nutrients.
• It is not easy to notice sheet erosion because the topsoil is removed evenly. By the time this type of erosion is detected, most of the topsoil will have been lost.
• Most common on recently cultivated land situate on smooth gentle slopes

Signs/indicators of sheet erosion are

1. Stones below the topsoil are exposed.
2. Roots of plants including crops, grass and trees are exposed.
3. Eroded soil and crops remains are deposited at the lower areas of the slope.
4. Crops yields reduce season after season because of declining soil fertility.

Identifying splash erosion in the environment
Pupils activity

RILL EROSION

• Rill erosion occurs in places where continuous sheet erosion has taken place.
• In such places, the runoff carrying soil particles concentrates in small channels or rills down a slope.
• Several small rills join to form a large rill
• As runoff flows along the rill, soil is eroded on the sides and the bottom of the rills.
• The rills reach a depth of up to 30 cm.
• Rill erosion can be observed when a freshly cultivated land experiences heavy rainfall immediately after cultivation.
• Rills can easily be removed during normal cultivation of land tools such as hoes and jembes.
• Rills can also be observed on overgrazed land as well as on paths created due to frequent movements by humans.

Observing rill erosion in our environment
Pupils activity

GULLY EROSION

• Gullies are long deep ditches with steep sides
• They are mainly formed on steep slopes where rill erosion has taken place for a long time.
• As the run off flows down the slope, it widens and deepens the rills, thus creating deep ditches.
• Gullies are not easy to remove by means of normal cultivation using tools such as hoes because of their great depth.

Identifying gully erosion
Pupils activity

Observing gully erosion in our environment
Pupils activity

METHODS OF CONTROLLING SOIL EROSION

• To control soil erosion effectively, it is important that the soil surface is protected by suitable ground cover
• The ground cover controls splash by intercepting the rain drops before they hit the soil particles
• Ground cover also prevents sheet erosion by reducing the speed of runoff and therefore allowing most of the water to infiltrate into the soil.
• Ground covers include
  1. Cover crops
  2. Mulches
  3. Growing grass or vegetation on land and on drainage channels
• Trees also prevent the soil against erosion by wind in various areas especially in arid and semi-arid areas.
• Gabions or check dams constructed across gullies to trap the soil but allow water to pass through

Identifying methods of controlling soil erosion

1. Cover crop
2. Contour ploughing
3. Strip cropping
4. Crop rotation
5. Conservation tillage
6. Avoid overgrazing
7. Reforestation
8. Improving drainage
9. Building terraces

Controlling soil erosion in our environment
Pupils activity

Importance of soil conservation in our environment

1. It helps protect natural resources and water sheds, restores habitats for plants and wildlife, improves water quality and makes soil healthier.
2. Soil is one of the most valuable resources for any agricultural activity. We depend on it for food, employment and income. Some domestic animals also depend on soil for their pasture.
3. If soil is washed away, our land will be infertile, as a result water bodies will be destroyed and people can face hunger.
4. Take measures to prevent soil erosion by taking good care of the soil.
5. Apply appropriate soil erosion control measures if soil erosion has taken place. The measures will prevent further loss of soil and thus restore health and beauty of our environment

For pupils activity list visit/download Pupil's Activity for Agriculture (all activities) - Agriculture CBC Grade 6 Notes

WATER CONSERVATION

• It is preservation, control and development of water.
• You can conserve water by
  • practising mulching,
  • shading and cover cropping,
  • sunken bed, 
  • shallow pits

Sunken beds

• Sunken beds can be used in dry areas or during dry season.
• They can be used either as nursery beds or seedbeds.
• Because the base of the sunken bed is hidden away from strong sunlight and wind, the rate of heat loss is minimal.
• Sunken beds therefore conserve more moisture than flat or raised beds.

Preparing a sunken bed 

Pupil's Activity

Tools

• A tape measure
• Panga
• Slasher
• Jembe
• Shovel
• A rake
• A well decomposed compost or farmyard manure.

Steps 

• Measure the plot of land 1 m wide and any desirable length
• Clear the vegetation on the measured plot.
• Dig out the top fertile soil and keep it aside.
• Dig out the subsoil and heap it on the edges to make an embankment or dyke
• Mix the topsoil kept aside with some well rotten manure, for every one wheelbarrows of top soil, add one wheelbarrow of manure
• Return the moisture in the trench leaving a depression of about 10 cm
• Water the seedbed to make the soil moist.
• The sunken bed is now ready to be used as a seedbed
  Note: you may also use the sunken bed as a nursery bed to raise young vegetable
  seedlings before you transfer them to the seedbed.

Shallow Pits

• Also called planting pits or zai pits
• Planting pits are used as method to prevent water runoff and thereby increase infiltration and reduce erosion
• The pits trap runoff and thus increase water infiltration into the soil.
• Mostly practiced in dry regions

Preparing shallow pits

1. Select a suitable site in the school compound
2. Dig a pit 60cm×60cm×60cm. Keep the top soil separately.
3. Put light organic at the bottom of the pit, i.e. dry grass and leaves
4. Add a layer of top soil mixed decomposed manure.
5. Leave a depression about 15cm for collection of water and a place for mulching

Importance of conserving moisture in a seedbed

• Leads to better and more reliable crop yields

For pupils activity list visit/download Pupil's Activity for Agriculture (all activities) - Agriculture CBC Grade 6 Notes

Living Better With Wild Animals

• Repellents such as smoke, noise and certain smelly substances can keep off wild animals from our crops and domestic animals.
• Deterrents methods are used to prevent wild animals from damaging our crops and domestic animals. E.g. use of fence, use of light,

Pupils activity

Using fences to keep away wild animals

• Wire mesh fence and thick thorny bushes fence helps to keep wild animals away from crops and domestic animals
  Pupils activity

Using of innovative light to control wild animals

• Animals fear random sounds deflecting and blinking or flashing lights.
• These devices keep wild animals away at night from crops
• Light bulbs can be installed near cattle bomas or around the gardens
• Planning how to make innovative deterrents
  Pupils activity

Constructing Innovative Deterrents

Pupils activity

Making sound deterrents

• Using a device that can produce some loud noise can also help to scare the wild animals
• The following can be used as deterrents to keep away birds:
  • Spoilt cassette tapes
  • Old reflective Compact Disc (CDs)
  • Reflective tapes.
    Pupils activity

Making a bird feeding table

• Safe traps can be used to trap some wild animals which then be released back to the forest.
• During the day birds can be kept away by hanging shiny reflective CDs or reflective ribbons such as shiny party streamers near the garden.
• The light reflected from the shinny surfaces of such objects distracts the vision of birds.
• The birds are also scared by sound reflective ribbons make when it is windy.
  Pupils activity
• Make your feeding table using the locally available materials
• Select a suitable site to place  the bird feeding table.
• Regularly, placr some food remains and water on the bird feeding

Importance Of Deterrents In Conserving Wild Animals

• Wild animals are important because they support our tourism industry which earns revenue for our country.They should not be killed when they come to our farms.
• Using deterrents helps us to live better or coexist with the wild animals in our environment.
• Aids in saving the life of wild animals.
• Birds are a source of beauty and happiness to human beings
• They trap wild animals which are then released back to the game parks
• Reflective ribbons scare away birds during the day.

Creeping Crops

• Creeping crops are plants that naturally spread their weak stems horizontally on the ground rather than vertically.
• As stems of these plants spread, they produce new plants along the stem.
• Creeping crops can serve as good cover crops.

Identifying creeping crops

• Sweet potatoes
• Strawberries plant
• Watermelon plant
• Pumpkin plant
• Cucumber plant
• Calabash plant

Planting materials for creeping plants

Identifying planting materials

• Seeds e.g. cucumbers, pumpkins, melons
• The seeds are obtained from mature fruits of some creeping crops
• Seeds can also be bought from reputable seed suppliers – agricultural research stations
• Vegetative materials e.g. splits and vine cuttings
• Planting materials for some creeping crops are mainly obtained from living parts of the same plants.
• Vegetative planting materials can be obtained from farmers, agricultural training centres
• Pupils activity

Collecting planting materials

• Slasher/panga/jembe/rake/a shovel/manure
• Seeds can be obtained from the mature fruits and then dried.
• Vine cuttings and splits can be obtained from the same plants.
• They can also be obtained from agricultural training centres and horticultural Research stations

Pupils activity

Planting Creeping Crops

• A planting site should be prepared before planting the crops.
• Before planting the creeping crops, we should also prepare the planting materials for better establishment.

Preparing a seedbed

Tools

• Slasher or panga
• Jembe
• Rake
• Shovel
• Fully ddecomposed manure

Steps

• Clear any vegetation on selected site
• Dig the land to loosen the soil and remove all weeds.
• Break all the large soil clods to obtain fine soil
• Spread well rotten manure over the surface of the land. Mix the manure with soil
• Level the seedbed

Preparing planting materials from seeds

Tools

• Knife/water/open container/mature fruit of a creeping crop

Steps

1. Cut a ripe fruit into two parts
2. Scoop out the seeds
3. Clean the seeds with cold water to remove pulp
4. Spread the seeds in an open container and dry them in the sun for a few days.
5. Select the good seeds for planting and store them in cool dry place.
   NOTE : Seeds selected for planting should be
   • clean,
   • whole/ unbroken
   • free from insect damage,
   • big in size and of uniform colour.

Preparing other planting materials(splits and vines)

• To raise new strawberry plants, a strawberry with many crowns is lifted from the soil and then broken into several parts called splits
• Each split has some roots, stem and leaves. It grows into a new plant once it is planted in a hole.
• Young vines of sweet potatoes are cut into several pieces each measuring 30 cm.
• Each of the vine cuttings will develop roots when the bigger part of it is buried in the soil.
• Planting

Pupils activity

Care For Young Creeping Crops

1. Watering or irrigating the crops.
   
   • Water the crops when the weather is dry
   • Best time for watering the crops is early in the morning or in the evening when it is cool
   • Ensure that the soil is most and not too wet
   • Avoid applying water directly on the leaves
   • Drip irrigation should be encouraged since it does not over wet the soil and leaves which can lead to fast spread of diseases.
2. Mulching the crops
   
   • Helps to conserve moisture as well as reduce weed growth
   • Also helps to obtain clean fruits since fruits do not touch the soil
3. Weeding
   • Remove weeds from time to time throughout the growing season.
   • When using tools to weed do not damage the roots, vines of the crop.
4. Protecting the crop from physical damage.
   • Make a structure to protect the creeping crops from damage by humans and animals.
5. Shading
   • Provide a shade in case it is very hot and dry during the growing season.
   • It helps to reduce wilting of crops due to too much evaporation an transpiration.
6. Top dressing with manures
   • Apply organic manure around each crop at the base from time to time
   • You can use compost manure from animals
   • Adequate nutrients help creeping crops to grow fast and produce big leaves and fruits
7. Training the crops
   • Build structure to support your vine crop to grow upwards.
   • You can also train the young crop by moving the tip of the trailing vines to the desired place.
   • Helps the plant to receive adequate sunlight and occupy small space within a given environment

Conservation project: Managing creeping crops

Pupils work

• Managing creeping crops means taking care of the established crops so that they can grow healthy and produces high yields.
• A project schedule plan can be used to effectively manage creeping crops.
• Everyone involved should take responsibility in ensuring the crops are effectively managed.

Harvesting Creeping Crops

• Creeping crops should be harvested when the produce is mature and ready for consumption or marketing.
• Harvesting the crop at the right stage is important because harvesting leads to wastage of the produce.
• Harvesting should be done carefully to avoid destruction of produce.

How to identifying the right stage of harvesting crops

Pupils activity

How to harvest creeping crops

• Produce from creeping crop should be harvested appropriately to avoid wastage
• Poor harvesting may lead to loses during harvesting

Pupils activity

Harvesting and disposal of creeping crops produce

Pupils activity

Value of creeping crops in our environment

• Creeping crops are important because they provide food for our communities
• Watermelons, strawberries provide vitamins which protect us against diseases
• They are good sources of fibre which improves digestion
• Creeping crops protect the soil against erosion due to their trailing growth habit
• Creeping crops can be grown any time of the year. Many of them have no seasons. They can provide food security for our community.
• Pupils activity

For pupils activity list visit/download Pupil's Activity for Agriculture (all activities) - Agriculture CBC Grade 6 Notes

• ABC of First Aid
  
  • Checking for Breathing.
  • Performing A Head Tilt.
  • Checking For Circulation.
  • Calming an Injured Person.
  • Signaling for help.
• First Aid Box.
  • Items Found in a First Aid Box.
  • Use of items in the first aid kit.
• Bruise 
  • Signs and symptoms of bruises.
  • Treating a bruise.
• Nose Bleeding
  • Cause of Nose Bleeding.
  • Safety Tips
• Types of wounds- Clean-cut wounds
  • Managing Open Wounds
• Transporting And Injured Victim
  • Single Human Crutch Method
    • How to do it.

Common Injuries in Games and Sports

•  First Aid -  refers to help given to an injured person until medical assistance is available.
• The injured person is referred to as casualty while the other person giving first aid is referred to as the first responder.
• The most common injuries that happen in a playground include falls and cuts leading to bruises, bleeding and fractures.

ABC of First Aid

1. - Airs
2. - Breathing
3.  - Circulation

Checking for Breathing.

• Begin by checking if the casualty is conscious by calling out their name or saying something to them.
• If they do not answer, shout out something to them, but is still unresponsive, check whether the casualty is breathing by putting your face close to their face and looking at the rise and fall of the chest.

Performing A Head Tilt.

• Incase the casualty is not breathing: the first responder needs to find out the reason by performing the head-tilt chin-lift to observe airways.

Steps in Performing Head-tilt Chin-lift

1. Kneel next to the casualty's head.
2. Place one hand on the patient's forehead and tilt the head gently backward.
3. Place two fingers under the bony part of their chin and lift the chin vertically upwards.
4. Take care not to place any pressure on the soft part of the neck as this could obstruct the airway.
5. Once the airway is opened, you can check for normal breathing.
6. Place the casualty in a recovery position. It involves casualty being rolled onto the side in order to maintain the airways open.

Checking For Circulation.

• It involves checking if the casualty has a pulse or beat. It is done by gently placing the index and middle finger on the chin under the jaw.
• If there is circulation , there will be pulse. You can also check the pulse on the wrist of the casualty.

Calming an Injured Person.

• Speak calmly to the casualty, ask their name, what day it is, where they are and what happened to them.

Signaling for help.

• When a person is hurt, the first responder should signal for help as fast as possible. This is because it may not be possible for one individual to give the required help.

First Aid Box.

• It's a box that contains essential medical items that can be used to give care to a casualty before medical assistance arrives.
• Some injuries maybe treated with the contents of a first aid box or kit. These include: bruises, sprains, nose bleeding and minor cuts.
• It is important to have a first aid kit both at home and at school as the contents can help in attending to minor ailments and injuries that occur at home or in school.

Items Found in a First Aid Box.

1. Bandage
2. Elastoplast (adhesive strip dressing)
3. Disposable latex gloves.
4. Eye wash
5. Iodine
6. Alcohol swabs or antiseptic wipes.
7. Sterile gauze
8. Pressure pad
9. Cotton wool or cotton balls
10. Tweezers
11. Scissors

Use of items in the first aid kit.

1. Adhesive strip dressing- it is used for minor cuts and skin injuries.
2. Non-adhesive dressings - used for covering burnt or abraded skin 
3. Wound dressing -  they are thick pads used to help control bleeding and reduce the risk of infection.
4. Crepe or conforming bandages - they are elastic bandages used to create pressure, hold dressing in place, reduce swelling and provide some support.
5. Triangular bandages - they are non- elastic bandages used for slings to hold splints in place and to restrict movement.
6. Sterile eyewash solution - used the flush eye lashes, insects, dust sand particles from the eye.

Bruise 

• Its an injury appearing as are of discoloured skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rapturing underlying blood vessels.

Signs and symptoms of bruises.

•  Initially, a fresh bruise may actually be reddish. It will then turn blue or dark purple within a few hours, then yellow or green after a few days as it heals. A bruise is commonly tender, and sometimes even painful for the first few days, but the pain usually goes away as the color fades.

Treating a bruise.

• Rest and relevant the injured area to prevent swelling and relieve pain.
• Apply ice packs for the first 24 to 48 hours after injury. Wrap the ice pack in a towel and apply ice for no more than 15 minutes a time. repeat throughout the day. (ice packs should not be places directly on the skin)
• Apply a heating pad or warm compress to the injured area after two days. You can apply heat several times throughout the day.

Nose Bleeding

Cause of Nose Bleeding.

• Nose picking.
• Colds (upper respiratory infections)and sinusitis , especially episodes that cause repeated sneezing, coughing and nose blowing.
• Blowing your nose with force.
• Inserting an object into you nose.
• Injury to the nose and/or face
• Blood- thinning drugs(aspirin, non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, warfarin  and others.)
• Cocaine and other dugs inhaled through the nose.
• chemical irritants( chemicals in cleaning supplies, chemical fumes at the workplace, others strong odors.)
• High altitudes. the air is thinner(less oxygen) and drier as the altitude increases.
• Frequent use of nasal sprays and medications to treat itchy, runny or stuffy nose. these medications- antihistamines and decongestants can dry out the nasal membranes.
• Alcohol use.
• Bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia or von Willebrand disease or leukemia.
• High blood pressure.

Safety Tips

• Do not touch blood of the casualty with your bare hands.

Types of wounds- Clean-cut wounds

• Open wounds can be caused by falls in the playground or sharp objects.

Managing Open Wounds

• The first step is to clean the wounds.
• Use antiseptic from the first aid box.
• If the cut is small on the surface, use alcohol swab(a wad of absorbent material usually wound around one end of a small stick and used especially for applying medication or for removing material from an area.), then cover with an adhesive strip dressing (elastoplast)
• If it is slightly deep, clean with running water from a tap or poured from a clean up then apply a band aid.
• If the cut is deep and there is a lot of bleeding, apply pressure on the wound with the pressure pad from first aid box.
• Keep the pressure on the wound until the bleeding stops, but do not remove the pad.
• Secure the wound after bleeding stops with a bandage. In the absence of a bandage, tie the wound with a clean piece of cloth.

Transporting And Injured Victim

Single Human Crutch Method

• It is a method used to support a casualty, an can only be used when the casualty is conscious and capable of assisting the first respondent.
• It can only be used when one has hurt only one leg. The first respondent is used as a crutch by the casualty.

How to do it.

1. Assist the casualty to stand by leaning on you.
2. He or she then puts the arm across your shoulder.
3. This should be the side with the hurt leg.
4. Grab the wrist of the hand across your shoulder and grab the waist from across the back of the casualty.
5. Let the casualty place the hurt leg on your foot so that his/her weight is mainly on you. 

• Friendship Formation
  • Peer Influence
  • Qualities Of A Good Friend
  • Values Useful In Maintaining Good Friends
  • Causes Of Poor Choice Of Friends At Home And School
  • Good Friendship
• Human Sexuality
  • Changes Associated With Adolescence In Boys And Girls
    • Physical Changes In Boys
    • Physical Changes In Girls
  • How To Cope With Body Changes During Adolescence
  • Effects Of Unhealthy Boy-girl Relationship
    • Overcoming Unhealthy Boy-girl Relationship
• God: The Source Of Life
  • Christian Teachings On God As The Only Source Of Life
  • Causes Of Violation Of Human Life
  • How To Cope With Emotions And Stress
    
    • Ways Of Coping With Negative Emotions
• Good Health Practices
  • Alcohol And Substance Use
    
    • Effects Of Alcohol And Substance Use To The Body And Relationships
    • Ways Of Avoiding Engaging In Alcohol And Substance Use
  • Appropriate Use Of Social Media
    • Meaning Of Social Media For Awareness
    • Effects Of Appropriate And Inappropriate Use Of Social Media
      
      • Advantages Of Social Media
      • Disadvantages Of Social Media
    • Safety Measures To Observe When Using Social Media

Friendship Formation

• This is the process of making and maintaining friends.
• Friendship is an integral part of human life because human beings are social beings.
• There is a need for people to be very careful on how they choose their friends.

Peer Influence

• Peer influence is the effect your friends or age mates have on your behavior.
• We should be keen when choosing friends since they influence our behavior. Bad friends and groups can ruin our lives.
• Peer influence is the strong pressure to an individual to adopt the attitude, values, behavior and thoughts of his or her peer group.

Qualities Of A Good Friend

• Read 1 Thessalonians 5:11 and Galatians 6:2.
• Friends should help one another.
• A good friend should encourage his or her friends.
• Friends should help carry one another’s burdens.
• He should be caring.
• He should be loving.
• A good friend should be truthful.
• He or she should be kind.
• He or she should be compassionate.
• Should be one who is humble.
• A good friend should be respectful and responsible.

Values Useful In Maintaining Good Friends

• The useful values in maintaining good friends are;
• Honesty, trust, caring, obedience, respectful, selflessness, kindness, truthful, loving, peace, thankfulness, humility.

Causes Of Poor Choice Of Friends At Home And School

• Low self-esteem.
• The desire to prove oneself to others. Lack of proper role models to emulate. Failure to obey the school rules.
• Failure to obey God’s commandments.

Good Friendship

• Teaches us how and when to forgive.
• Help us deal with stress.
• Help us during our difficult times.

Human Sexuality

• Adolescence is a developmental stage in life. The developments are both physical and emotional.
• Adolescence is the period during which children grow from childhood to adulthood.

Changes Associated With Adolescence In Boys And Girls

Physical Changes In Boys

• Shoulders widen.
• Chest broaden.
• The voice breaks.
• Growth of pubic hair.
• Oily face.
• They sweat a lot.

Physical Changes In Girls

• Body increases in size and shape.
• Breasts grow.
• Waist and hips become more obvious.
• Menstrual flow starts.
• Growth of pubic hair.
• Face tends to be oily.
• They sweat a lot.
• Emotional Changes during adolescence are changes of the feelings other people or situations. These changes include mood swings, stress, irritations or getting easily upset.

How To Cope With Body Changes During Adolescence

• In case one experiences these changes, he or she should report to the parent or guardian, teacher or a trusted adult for moral support and advice.
• Adolescents need to accept these changes, as it is part of growth. It is how God created every human being.
• It is important to get the right information about adolescence in order to understand and handle the stage the right way.

Healthy And Unhealthy Boy Girl Relationship

• Read 1 Corinthians 6:18-19.
• A healthy boy girl relationship is one that has mutual respect, trust, honesty, understanding, role models, and good communication. Activities that show a healthy boy girl relationship include playing together, studying together, cleaning together, respecting each other.
• An unhealthy boy girl relationship has bad behaviours and mentality, lacks self control, negative influence, dishonesty and disrespect.
• Our body is the temple of the Holy Spirit and we should take care of it since it was given to us by God to use to glorify Him.
• We should not commit sexual sin.

Effects Of Unhealthy Boy-girl Relationship

• It can lead to early pregnancies.
• It can also lead to school dropouts.
• Unhealthy boy girl relationship can make us feel bad and unhappy about ourselves.
• It can also hurt our bodies.
• It lowers our dignity and self-esteem.

Overcoming Unhealthy Boy-girl Relationship

• In order to achieve this, we should;
• Get good friends who respect you.
• Keep yourself busy in constructive activities.
• Read the bible.
• Focus on the qualities you would want to have in a friend.
• Be assertive.
• Meet with the opposite sex in open place
• Ask your guardian or trusted adults for advice.

God: The Source Of Life

• Human life is given by God.
• No one has the right to take it away. Life is holy and sacred.
• It is God alone who has the right of taking life away.

Christian Teachings On God As The Only Source Of Life

• Read Genesis 1:27, Genesis 9:6, Psalms 49:7-8.
• Life is a gift from God.
• God created human beings according to Genesis 1:27.
• Psalms 49:7-8 teaches us that payment for human life is too great and can never be paid enough.
• We should protect life.
• Human life is made in the likeness of God.
• We should say NO to substance abuse and sex.
• We should inform our parents if we are sick.
• We should avoid playing dangerous games.

Causes Of Violation Of Human Life

• The right to life is the belief that a being has the right to live and should not be killed by anybody.
• God created human beings so that they would live. The causes include;
• Anger.
• Bitterness.
• Selfishness.
• Poverty.
• Depression.
• Alcohol and substance use.
• Not seeking medical help when sick.
• Inability to tolerate other people’s religion.
• Being biased against gender and ethnicity.
• We should raise awareness about avoiding the violation of right of life through social media or posters.

How To Cope With Emotions And Stress

• Emotions are strong feelings we have.
• Stress is a state of mental or emotional strain.
• Stress can cause different emotions. For example fear, anger, sadness or frustration.

Ways Of Coping With Negative Emotions

• Discuss with a friend or guardian. Praying to God.
• Reading the bible.
• Sing a song that makes you feel happy or joyful.

Good Health Practices

• It is our duty to maintain good health.
• A drug is anything that if taken, alters the normal functioning of the body.

Alcohol And Substance Use

• It is the use of alcohol and other harmful substances for enjoyment.
• Harmful substances include miraa, glue, tobacco, bhang e.t.c
• Reasons why young people engage in alcohol and substance use.
• Peer pressure.
• Bad company.
• Curiosity.
• Idleness.
• Technology.
• Depression.
• Stress.
• Low self-esteem.
• Bad role models.
• They feel misunderstood.
• Failure to find a trusted confidant for their frustration.

Effects Of Alcohol And Substance Use To The Body And Relationships

• Read Proverbs 20:1, 31:6 and Ephesians 5:18.
• The bible teaches us not to drink because drinking makes us loud and foolish.
• They only ruin us.
• They make us suffer.
• Breathing problems especially as a result of smoking.
• Liver and kidney problems resulting from alcohol use.
• Negligence.
• It can lead to physical abuse.
• Financial troubles.
• Heart related problems.
• High blood pressure.
• May lead to stroke.
• Can lead to unhealthy relationships among family members.
• Affect one’s success in school.
• Can lead to physical injuries.

Ways Of Avoiding Engaging In Alcohol And Substance Use

• Say NO politely to friends who use.
• Take a walk for relaxation.
• Play a sport.
• Avoid bad company.
• Keep busy through studies.
• Engage in daily chores and productive routine.
• Pray for strength to evade temptations.

Appropriate Use Of Social Media

• Social media is used to keep in touch with friends. It is also used to educate and keep us informed.

Meaning Of Social Media For Awareness

• Social media are forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities, share information, ideas and personal messages.
• Uses of social media include;
• Search for information.
• For learning and studies.
• To communicate with family and friends.
• For entertainment.
• Social media commonly used today include;
• Facebook.
• Twitter.
• Youtube.
• whatsApp.
• WeChat.
• Instagram.
• Viber.
• Telegram.

Effects Of Appropriate And Inappropriate Use Of Social Media

• Appropriate use of social media enables one to get information he or she needs.
• It also enables one to save time.
• Inappropriate use of social media may lead to negative influence.
• It also causes time wastage.
• Cyber bullying is the use of electronic communication to harass a person by sending them negative or threatening messages

Advantages Of Social Media

• It is used for communication with family and friends.
• It is used for getting information.
• Used for getting knowledge and learning.
• It can also be used for entertainment.

Disadvantages Of Social Media

• It reduces face to face communication.
• It may lead to negative influence.
• It causes anti social behaviors.
• It may reduce family closeness.
• Some of its contents are inappropriate for children.

Safety Measures To Observe When Using Social Media

• For security and safety, we should not share our personal information on social media.
• Avoid spending a lot of time on social media.
• We should not trust all the information displayed on social media as some information may be misleading.
• Report any form of cyber bullying to the authority.
• Avoid sharing your passwords.
• Avoid accepting friend requests from people you do not know.
• Observe politeness even on social media.
• Secure your social media accounts and information using passwords and security pins.

• Preparation For The Coming Of Jesus.
  • John The Baptist.
    • The Teachings Of John The Baptist In Preparation For The Coming Of The Messiah.
    • Values Taught By John The Baptist.
  • The Baptism Of Jesus.
    • Events That Took Place During The Baptism Of Jesus Christ.
    • Importance Of Baptism In The Life Of A Christian.
• God’s Power Over Nature.
  • Miracle of calming the storm.
    • Lesson Learnt From The Miracle Of Calming The Storm.
    • Ways Of Overcoming Challenges By Christians.
    • To Avoid Getting Infected With Corona Virus Disease We Should:
• Compassion For The Needy.
  • The Feeding Of Five Thousand Men.
    • Ways Through Which Christians Show Compassion For The Needy.
    • Importance Of Helping The Needy:
• Power Of Jesus Over Life.
  • The Healing Of The Paralyzed Man.
    • Lessons Learnt From The Healing Of The Paralyzed Man.
• Teachings of Jesus Christ.
  • Recovery of the lost Human Beings.
    • The Parable Of The Lost Sheep.
    • Lessons Learnt From The Parable Of The Lost Sheep.
  • Responsible Living.
    • Virtues Jesus Christ Taught In The Sermon On The Mountain.
      • Benefits Of Observing The Moral Teachings Of Jesus.
      • Empowering The Needy.
  • The Rich Young Man.
    • Relevance Of The Teachings Of Jesus In The Story Of The Rich Young Man.
      • Ways In Which Christians Apply The Teachings In The Story Of The Rich Young Man.
  • Persistence in Prayer.
    • The Story Of A Friend At Midnight.
    • The Value of Friendship.

Preparation For The Coming Of Jesus.

John The Baptist.

• Preparation means to make ready.
• John the Baptist prepared people for the coming of Jesus Christ. He told them to repent their sins.
• Parents of John the Baptist were Zachariah and Elizabeth.

The Teachings Of John The Baptist In Preparation For The Coming Of The Messiah.

• The message of John the Baptist from Luke 3:3 is, “turn away from your sins and be baptized and God will forgive your sins.”
• According to John the Baptist, God wants us to turn away from sin and be baptized so that He can forgive our sins.
• Baptism after repentance is a way of turning away from the past and setting towards a new life for the future.
• John the Baptist addressed the people, tax collectors and soldiers.
• To the people he instructed them that, “whoever has two shirts must give one to the man who has none and whoever has food must share it.”
• Instructions to the tax collectors “do not collect more than is legal.
• To the soldiers he said, “do not take money from anyone by force or accuse anyone falsely. Be content with your pay”

Values Taught By John The Baptist.

• We should share with the needy.
• We should be contented with what we have.
• We should be honest always.
• We should practice; kindness, caring, justice and faithfulness.
• We should also practice values such as responsibility, humility, charity, love and honesty.

The Baptism Of Jesus.

• Jesus Christ was baptized by John the Baptist in River Jordan. Through baptism, Christians get forgiveness of sins.
• John preached and baptized people in River Jordan. After his baptism by John, Jesus began to preach.

Events That Took Place During The Baptism Of Jesus Christ.

• Read Luke 3:21 - 22
• Baptism is a Christian rite of admission and adoption into Christianity. It may be performed by sprinkling or pouring water on the forehead or by immersing in water.
  • Jesus was baptized.
  • Jesus prayed.
  • Heaven opened.
  • The Holy Spirit, in form of a dove, came down from heaven.
  • A voice was heard saying, “you are my own dear son. I am pleased with you.”
• Jesus was baptized to fulfill the will of God.
• He showed the value of obedience.

Importance Of Baptism In The Life Of A Christian.

• Through baptism, one becomes a Christian.
• Through baptism, Christians show their faith in God.
• It’s a way of showing humility before God.
• It’s a way of showing the value of obedience to God.

God’s Power Over Nature.

• God is powerful. We should always rely on him.

Miracle Of Calming The Storm.

• Read Mark 4:35-39
• The boat was about to sink due to the strong wind and waves.
• Jesus Christ commanded the wind to be quiet and the wave to be still. The disciples felt that their live ware in danger.
• They were sure that Jesus would help them overcome their problem.

Lesson Learnt From The Miracle Of Calming The Storm.

• The wind and the waves stopped after the command from Jesus Christ.
• Jesus Christ was able to calm the strong winds.
• We should rely on God to help us solve our problems.
• We should have faith and believe in the mighty power of God.

Ways Of Overcoming Challenges By Christians.

• Christians can help each other overcome challenges.
• They can pray to God to help them overcome.
• In case of sickness, we should go to the hospital.
• In case of hunger, we should get something to eat.

To Avoid Getting Infected With Corona Virus Disease We Should:

• Wash our hands with soap and water regularly.
• Keep away from crowded places.
• Wear a mask.

Compassion For The Needy.

• Compassion is sympathy and concern for the suffering of others. We should always express love for the needy.

The Feeding Of Five Thousand Men.

• Read Matthew 15:32-38.
• Jesus fed people because he looked at them and saw that they were hungry.
• He felt sorry for the people because they had been with him for three days.
• It is the responsibility of every Christian to give food to the hungry and help those with varied needs.
• Examples of needy situations are: the hungry, the sick, the poor, the homeless, the orphans.
• The bible teaches us to take care of the needy.
• Jesus used seven loaves and a few fish to feed 4000 men.
• The disciples collected what had remained.
• Jesus demonstrated the values of:
  • Charity.
  • Love.
  • Compassion.

Ways Through Which Christians Show Compassion For The Needy.

• Share food with those without.
• Visit children homes and offer clothes.
• Offer basic needs available to the poor.
• Practice love and care towards the orphans.Visit the sick in hospitals.
• Help the old in the society.
• Pray for the needy.

Importance Of Helping The Needy:

• It boosts self-esteem.
• It makes the needy feel loved.

Power Of Jesus Over Life.

• We should entrust our lives to God through Jesus Christ. He is the giver of life.

The Healing Of The Paralyzed Man.

• Read Mark 2:1-5
• A paralyzed person suffers from the inability to move some body parts or the whole body.
• The men who carried the paralyzed man made a hole in the roof right above where Jesus Christ was.
• They demonstrated faith by:
  • They did all they could to get to where Jesus was.
  • They did not fear what the crowd would say.
• The values learnt from the men who carried the paralyzed man include:
  • Kindness.
  • Compassion.
  • Love.
  • Courage.
  • Responsibility.

Lessons Learnt From The Healing Of The Paralyzed Man.

• We should have faith in the healing power of God.
• We should help those who are disabled.
• We should practice love, courage, compassion and responsibility.
• We should strive to support the disabled in the society.
• Jesus can forgive our sins.
• Jesus has power over illness and diseases.

Teachings of Jesus Christ.

• God wants us to live according to the teachings of His son, Jesus Christ. This enables us to set a good example to others.

Recovery of the lost Human Beings.

• Jesus Christ teaches us to have concerns for others. He wants us to help those lost in sin to get back to him.

The Parable Of The Lost Sheep.

• Read Luke 15:1-7.
• The lost sheep are the people who have left the ways of God and are disobeying His commandments.
• A good shepherd is a person who when he loses one of the hundred sheep, leaves the ninety-nine to look for the lost one.
  • We should look for the people who are lost in sin.
  • We should live righteous lives.
  • We should pray for those lost in sin.

Lessons Learnt From The Parable Of The Lost Sheep.

• God never gives up on His people even when they get lost.
• God is happy when one person repents his or her sin and starts a new life.
• When we sin, we should repent and get back to God.
• God is always willing to take us back.
• We should bring back lost members of the church by talking about the importance of the church.

Responsible Living.

• Good relationships help us to live peacefully and in harmony with God and others.

Virtues Jesus Christ Taught In The Sermon On The Mountain.

• Read Matthew 5:7-9.
• A virtue is a particular good habit.
• Virtues Jesus taught in the sermon on the mountain include: Merciful, purity of heart, working for peace.

Benefits Of Observing The Moral Teachings Of Jesus.

• Practicing the virtues taught by Jesus helps us to avoid sin. It also helps us to live an upright life.
• It helps us to have a peaceful co existence.
• Through observing these virtues we help the needy. God will bless those who observe the virtues.
• Those who work for peace keep themselves and those around them from trouble and disagreement.
• Jesus promised that the pure in heart will see God.

Empowering The Needy.

• There are varied needs in the society.
• It is our duty as Christians to help the needy joyfully.

The Rich Young Man.

• Read Matthew 19: 16 – 22.
• The rich young man asked Jesus Christ what good thing he must do to receive eternal life.
• Jesus told him. to keep the commandments if he wants to receive eternal life.
• Jesus Christ also told him to go and sell all he had and give the money to the poor, if he wanted to be perfect.
• Eternal life is the ability to live forever, a life that continues after death.
• We should be willing to share what we have with the needy.

Relevance Of The Teachings Of Jesus In The Story Of The Rich Young Man.

• To obtain eternal life, one should be:
• Respectful.
• Obedient.
• Compassionate.
• Kind.
• We should practice virtues of honesty and hard work just as the rich young man.
• We should keep the commandments of God.

Ways In Which Christians Apply The Teachings In The Story Of The Rich Young Man.

• We must obey all the commandments of God.
• We must share what we have with the needy it the society.
• Build houses for the homeless.
• Visiting the poor and taking food items and clothes to them.
• We should be willing to help the needy.

Persistence in Prayer.

• Persistence means not giving up.
• Persistence in prayer is praying without giving up

The Story Of A Friend At Midnight.

• Read Luke 11:5-13.
• The friend visited at night because he had no food to give to his friend who had come to his house from a long journey.
• We should be persistent in prayer.
• We should help others.

The Value of Friendship.

• We should seek guidance from God to give us good friends.
• The story of a friend at midnight teaches us to pray without giving up.
• Good friendship makes us to live well with others
• We talk to God through prayers.
• True friends will always be there for us.
• Good friends help us to behave well.
• We should share what we have with friends.

• Animal welfare
• Uses of animals
  • Cat
  • Rabbit
  • Dog
  • Pig
  • Fish
  • Horse
  • Camel
  • Bees

• Domestic animals are the animals that are kept at home. They include cow, donkey, chicken, duck, horse, rabbit, cat, dog etc.
• Domestic animals are important to human life because:
• They provide,
  1. meat for food, milk, eggs
  2. security,
  3. manual Labour 
  4. and may be sold to generate income.
  5. Some animals like cows, donkey, horses and rabbits produce wastes to make manure.
     
     

Animal welfare

• Domestic animals are of great use to us. They should be treated well and showed love.
• To care for domestic animals,
  • They should be kept clean and
  • Given medication for good production.
  • Food and water should be provide pastes and
  • Parasites should be controlled and treated to ensure good health among domestic animals.
  • Water should be given to them and
  • They should be protected from extreme temperatures.

Uses of animals

Cat

• Its kept for beauty / companionship
• Provide safety against rats at home

Rabbit

• Provides meat
• Kept for beauty at home
• Sold for money

Dog

• Provides security at home
• Used for transport
• Provides companionship

Pig

• Sold to give us money
• Provides pork and bacon

Fish

• Is a source of food
• Kept for beauty in home aquariums

Horse

• Used for sports
• Used for transport
• Used during war in the past
• Sold to make money

Camel

• Provides labour when ploughing land
• Used for transporting goods and people
• Provides fur

Bees

• Gives us honey
• Pollinate our fruit crops
  
  

• All domestic animals are important to us. Some domestic animals provide beauty at home, others provide security while others provide us various food products such as meat, milk and honey.
• Some domestic animals also provide us with transport.
• Various communities in Kenya use some of the domestic animals during cultural ceremonies e.g. the Somali community use camels as payment for dowry during marriage ceremonies.
• We should therefore love and take care of all the domestic animals. We should also encourage other people to treat them well

• Moon
  • Observing different phases of the moon

Moon

Observing different phases of the moon.

• The phases of the moon are the different shapes of the moon we can see from over a month.
• This can be observed at night during the month of the moon.

Identifying different phases of the moon

• There are eight phases that the moon goes through. Each phase repeats itself every 29.5 days. The following are the phases of the moon
  
  

using the real moon as an example, here is how they look like:

• Gravity
  
  • Demonstrating Gravity
  • Effects of gravity on an object.
  • Application of Gravity.
• Sound
  • Energy Producing sounds
  • Loud and soft sounds
    • Identifying areas with loud sounds
  • Sound pollution
    • Effects of sound pollution
    • Protecting self from loud sound
• Heat Transfer
  • Demonstrating Transfer of heat in liquids
  • Demonstrating transfer of heat in gases
    
    • Application of convection in everyday life
  • Transfer of heat by radiation
    • Application of radiation in everyday life

Gravity

Demonstrating Gravity

• Hold and suspend erasers in the air. Release them and tell what happens.
• Identify what causes the objects to act as they do. Name and define the cause.
• The fruits and leaves fell to the ground due to a force acting on them. The erasers dropped to the ground due to a force  acting on them. This force is known as gravity.
• Gravity is defined as the force acting on objects pulling them down.

Effects of gravity on an object.

• The force that pulls down things is called the force of gravity.
• When you throw a ball into the air, gravity pulls it back down. When you release a stone suspended in the air, gravity pulls it down to the ground.
• When the books are tipped at the edge of the desk, the fall down due to gravity.
• Gravity causes fruits and leaves to fall from trees.
• Gravity is a force that pulls things down. It is also called the normal force.

Application of Gravity.

• The force of gravity enables the following in our lives:
  
  1. Gravity causes a ball you throw in the air to come down again
  2. It cause a glass to drop down and fall onto the floor
  3. It causes us to move down and slide
  4. It causes apple to fall down from apple tree
  5. It keeps us firmly on earth, otherwise we would float away into space.
  6. It causes a pen that rolls off your desk to fall onto the floor
  7. It causes water to move down a river and waterfall.
  8. It causes a rock to roll downhill.

Sound

Energy Producing sounds

• Sounds are produced when we the following
  
  1. Clap our hands
  2. Stamp our feet
  3. When we whistle.
  4. When we hot a drum
  5. Playing guitar
• Sound is the energy that things produce when they vibrate.

Loud and soft sounds

• Volume is the amount of sound something produces.
•  It is the measure of the loudness of sound. Loud sounds are produced by big vibrations, while low sounds are produced by small vibrations.
• The energy of a sound determines its loudness. The greater the energy the greater the sound.
• Whispering makes a soft sound while shouting to a friend across a playground makes a loud sound.
• Fire alarms and car’s horn are examples of loud sounds, while whispering to a friend and the sound of blowing wind are examples of soft sounds.

Identifying areas with loud sounds

• Areas that produce loud sound in the environment include:
  
  1. Industries
  2. Music shops
  3. Markets
  4. Stadia (plural for stadium)

Sound pollution

• Sound pollution is defined as sounds or noises that are loud, annoying and harmful to the ears.

Effects of sound pollution

• The effect of sound pollution on human health and behaviour include the following:
  
  1. Loss of hearing - the immediate effect of noise pollution to a person, over a period of time is reduced hearing ability. Over a time a person may completely lose his or her hearing.
  2. Poor concentration - loud and continuous noise makes a person lose concentration on any activity that they are carrying out.
  3. Irritability - loud and continuous noise at home and at school may result in irritability which lead to aggressive behaviour.
  4. Sleep disturbances - loud noise disturbs your sleep and keeps you awake.
  5. Interferences with communication - loud noise makes people unable to communicate freely. You may find it difficult to understand or even hear what someone else is saying.

Protecting self from loud sound

1. Turning down devices producing loud sound
2. Using hearing protection devices when in a place with loud sound.
3. Avoid areas with loud sound.
4. Staying in houses with soundproof walls.

Heat Transfer

Demonstrating Transfer of heat in liquids

1. Materials
2. Sawdust
3. A glass container
4. A stand
5. Water
6. A matchbox
7. A source of heat (a candle)

Procedure

• Fill in the glass container with water
• Place a small amount of sawdust in the water
• Allow the sawdust to settle at the bottom of the container
•  Place the glass container on the stand
• Heat the container using candle as the source of heat
• Observe what happens.
• As the water continues to heat, a steady rise of sawdust is observed. This is because the water at the bottom of the glass container gets hotter, expands and rises.
• The cold water at the top then moves downwards and takes the place of the risen hot water.
• The cycle repeats itself. The sawdust particles show a movement in the water called convection currents.
• Therefore, heat is transferred in liquids through convection.
  
  (convection currents in liquids)
  
  (heating water via convection)
  
  

Demonstrating transfer of heat in gases

• Materials
  
  1. A small carton box with a top
  2. Hard paper or piece of carton
  3. A piece of paper
  4. A short candle
  5. A matchbox

Procedure

1. Make a chimney on each end of the top of the box
2. Divide the box with hard paper or a piece of carton to make two chambers A and B. place the transparent glass on the side of the box for viewing.
3. Light up a candle. Put the lit candle below the chimney B on the box. Close the box.
4. Place a burning piece of paper over chimney A as shown in figure 6
5. Observe chimney B and tell what you see.
6. Record your observations.

• The burning paper produces smoke that moves from chamber A to Chamber B through the opening.
• The candle in chamber b heats the smoke coming from chamber A, which becomes lighter and rises.
• As the smoke rises up it moves up through chimney B. Cooler air enters Chamber A through chimney A, creating a circular motion known as convection currents.
• These currents can be viewed through the transparent glass.
• The transfer of heat in gases is known as Convection

                        (convection in gases)

Application of convection in everyday life

• Convection of heat is used in everyday life by many ways. These ways include:
  
  1. Ventilating buildings
  2. Inflation of hot air balloons
  3. Heating of food in a microwave
  4. Formation of land and sea breezes
  5. Boiling of water in a sufuria or kettle
  6. Vehicle engines

Transfer of heat by radiation

• When you stand in the sunlight, you can feel the warmth of the sun. The heat energy from the sun is transferred to your skin through radiation.
• When you sit beside a fire, you feel warm. The warmth of the heat from the fire is transferred from the fire to you through radiation.

Application of radiation in everyday life

• Radiation is used in everyday life in many ways. These ways include:
  
  1. Warming ourselves using electric heaters
  2. Using solar heaters in the house
  3. Drying clothes and grains
  4. Using greenhouses to aid growth of plants

• Change of state
  • Effects of heating matter.
    • Heating Liquids.
  • Effects of cooling matter.
    • Cooling water vapour
  • Application of change of state of matter.
    • Water cycle
      • Stage 1: Evaporation and Transpiration.
      • Stage 2: condensation
      • Precipitation
      • Runoff and infiltration
• Acids and Bases
  • Identifying acids and bases
    • Physical properties of acids and bases
      • Acids
      • Bases
  • Uses of acids and bases
    • Acids
    • Bases

Change of state

Effects of heating matter.

• Matter - everything around us. All materials and substances that exist and occupy space.
• States of matter - different forms of substances, that is solids, liquids and gases.
• Change of state - to turn from one form to another, for example from solid to liquid. It occurs when matter absorbs or loses energy.
• When solids are heated, they change their states of matter. Some solids such as candle wax and cookin fat, melt into liquid, while ice cubes melt into water (liquid)
• The process in which a solid changes to a liquid is called melting.
• There are some solids that change to gases when heated, for example mothballs. The process in which a solid changes directly to a gas is called sublimation.

Heating Liquids.

• Some liquids change their state of matter through heating.
• Water (liquid) changes to water vapour (gas) when heated.
• The process in which a liquid boils and changes to a gas is called evaporation.

Effects of cooling matter.

Cooling water vapour

• When vapour is cooled it changes to liquids. This means that it has changed its state from gaseous state to liquid state.
• The process in which a gas changes to a liquid is called condensation. Cooling Liquids
• When liquids such as water, melted fat and melted candle wax are cooled, they harden and become solids.
• They change from liquid state to solid state.
• The process in which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing.
•  When gases such as mothball vapour are cooled, they become solids without forming liquids first. A mothball is made up of a substance known as naphthalene whose vapour changes from gaseous state to solid state on cooling.
• The process in which a gas changes directly to a solid without going through the liquid state is known as deposition.

Application of change of state of matter.

• Heating is used to dry grains, fish and other foods to preserve them. It also dries clothes and salt through evaporation.
• Heating of water bodies causes evaporation and cooling of air forms rain through condensation.
• Cooling preserves food and also makes ice through freezing. Solid metal melts into liquid on heating.

Water cycle

• A cycle is something that happens over and over again. It has no beginning and no end. The following are the water cycle stages:

Stage 1: Evaporation and Transpiration.

• The water cycle begins with the sun heating the water bodies. As the water heats up, it evaporates.
• In addition, green plants also release water vapour into the air in a process called transpiration. The vapour rises up into the sky.

Stage 2: condensation

• High up in the sky, the temperatures are cool. Water vapour in the clouds cool down and becomes liquid water. This liquid water is stored in clouds. The process of water vapour turning back into liquid is called condensation.

Precipitation

• The water falls from the sky in the form of rain, snow or hail through precipitation.

Runoff and infiltration

• As the water fall on the ground, the water forms streams and rivers and collects in lakes and oceans. This is known as run-off. Besides runoff, water is also absorbed into the soil.
• This is called infiltration. The water get stored as groundwater. The cycle then continues.

Acids and Bases

Identifying acids and bases

• Most substances are both acids and bases in nature.
• However, we cannot taste each and every substance to tell whether it is an acid or a base.
• In order to taste whether it’s an acid or base we use a litmus paper to find out whether a substance is acidic or basic in nature.
• The litmus paper is known as an indicator. Indicators change their colour when they are dipped in a solution containing an acidic or a basic substance. Lemon juice turns the blue litmus paper red. This means that lemon juice is an acidic
• Wood ash solution turns red litmus paper blue. This means that the wood as solution is a base.
• Common substances used as acids and bases
• Blue litmus paper turns red when dipped into:
• Lemon juice
• Grape juice
• Orange juice
• Sour milk
• Therefore, soap, antacid tablets, baking soda and wood ash are bases.
  

Physical properties of acids and bases

Acids

• They have sour taste
• They turn blue litmus paper red.
  
  (testing acid using blue litmus paper)

Bases

• Have bitter taste
• They are slippery when touched
• Turn red litmus paper blue
  
  (testing base using 
  
  

Uses of acids and bases

Acids

• Acids in fruits such as lemon and orange is used to enhance taste in drinks and to flavor
• Lemon acid is used in some cultures to make milk sour
• Vinegar contains acid that is used for cooking purposes and it is also used to give salads a delicious taste.
• Vehicles have batteries that have an acid which is used to produce electricity.

Bases

• There are various items used on a daily basis that contain bases. They include:
• Baking powder is used to bake bread, burns and doughnuts
• Antacid tablets are used to relieve heartburn.
• Soap is used for bathing. We use detergents to wash our clothes
• We clean our teeth using toothpaste.